Biochemistry I Exam 3 (hunterschaff)

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What is the active form of vitamin D in the kidneys?

1,25-hydroxy vitamin D3 calcitriol

What are the two components of glycosphingolipids?

1-10 sugars and ceramide

Describe lipid absorption & transport

1. broken down in to micelles 2. micelles absorbed by passive diffusion into SI 3. reesterfied into TAGs and enters smooth er 4. packaged into chylomicron in golgi complex

What mass of bile salts are secreted daily?

15-30 g

What is the omega numbering for oleic acid?

18:1ω9

What is the delta numbering for oleic acid?

18:1∆9

What is the omega numbering for linoleic acid?

18:2ω6

What is the delta numbering for linoleic acid?

18:2∆9,12

What is the omega numbering for α-linolenic acid (ALA)?

18:3ω3

What is the delta numbering for α-linolenic acid (ALA)?

18:3∆9,12,15

Our body can't add a double bond from n-_ to n-_.

1; 7

Know the precursors for each eicosanoid series (2 series, 3 series, etc.).

2 & 4 series: aracadonic acid (ARA) 3 & 5 series: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Which eicosanoids are responsible for inflammation?

2 series prostaglandin (PG) & thromboxanes (TX) and 4 series Leukotrienes (LT)

What does phosphatidylserine signal to when it moves to the outer leaflet?

WBC for apoptosis

Which compound does esterase NOT digest? a. Cholesterol ester b. Free cholesterol c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin E

a. Cholesterol ester

What is the fate of peptide hormone digestion? a. Denatured b. Not denatured

a. Denatured

Are growth hormones peptide hormones or steroid hormones? a. Peptide b. Steroid

a. Peptide

Which is TRUE of cholesterol? a. it has a hydroxyl on carbon-3 b. it is transported in blood by albumin c. in the serum, it is eliminated by the kidneys d. it is present in prokaryotic membranes

a. it has a hydroxyl on carbon-3

What two molecules are important in endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

acetyl CoA and CoQ10

What group does platelet activating factor (PAF) have at sn-2?

acetyl group

What are fatty acids also called?

acyls

What are free fatty acids in plasma bound to in transport?

albumin

What essential nutrient is technically not a vitamin, but similar to water-soluble vitamins?

choline

What is used in lecithin, sphingomyelin, and acetylcholine?

choline

What lipoprotein is exogenous only?

chylomicron

Where are micelles packaged into in the enterocyte?

chylomicron in golgi complex

What are some sources of exogenous cholesterol? How much do we get per day?

chylomicron remnants from animal products; we get approximately 1 g/day

What lipoproteins are mostly triglycerides?

chylomicrons and VLDL

How are TGs transported following absorption?

chylomicrons and VLDLs

Where is each lipoprotein synthesized?

chylomicrons: enterocyte of SI VLDL: liver LDL: from VLDL HDL: SI and Liver

What percentage of coconut oil is saturated, and how does this compare to butter or beef?

coconut oil is 90% compared to butter (64%) and beef (40%)

What are 3 catalyzers of oxidation?

enzymes (e.g. lipoxygenase and myeloperoxidase), metals (e.g. Fe, Cu, and Co), and UV light

What are functions of the ester & ether phospholipids?

ester: released from white blood cells during inflammation, allergy and injury, and stimulates platelet aggregation (clotting) ether: plasmalogen - concentrated in brain, heart, nerve & muscle

What enzyme removes FA on cholesterol and vitamins A & E

esterase

Where is cardiolipin found in vivo?

exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane

How is the bile that is not part of micelles absorbed in the ileum?

facilitated diffusion into the enterocyte and taken back to the liver via the portal vein

What vitamins do micelles contain?

fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)

What type of lipids are solid at room temperature?

fats

What are micelles made up of?

fatty acids, monoglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and bile salts

What is the only mechanism for cholesterol excretion?

feces

What will 2 series prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (TX) affect?

inflammatory and clotters

In cell membrane signaling, phospholipase C digests the ______ head group from ______________ (__) leaving a __.

inositol; phosphatidylinositol (PI); DG

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

ionized carboxylic acid and hydrocarbon chain

What does methylene interruption allow, and why?

it allows a more flexible structure because it can rotate around the methylene in the middle to several conformations

What issues are associated with an accumulation of ceramide?

joint deformity

What is the most common phospholipid in the body?

lecithin

What determines the lung maturity of a fetus?

lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio (L/S)

What percentage of fatty acids are found free in plasma?

less than 10%

What fatty acids are found in myelin sheath sphingomyelin?

lignoceric acid and nervonic acid

How is lipid malabsorption treated?

