biochemistry module 1 extra questions

. Which of the following tRNAs would pair with the mRNA 5' GGC 3'? a. 5' GCC 3' b. 5' TTT 3' c. 5' UUU 3' d. 5' CCG 3'

5' GCC 3'

Choose the correct non-template/coding strand from this template/non-coding DNA: 5' ACG GTA 3'

5' TAC CGT 3'

What is the expected probability that a child will have an autosomal dominant disease if their father is heterozygous for the allele and their mother is homozygous for the normal allele? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%

50%

Which of the following changes can NOT be detected using PCR? a. Differences in DNA sequence b. Epigenetic changes c. Deletions d. Insertions

epigenetic changes

PCR could be used to identify a patient's susceptibility for developing breast cancer, for example by identifying mutations in the BRCA1 gene. a. True b. False

true

Primers initiate replication in dividing cells. a. True b. False

true

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive condition. This means that: a. A person with at least one normal X chromosome without the hemophilia gene will not show signs of hemophilia b. The disease is more common in females c. Affected men can pass the condition on to sons but not to daughters d. Women can only pass the condition on to daughters

A person with at least one normal X chromosome without the hemophilia gene will not show signs of hemophilia

Select the differences between DNA and RNA. Check all those that apply. a. DNA always contains two strands that are complementary to each other and so does RNA b. DNA is mostly double stranded while mRNA is mostly single stranded. c. RNA is used to relay information while DNA is used to store information. d. RNA is permanent while DNA is not stable. e. DNA is in the nucleus and RNA can be found both inside and outside the nucleus.

DNA is mostly double stranded while mRNA is mostly single stranded. RNA is used to relay information while DNA is used to store information. DNA is in the nucleus and RNA can be found both inside and outside the nucleus.

Which of the following statements about epigenetics is false? a. Environmental stimuli control gene expression. b. Gene expression is influenced by chemical modifications of the DNA and/or histone proteins. c. Access to the promoter gene by transcription factors is affected. d. The DNA sequence is permanently altered.

DNA sequence is permanently altered

Which of the following components is NOT used in PCR? a. DNA template b. DNA nucleotides c. RNA polymerase d. Primers

RNA polymerase

True or false: Missense mutations are insertions or deletions of one or more base pairs (if the number of base pairs is not a multiple of 3) that disrupt the coding of a protein. a. True b. False

false

Unlike DNA replication, in PCR, Okazaki fragments are used as primers. a. True b. False

false

An individual who has two alleles of a gene that are different from one another is called ________? a. Homozygous b. Heterozygous c. Homogametic d. Polyzygous e. Heterotypical

heterozygous

Proteins that promote coiling of DNA and help prevent DNA strands from "tangling" are called? a. Histones b. Enzymes c. Polymerase d. Chaperones

histones

Which of the following components are involved in translation? (check all that apply) a. mRNA b. tRNA c. RNA polymerase d. ribosome e. DNA

mRNA tRNA ribosome

What are the three types of RNA? Select all that apply. a. bRNA b. mRNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA e. ATP

mRNA transfer RNA ribosomal RNA

A deletion mutation ______. a. is a type of point mutation. b. is a type of silent mutation. c. always results in a shorter amino acid sequence than the normal gene. d. might cause a nonsense mutation.

might cause a nonsense mutation.

In sickle cell anemia, the DNA coding strand is mutated from GAG to GTG. This results in an amino acid change from Glutamic Acid to Valine. Which of the following terms correctly describes this mutation? (check all that apply) a. Nonsense mutation b. Missense mutation c. Silent mutation d. Frameshift mutation e. Point mutation f. Insertion

missense mutation point mutation

Which of the following DNA repair mechanisms can fix the damage done by UV radiation in the form of thymine dimers? a. base excision repair b. nucleotide excision repair c. homologous recombination d. mismatch repair

nucleotide excision repair

Two healthy individuals give birth to a child that has Bloom Syndrome. From this information, it can be concluded that Bloom syndrome is inherited in a ________ manner. a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked

recessive

A mutation in the DNA that changes the sequence of a codon but does NOT change the amino acid sequence of the protein describes a _____ _____. a. frameshift mutation. b. missense mutation. c. nonsense mutation. d. silent mutation.

silent mutation

Which of the following is NOT a step in base excision repair? a. Ligation to restore continuity of the DNA backbone b. Synthesis of an RNA primer c. Recognition of the damage d. Removal of the damage by excising part of one strand to leave a gap

synthesis of an RNA primer

What kind of proteins read the promoter region of a gene and send a signal that recruits RNA polymerase so that synthesis of mRNA can begin. a. Transcription factors b. RNA polymerase c. Histones d. Kinases e. Release factor

transcriptions factors

A primer creates a "handle" for DNA polymerase to grab onto in order to synthesize a copy of the DNA. a. True b. False

true

A thermocycler is a machine used for PCR that varies the temperature of a sample. a. True b. False

true

A small segment of Kevin's green opsin gene is shown below. What would be the resulting mRNA sequence? The sequence of Kevin's opsin gene at nucleotide positions 936 to 941 is 5'-GCC TAG-3' (coding strand) and 3'-CGG ATC-5' (template strand) a. 5'-GCCTAG-3' b. 5'-CGGAUC-3' c. 5'-GCCUAG-3' d. 5'-CGGATC-3'