limit fat intake and supplement with pancreatic lipase and/or bile salts

What enzyme for lipid digestion is released in the mouth?

lingual lipase

What enzyme removes sn-3 on TG containing short or medium chain FA?

lingual lipase

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 18:2∆9,12?

linoleic acid

What are chylomicros, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) examples of?

lipoproteins (lipid transport molecules)

What must cholesterol esters be transported by?

lipoproteins or in bile

What eicosanoid enzyme does not change the number of double bonds?

lipoxygenase (LOX)

What will 3 series prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (TX) affect?

little to no effect

What will 5 series leuktrienes (LT) affect?

little to no effect

Where is bile made?

liver

Where is cholesterol regulated?

liver

Where does endogenous cholesterol synthesis occur?

liver and intestines

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

liver, small intestine, and specialized tissue

What type of lipid is myristic acid?

long chain saturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is palmitic acid?

long chain saturated fatty acid

What diet ratio of n-6 to n-3 would decrease risk of CVD?

lowering from 7-15:1 to 3:1

Which hydrogen is most likely to be attacked in a PUFA?

lowest number/lowest strength hydrogen or methylene interruption

Where are bile acids made and from what molecule?

made in liver from cholesterol

Where is bile made, stored & secreted into?

made in liver, stored in gall bladder and secreted into small intestine (duodenum) and 95% reabosorbed in the ileum; 5% that is not reabsorbed ends up in the feces

What are most fatty acids in coconut oil?

medium chain (mostly lauric acid)

What are the beneficial biological implications of oxidation?

metabolism, cell signaling, and kills bacteria

Which end of the FA does ω start from?

methyl

What do the parts of digested lipids coalesce in?

micelles with bile acids

What are many genetic diseases due to?

missing or malformed enzymes, specifically degradation enzymes allowing compounds to accumulate causing damage

Where is phosphatidylethanolamine highly concentrated?

mitochondrial membranes

What is another term for monoglyceride (MGs)?

monoacylglycerols (MAGs)

What type of sugar molecule does galactocerebroside contain?

monosaccharides

What type of sugar molecule does glucocerebroside contain?

monosaccharides

Where is phosphatidylserine found in high concentrations?

myelin

What needs to occur to lipids in order to allow digestion in stomach?

need to be emulsified

What issue is associated with an accumulation of sphingomyelin?

neurodegeneration

What is the genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency that results in sphingomyelin accumulation causing mental retardation?

niemann-pick

What is an example of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) radical?

nitric oxide (•NO)

Are cholesterol esters more polar than free esters?

no

Do brushborder lipases exist?

no

Do lipids have a low satiety value?

no

Does coconut oil decrease HDL?

no

Does coconut oil decrease LDL?

no

Does lipid digestion occur in the LI?

no

Is an AOX overdose expected with consumption of whole fruits & vegetables?

no

Is conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA efficient?

no

Is glucocerebroside found in neural tissue?

no

Is linoleic acid bioactive?

no

Is n-6:n-3 ratio as important to SFA:UFA ratio?

no

Is phophatidyl serine normally found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane?

no

Is α-linolenic acid (ALA) bioactive?

no

How does consumption of cholesterol (from 100-900mg/day) affect LDL cholesterol levels?

no affect

Have AOX supplements been shown to be effective at helping treat cancer?

no, except for bladder cancer (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.06-2.17)

Is overdosing on fruits and veggies easy?

no, it is extremely difficult

What type of antioxidant (AOX) are H donors?

nonenzymatic AOX

What type of antioxidant (AOX) are metal binders?

nonenzymatic AOX

What type of antioxidant (AOX) are oxygen scavengers?

nonenzymatic AOX

What type of antioxidant (AOX) are singlet oxygen quenchers?

nonenzymatic AOX

What type of sugar molecule does ganglioside contain?

oligosaccharides (3-10 sugars)

What are the essential fatty acids?

omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids

Which has a higher omega-3 fatty acid content per ounce: organic milk or conventional milk?

organic milk (but not by much)

What is the fate of TG in the liver?

packed into very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and sent into circulation

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the numbering 16:0?

palmitic acid

What is the main fatty acid we produce in the liver?

palmitic acid

What organ does secretin cause to contract?

pancreas

Which organs does CCK cause to contract?

pancreas and gallbladder

What enzyme removes sn-1 and sn-3 FA on TG and DG?

pancreatic lipase

What lipases digest ~80% of triglycerides (TGs)?

pancreatic lipases

Where are phospholipases found?

part of digestion and in toxins and venoms

How are micelles absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum (SI)?

passive diffusion

Which patients could benefit from omega-3 fatty acids?

patients with ADHD (EPA only), bipolar disorder, depression (>60% EPA), hypertension, osteoarthritis, pregnant (decrease preterm birth), premature infants, and rheumatoid arthritis (>2.7 g/d)

What are the 3 parts of a phospholipid structure?

peripheral protein, integral protein, and single layer of phospholipids

During cellular oxidative damage, bonds rearrange and oxygen is easily added to a lipid forming what?

peroxide

What glycerophospholipid contains palmitic acid, oleic acid, and choline?

phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

What makes up 50% of all of the phospholipids in the human body?

phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

What glycerophospholipid contains stearic acid, ARA, and ethanolamine?

phosphatidylethanolamine

What glycerophospholipid often contains n-3 & n-6 at sn-2?

phosphatidylethanolamine

What makes up 20% of the body's phospholipids?

phosphatidylethanolamine

What makes up 45% of the brain's phospholipids?

phosphatidylethanolamine

What glycerophospholipid contains palmitic acid, oleic acid, and glycerol?

phosphatidylglycerol

What glycerophospholipid is mostly found in lung surfactant or mitochondria?

phosphatidylglycerol

What is the precursor to cardiolipin?

phosphatidylglycerol

What makes up 1-2% of the body's phospholipids?

phosphatidylglycerol

Which phospholipid is important for membrane anchoring?

phosphatidylinositol

Which phospholipid is important in covalent modification of enzymes?

phosphatidylinositol

What glycerophospholipid contains stearic acid, ARA, and inositol?

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

What glycerophospholipid is important in cell signaling (involved in covalent modification process)?

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

What makes up 10% of the brain's phospholipids?

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

What glycerophospholipid contains stearic acid, ARA, and serine?

phosphatidylserine

What glycerophospholipid has the highest concentration of n-3 and n-6 than any other phosopholipid?

phosphatidylserine

What glycerophospholipid is important in regulating phagocytosis?

phosphatidylserine

What glycerophospholipid is mostly found in myelin?

phosphatidylserine

What makes up less than 10% of the body's phospholipids?

phosphatidylserine

Which glycerophospholipid contains n-3 & n-6?

phosphatidylserine

What enzyme removes sn-2 FA on phospholipids (mostly lecithin)?

phospholipase A2

Which enzyme releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids? a. phospholipase A1 b. phospholipase A2 c. phospholipase C d. phospholipase D

phospholipase A2

What do bacteria produce to dissolve membranes and spread infection?

phospholipases

What part of the lipoprotein (lipid transport molecule) makes it water-soluble?

phospholipid exterior

What glycerophospholipid anchors protein to extracellular membrane?

phosphtidylinositol (PI)

What can be used to treat hypercholesterolemia, and why?

plant sterols, because they compete with cholesterol for absorption

What ether lipid is concentrated in the brain (50%), heart, nerves and muscles?

plasmalogen

A glycerophospholipid with an acetyl group on sn-2 is called what?

platelate activating factor (PAF)

What is produced by platelets and white blood cells causing inflammation, hypersensitivity reactions, free radical formation, and platelet aggregation?

platelet activating factor (PAF)

What in chyme acts as emulsifiers?

polysaccharides, phosopholipids, and digested proteins

What type of fatty acid has more than 1 double bond and is an oil at room temperature?

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

What are omega-6 fatty acid's functions?

prevents water loss from skin, cell signaling, and blood clotting

What is needed to make pancreatic lipase functional?

procolipase, trypsin, enteropesidase, colipase, bile, and calcium

What are 5 groups of eicosanoids?

prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), resolvins (Rv), and lipoxins (LX)

What are the 4 types of reactive species?

radical and nonradical reactive oxygen species (ROS) and radical and nonradical reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

What are the remaining 5% of lipids in our diet?

sterols (mainly cholesterol) and phospholipids

What is the fate of TG in adipose tissue?

stored in lipid droplets

What does trans packing allow for a lipid?

stuck in a linear position and acts like a saturated fat in the body, less fluff

What gives ganglioside its specificity?

sugar patterns

What are 2 examples of reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals?

superoxide (O2•-) and hydroxyl (•OH)

What bile salt contains bile acid and taurine?

taurocholate

What is the form of vitamin D that is taken from food and supplements?

vitamin D3 (inactive) calciferol

What are the 3 fat-soluble H donors?

vitamin E, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10

What does bile contain?

water, lecithin, bile salts, cholesterol esters, and bilirubin

When does toxicity of AOX become an issue?

when you start pulling out a single ingredient of fruits and veggies in doses you would not get in food

Are FA found in your membrane phospholipids directly related to your dietary habits?

yes

Are ROS/RNS involved in inflammation?

yes

Are cholesterol esters less polar than free cholesterol?

yes

Can triglycerides be a fat?

yes

Can triglycerides be an oil?

yes

Do lipids have a high satiety value?

yes

Does coconut oil increase HDL?

yes

Does coconut oil increase LDL?

yes

Is arachidonic acid (ARA) bioactive?

yes

Is docosahexaenoic acid bioactive?

yes

Is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) bioactive?

yes

Is galactocerebroside found in neural tissue?

yes

Is most plasma cholesterol esterified (not free)?

yes

Is n-3 an essential FA?

yes

Is phosphatidylethanolamine able to H bond?

yes

Is phosphatidylglycerol highly saturated?

yes

Is phosphatidylserine normally found on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane?

yes

Have fruits/veggies been shown to be effective at helping treat obesity?

yes (RR 1.34; 95% CI 1.22-1.48)

Have fruits/veggies been shown to be effective at helping treat cancer?

yes, both together and alone

What mass of bile salts are lost in feces daily?

~0.5 g

What is the mass of new bile made daily?

~0.5 g (note that the same mass is lost in feces daily)

H2O2 + e- = __

•OH (hydroxyl radical)

What type of radiation is needed for vitamin D synthesis?

UVB

What is anything with cholate in the name?

bile acid

What is used in cholesterol treatment?

bile acid binders

What type of antioxidant (AOX) is catalase (CAT)?

enzymatic AOX

What type of antioxidant (AOX) is glutathione peroxidase (GPx)?

enzymatic AOX

What type of antioxidant (AOX) is superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

enzymatic AOX

What will 4 series leuktrienes (LT) affect?

inflammatory

What issues are associated with an accumulation of gangliosides?

blindness and muscle weakness

What is the precursor for bile?

cholesterol

What is the precursor for steroid hormones?

cholesterol

What is the precursor for vitamin D?

cholesterol

What is the storage form of cholesterol?

cholesterol esters

What are sterols that we get in our diet?

cholesterol, mostly as free cholesterol and 10-15% are cholesterol esters

What fatty acid does LOX produce 4 series leukotrienes (LT)?

ARA (n-6)

What is the average american mercury level?

0.19 µg/g of hair

What is the (possibly) inactive form of vitamin D found in the liver?

25-hydroxy vitamin D3 calcidiol

Where do we find lecithin in vivo?

45% of phospholipids in the brain, highly concentrated in mitochondrial membranes

What percentage of Calories swapped from SFA to PUFA will result in a decreased risk of CHD by 10%?

5% Calories swapped

How much time in the sun is needed for efficient weekly vitamin D synthesis?

5-15 minutes between 10 am and 3 pm, 2-3 times per week

What is the molecule in skin that interacts with UVB to initiate vitamin D synthesis?

7-dehydrocholesterol

What is the average american diet ratio of n-6 to n-3?

7:1 to 15:1

What is the composition of lung surfactant?

90% lipids, mostly lecithin, and 10% protein

What is a low mercury level?

<2.0 µg/g of hair

What is a high mercury level?

>2.0 µg/g of hair

Where do phospholipase A1, A2, C & D cleave on a phospholipid?

A1: sn-1 A2: sn-2 C: sn-3 D: sn-3

What does phosphatidylinositol (PI) contain at sn-2?

ARA

What fatty acid does COX produce 2 series prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (TX)?

ARA (n-6)

What are the hormones that are released, decreasing gastric motility (gastric emptying), due to the presence of fat in the stomach?

CCK, GIP, and GLP-1

What issues are associated with an accumulation of cerebrosides?

CNS impairment

What fatty acid does COX produce 3 series prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (TX)?

EPA (n-3)

What fatty acid does LOX produce 5 series leukotrienes (LT)?

EPA (n-3)

What are the products of esterase digestion?

FA & free compounds (cholesterol, vitamin A, and vitamin E)

What are the products of phospholipase A2 digestion?

FA & lysophospholipid

•OH + e- = __

H2O (water)

O2•- + e- = __

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

What carries cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver?

HDL

What lipoprotein is mostly protein?

HDL

What is the rate limiting enzyme used in endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

HMG CoA reductase

What lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) signifies that lungs are mature?

L/S > 2

What lipoprotein is mostly cholesterol?

LDL

What are the products of pancreatic lipase digestion?

MG and 2 FA

List enzymes, secretions & hormones involved in lipid digestion & where they are located

Mouth: Lingual Lipase [enzyme] Stomach: Gastric Lipase [enzyme]. CCK, GIP, GLP1 [hormones] Small Intestine: Bicarb [secretions] & Enzymes from Pancreas & Gallbladder. Bile Acids/Salts [secretions] from Gallbladder. Pancreatic Zymogens (procolipase, pancreatic lipase, prophospholipase) [inactive enzymes]. Pancreatic Lipase (Colipase, active pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2, Esterase) [active enzymes]

Describe lipid digestion from mouth to excretion

Mouth: Lingual lipase released. Removes SN-3 on TG's. Containing short/medium chain FA. Produces Diglycerides (DG's) & FA's Stomach: Gastric lipases released. Removes SN-3 on TG's. Containing short/medium cahin FA. Produce Diglycerides & FA's Small Intestine: chyme enters releasing CCK & Secretin. CCK contracts the pancreas and gallbladder releasing bicarb & enzymes. Secretin contracts the pancreas releasing bicarb. Pancreatic Lipases (colipase, bile, calcium) remove the SN-1 & SN-3 on TG's & DG's. Produces Monoglycerides & 2 FA's Large Intestine: No digestion Remains excreted

O2 + e- = __

O2•- (superoxide)

What is the lipid core of a lipoprotein (lipid transport molecule) made up of?

TGs, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

androgens (testosterone), estrogens, progestagens (progesterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

What are some dietary sources for choline?

animal meats, dairy products, eggs, peanuts, broccoli, and soy

An increase in omega-3 eicosanoids will have what effect & why?

anti-inflammatory

What is the term for anything that can decrease oxidation by getting rid of free radicals or by other mechanisms?

antioxidants (AOX)

How do AOX work? What do they donate and from where?

antioxidants decrease the oxidation by getting rid of the free radicals or by other mechanisms; they donate a hydrogen normally from an OH group

What is the protein portion (enzymes, receptor ligands, etc.) of a lipoprotein (lipid transport molecule)?

apoprotein

What pharmacological treatment induces synthesis of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids?

asprin

Which patients have not shown a benefit from omega-3 fatty acids?

autism, cardiovascular disease, crohn's disease, and dementia

A high omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the diet favors synthesis of which eicosanoid? a. 1 series PG b. 2 series PG c. 3 series TX d. 5 series LT

b. 2 series PG

What are the products of pancreatic lipase digestion? a. Glycerol & FA b. MG & FA c. DG & FA d. TG

b. MG & FA

What is the fate of steroid hormone digestion? a. Denatured b. Not denatured

b. Not denatured

Which of the following dietary lipids has the most influence on increasing blood cholesterol? a. Cholesterol b. Saturated fatty acids c. Monounsaturated fatty acids d. Polyunsaturated fatty acids

b. Saturated fatty acids

In which position would you find EPA? a. Sn-1 b. Sn-2 c. Sn-3 d. Sn-4

b. Sn-2

Which lipids are NOT charged at physiologic pH? a. glycerophospholipids b. cholesterol esters c. fatty acids d. sphingomyelins

b. cholesterol esters

If blood plasma levels are high in arachidonic acid, which supplement would be useful in increasing EPA & DHA? a. glucosamine & chondroitin b. cold water fish oil c. fat-soluble vitamins d. B-complex vitamins

b. cold water fish oil

How does cholesterol regulate HMG CoA reductase? a. covalent modification b. feedback inhibition c. positive effector d. enzyme induction

b. feedback inhibition

Which lipid is derived from arachidonic acid and works as a chemical messenger at or near production site? a. peptide hormone b. prostaglandin c. second messenger d. steroid hormone

b. prostaglandin

What are the benefits & hazards of ceramide?

benefits: regulates water permeability of skin (too much can cause cell death) hazards: can cause Farber (a joint deformity)

What contains water, lecithin, bile salts, cholesterol esters, and bilirubin?

bile

What organ is most resistant to dietary change?

brain

What are the products of lingual and gastric lipase digestion? a. Glycerol & FA b. MG & FA c. DG & FA d. TG

c. DG & FA

What activates trypsin? a. Dipeptidase b. Carboxypeptidase c. Enteropeptidase d. Lingual lipase

c. Enteropeptidase

Which molecule is NOT derived from cholesterol? a. vitamin D b. cortisol c. leukotriene A4 d. taurocholate

c. leukotriene A4

Which is the preferred PUFA source for the production of the 3 series prostaglandins? a. corn oil b. olive oil c. salmon oil d. flaxseed oil

c. salmon oil

What glycerophospholipid is found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol)

What are the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid's (DHA), functions?

cell signaling and important component of phospholipids in brain and retina

What are eicosanoids function?

cell signaling, gene expression, and inflammatory processes

An accumulation of what will cause Farber?

ceramide

What is important in cell signaling and regulation of cell death?

ceramide

What makes up ~50% of lipids in stratum corneum (outermost layer of epidermis)?

ceramide

What regulates water permeability of skin?

ceramide

What are some mechanisms used to increase surface area during digestion?

chewing, peristalsis, and emulsification

Who should limit albacore tuna to 6 oz./week?

children and pregnant/lactating women

What is a steroid alcohol?

cholesterol

What is found only in animal products?

cholesterol

What is required for cell membrane integrity?

cholesterol

Which enzyme is responsible for the cyclic pathway of eicosanoid formation? Which is responsible for the linear pathway?

cyclic pathway is COX and linear pathway is LOX

What eicosanoid enzyme removes 2 double bonds?

cycloxygenase (COX)

What type of enzyme is cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase, and what is it used for?

cytochrome P450 enzyme and it is used to emulsify fats into cholic acid (cholate)

What disease is caused by a genetic defect in the enzyme sphingomyelinase leading to accumulation of sphingomyelin in the brain, liver & spleen? a. maple syrup urine disease b. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) c. Tay-Sachs disease d. Niemann-Pick disease

d. Niemann-Pick disease

Which of the following does not contain cholesterol? a. beef b. ham c. ice cream d. baked potato

d. baked potato

Why do triglycerides contain more energy per gram than carbs? a. they are more dense b. they are more hydrophobic c. they are in a more oxidized form d. they are in a more reduced form

d. they are in a more reduced form

What happens to lingual lipase activity with age?

decreases

What type of reaction occurs for triglycerides formation?

dehydration

How is omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (ARA), made?

desaturation (desaturase) of linoleic acid to γ-linolenic acid; elongation (elongase) of γ-linolenic acid to eicosatrienoic acid; desaturation of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid

What is another term for diglycerides (DGs)?

diacylglycerols

What are the major sources of liver cholesterol?

dietary cholesterol (chylomicron remnants), cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues (HDL), and de novo synthesis in the liver from carbs, lipids, and proteins

What are the products of lingual lipase digestion?

diglycerides and fatty acids

What are 20 C hormone-like compounds?

eicosanoid

How is omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), made?

elongation and desaturation of only 5-9% α-linolenic acid (ALA) to eicosapentaonic acid (EPA); elongation and desaturation of eicosapentaonic acid (EPA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Why is the surface area of lipids in the SI greatly increased?

emulsification using bile and peristalsis

What are bile salt's function?

emulsify large lipid droplets into micelles

What happens to the 5% of the bile that does not get efficiently reabsorbed in the ileum?

ends up in the feces

What are lipids digested to in the SI?

free fatty acids, sn-2 monoglycerides, cholesterol & lysophospholipids

Where are water-soluble H donors found in high concentrations?

fruits, veggies, whole grains, and legumes

Where are galactocerebroside & glucocerebroside found?

galactocerebroside is found in the neural tissue and glucocerebroside is found in non-nueral tissue

An accumulation of what will cause Krabbe?

galactocerebrosides

Where are bile acids stored?

gallbladder

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

An accumulation of what will cause Sandhoff's?

gangliosides

An accumulation of what will cause Tay-Sachs?

gangliosides

How are gangliosides different from cerebrosides?

gangliosides contain oligosaccharides and cerebrosides contain monosaccharides

What enzyme for lipid digestion is released in the stomach?

gastric lipase

An accumulation of what will cause Gaucher?

glucocerebrosides

What is the backbone of glycerophospholipid?

glycerol

What makes up a glycerolipid?

glycerol backbone and fatty acid

What lipid contains a SFA at sn-1 and a UFA at sn-2?

glycerophospholipid

What contains bile salt, bile acid, and glycine?

glycocholate

What are the most common bile salts?

glycocholate (bile acid + glycine) and taurocholate (bile acid + taurine)

Which has a higher omega-3 fatty acid content per ounce: grass-fed beef or grain-fed beef?

grass-fed beef

What lipoprotein picks up free cholesterol from cells to take back to the liver?

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

In cell membrane signaling, a ______ binds to a receptor starting a cascade of signals that activate _________ _.

hormone; phospholipase C

What are the two parts of a phospholipid?

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

What enzyme is used during vitamin D synthesis?

hydroxylase

Where is bile efficiently reabsorbed, and by what percentage?

ileum by 95%

What are some causes of lipid malabsorption?

impaired digestion or absorption; cystic fibrosis, bile acid insufficiency, celiac disease, Crohn's, etc.

What are the harmful biological implications of oxidation?

inactivate hormones, vitamin deficiencies, cell death, heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease

In what age group is lingual lipase most active?

infants

What can too much ceramide cause?

inflammation and cell death

An increase in omega-6 eicosanoids will have what effect?

inflammatory

What happens to micelles upon entering an enterocyte?

reesterified into TAGs, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters in smooth endoplasmic reticulum of enterocyte

What will insufficient lung surfactant cause in infants?

respiratory distress syndrome and death

Which has a higher omega-3 fatty acid content per ounce: grass-fed beef or salmon?

salmon

Where are the saturated & unsaturated FA found on glycerophospholipid's backbone?

saturated fat found at sn-1 and unsaturated fat found at sn-2

What are the major routes by which cholesterol leaves the liver?

secretion of VLDL, free cholesterol secreted in bile, and conversion to bile acids/salts

In cell membrane signaling, inositol releases _______ _______ from the __, ___ ______ activates ________ _____ _ (phosphorylating enzyme).

sequestered calcium; ER; Ca+ diglyceride; protein kinase C

What fish should you limit your consumption of due to mercury?

shark, swordfish, tilefish and mackerel

What lipids do not get absorbed by passive diffusion in the duodenum and jejunum (SI), and what happens to them?

short and medium chain FA pass directly into portal blood and taken to liver

The majority of lipids in nature are found as which lipid class?

simple

What are 2 examples of reactive oxygen species (ROS) nonradicals?

singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Most lipid digestion occurs where, and due to which enzymes?

small intestine; due to colipase, active pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2, & esterase

Where are MUFA & PUFA found on the TG?

sn-2

Which position contains the phosphate group in glycerophospholipid?

sn-3

An accumulation of what will cause Niemann-Pick?

sphingomyelin

What is in plasma membranes of all animal cells and highly concentrated in myelin sheaths of nerves?

sphingomyelin

What sphingophosphatide is made of sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and choline?

sphingomyelin

What is an example of a sphingophospholipid? Where is it found?

sphingomyelin and it is found in plasma membranes of all animal cells highly concentrated in myelin sheath of nerves

Which enzymes are involved in sphingomyelin degradation?

sphingomyelinase and ceramidase

What is the backbone of sphingophospholipid?

sphingosine

What are the two components that make up ceramide?

sphingosine and fatty acid

What fatty acid is found in gray matter sphingomyelin?

stearic acid

What is a sign of lipid malabsorption?

steatorrhea (fatty stools)

What does sn stand for?

stereospecific numbering

What are the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentanoic acid's (EPA), functions?

thins blood and is an anti-inflammatory

What is another term for triglycerides (TGs)?

triacylglycerols (TAGs)

What are 95% of the lipids we consume and store?

triglycerides

What are the main lipids in our diet, and what percentage of total lipids are they?

triglycerides and ~95%

What does a TG structure resemble?

tuning fork

What lipoprotein is exogenous and indogenous?

very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

What are the 5 water-soluble H donors?

vitamin C, glutathione, polyphenols, and BHA & BHT (synthetic)

How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids (SFA) have?

0

How many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have?

1

What is the numbering of lauric acid?

12:0

How long are long chain fatty acids?

14-24 C

What is the numbering of myristic acid?

14:0

What is the numbering of palmitic acid?

16:0

What is the omega numbering for arachidonic acid (ARA)?

20:4ω6

What is the delta numbering for arachidonic acid (ARA)?

20:4∆5,8,11,14

What is the omega numbering of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?

20:5ω3

What is the delta numbering of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?

20:5∆5,8,11,14,17

What is the omega numbering of docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)?

22:6ω3

What is the delta numbering of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?

22:6∆4,7,10,13,16,19

How many kcal does 1 lb of fat contain?

3,500 kcal

How long are short chain fatty acids?

4-6 C

How much of a kcal deficit must a patient average (through diet & exercise) in order to lose 1 lb/week?

500 kcal deficit

How much of a kcal surplus must a patient average (through diet) in order to gain 1 lb/week?

500 kcal surplus

How long are medium chain fatty acids?

8-12 C

How many kcal/g do lipids provide?

9

What type of lipid is the "good cholesterol" containing mostly protein and removes cholesterol from cells?

HDL

What type of lipid is the "bad cholesterol" containing mostly cholesterol?

LDL

What is MUFA's impact on LDL, HDL, and heart disease risk?

LDL decreases, HDL decreases, and heart disease risk decreases

What is a PUFA's impact on LDL, HDL, and heart disease risk?

LDL decreases, HDL decreases, and heart disease risk decreases

What is trans fat's impact on LDL, HDL, and heart disease risk?

LDL increases, HDL decreases, and heart disease risk increases

What is SFA's impact on LDL, HDL, and heart disease risk?

LDL increases, HDL has no impact, and heart disease risk increases

Which of the following is an omega-3 fatty acid? a. 20:5 (Δ5,8,11,14,17) b. 20:4 (Δ5,8,11,14) c. 18:2 (Δ9,12) d. 22:4 (Δ7,10,13,16)

a. 20:5 (Δ5,8,11,14,17)

Food containing more SFA than UFA is most likely a ______? a. fat b. oil

a. fat

How far apart are double bonds on fatty acids?

always 3 C apart

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 20:4∆5,8,11,14?

arachidonic acid (ARA)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the omega numbering 20:4ω6?

arachidonic acid (ARA)

How are fatty acids classified?

by the number of carbons (chain length) and the number of double bonds (saturation)

Long chain FA contain how many carbons? a. 4-6 b. 8-12 c. 14-24 d. 26-30

c. 14-24

What is the omega numbering of 20:4∆5,8,11,14? a. 20:4n-3 b. 20:4n-5 c. 20:4n-6 d. 20:4n-9

c. 20:4n-6

Which is the best source of oleic acid? a. corn oil b. butter c. olive oil d. soybean oil

c. olive oil

What does cis packing allow for a lipid?

can still rotate and acts like an oil, more fluff

Which end of the FA does ∆ start from?

carboxylic acid

What type of geometric isomer can still rotate?

cis

What is the delta numbering of 20:3n-6? a.20:3Δ14,17,20 b. 20:3Δ14,15,16 c. 20:3Δ12,13,14 d. 20:3Δ8,11,14

d. 20:3Δ8,11,14

Which of the following unsaturated fatty acids is one that can be made by the liver? a. linoleic acid b. lauric acid c. palmitic acid d. oleic acid

d. oleic acid

Partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids produces which of the following products that may increase your risk of heart disease? a. cis fatty acids b. alpha-linolenic acids c. gamma-linolenic acids d. trans fatty acids

d. trans fatty acids

What enzyme that adds double bonds does our body lack?

desaturases

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 22:6ω3?

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 22:6∆4,7,10,13,16,19?

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 20:5∆5,8,11,14,17?

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the omega numbering 20:5ω3?

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

What are the 5 roles of lipids in the body?

energy (during rest of long-term, low-intensity exercise), insulation and protection (surrounds organs), cell membrane integrity (phospholipids and cholesterol in plasma membrane), steroid hormones & hormone-like compounds (sex hormones, glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids), and fat-soluble vitamin absorption (required for gallbladder contraction)

What do lipids contain a lot of in their reduced form?

hydrogen

What are the benefits from hydrogenating lipids?

improves shelf-life and converts softer fats to firmer fats

What are the risks from hydrogenating lipids?

increase risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, alzheimer's, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and barrett's esophagus

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the numbering 12:0?

lauric acid

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the omega numbering 18:2ω6?

linoleic acid

What are triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids transported in?

lipoproteins

What type of lipid is stearic acid?

long chain saturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is lauric acid?

medium chain saturated fatty acid

What is the term which describes how PUFAs have a methyl group in between double bonds?

methylene interrupted

What type of fatty acid has 1 double bond and is generally oil at room temperature?

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

How many double bonds do polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have?

more than 1

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the numbering 14:0?

myristic acid

Is n-9 an essential FA?

no

Is there any trans double bonding in fully hydrogenated lipids?

no, it is a saturated fat

What type of lipids are liquid at room temperature?

oils

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the delta numbering 18:1∆9?

oleic acid

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the omega numbering 18:1ω9?

oleic acid

What type of fatty acid has no double bonds and is a fat at room temperature?

saturated fatty acids (SFA)

What are the classes of lipids?

simple lipids: free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TGs), sterols and steroid; and complex lipids (something else attached to the lipid): phospholipids (phosphate) and glycolipids (carbs)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the numbering 18:0?

stearic acid

What type of geometric isomer is stuck in linear position?

trans

What are most fatty acids found as?

triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids

What type of lipid is arachidonic acid (ARA)?

unsaturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?

unsaturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?

unsaturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is linoleic acid?

unsaturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is oleic acid?

unsaturated fatty acid

What type of lipid is α-linolenic acid (ALA)?

unsaturated fatty acid

Is n-6 an essential FA?

yes

Is there any trans double bonding in partially hydrogenated lipids?

yes

What is the common name for fatty acid with the delta numbering 18:3∆9,12,15?

α-linolenic acid (ALA)

What is the common name for the fatty acid with the omega numbering 18:3ω3?

α-linolenic acid (ALA)


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