5'-GCCUAG-3'

What is the complementary DNA strand to the following DNA sequence: 5'-GCC CGG TTA AGC-3'? a. 5'-GCC CGG UUA AGC-3' b. 3'-GCT TAA CCG GGC-5' c. 5'-GCT TAA CCG GGC-3' d. 3'-GCC CGG TTA ACG-5'

5'-GCT TAA CCG GGC-3'

. The DNA sequence 3'-ATG ATC CTT-5' is part of the template strand during DNA replication. Which of the following would be the correct sequence for the newly made DNA? a. 5'-UAC UAG GAA-3' b. 5'-ATG ATC CTT-3' c. 5'-GCA GCT TCC-3' d. 5'-TAC TAG GAA-3'

5'-TAC TAG GAA-3'

Which answer choice displays the tRNA anticodon of the mRNA codon 5'-UGA-3'? a. 5'-UCA-3' b. 5'-ACU-3' c. 5'-TCA-3' d. 5'-UGA-3'

5'-UCA-3'

Which statement is true with respect to mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair (NER)? a. Mismatch repair fixes thymine dimers caused by exposure to UV light, while NER fixes errors in DNA replication. b. Mismatch repair follows the same steps as NER. c. Mismatch repair uses genetic information on the opposite strand of the DNA double helix while NER uses information on the homologous chromosome. d. None of the above are true.

Mismatch repair follows the same steps as NER.

What is one direct effect of inhibiting translation? a. Transcription would cease. b. Production of proteins would stop. c. DNA would no longer be replicated. d. The level of proteins would remain the same.

Production of proteins would stop.

What is the proper order of the steps involved in excision repair? a. Recognize the damage, resynthesize the sequence, remove the damage, ligate the DNA backbone. b. Recognize the damage, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence, ligate the DNA backbone. c. Recognize the damage, remove the damage, ligate the DNA backbone, resynthesize the sequence. d. Recognize the damage, ligate the DNA backbone, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence.

Recognize the damage, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence, ligate the DNA backbone.

Mutations in the FANCA gene (located on chromosome 16) can lead to Fanconi Anemia. A healthy individual inherited one mutant and one normal allele of the FANCA gene. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern of Fanconi Anemia? a. Autosomal Dominant b. Autosomal Recessive c. X-linked Dominant d. X-linked Recessive

autosomal recessive

Point mutations ________. a. change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. b. change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. c. change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations d. change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.

change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.

Frameshift mutations __________. a. change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. b. change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. c. change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations d. change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.

change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations.

A missense mutation ________. a. inserts or deletes nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to a normal gene. b. causes a double-stranded break in a chromosome. c. changes a single amino acid in a protein. d. has no effect on an amino acid sequence.

changes a single amino acid in a protein.

A mutation that results in a mutant gene with more nucleotides compared to the normal gene is a ________________ a. mutation. b. insertion c. nonsense d. point e. missense

insertion

A specific kind of mutation in the opsin gene related to color blindness causes a premature termination of the translation process. This results in a shorter opsin protein than usual. What *specific* type of mutation could have caused this? a. Frameshift mutation b. Missense mutation c. Silent mutation d. Nonsense mutation

nonsense mutation

Several components of cigarette smoke, including benzopyrene, insert themselves (intercalate) into the DNA and lead to several types of mutations such as frameshift mutations, including both insertions and deletion. Which of the following repair pathways would be used to repair this type of damage? a. Base excision repair b. Mismatch Repair c. Nucleotide Excision Repair d. Homologous Recombination

nucleotide excision repair

The part of the DNA sequence of a gene that regulates the rate of transcription is called the... a. coding region b. poly A tail c. transcript d. promoter region e. histone

promoter region

. Which of the following is NOT part of mRNA processing prior to translation? a. Promoters b. Splicing c. Poly(A) tail addition d. 5' cap addition

promoters

Homologous recombination: a. Fixes single damaged nucleotides b. Repairs a broken chromsome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. c. Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication d. Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides

repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent

"Nurture affecting Nature:" The study of environmental factors that affect DNA--INHERITIABLE modifications to the genome that do NOT involve changes in nucleotides but to the structure of the nucleosomes. Can increase/decrease gene expression. This is the definition of... a. Transcription factors b. Genomics c. Epigenetics d. Transcription e. Translation

epigenetics

DNA ligase is a protein that connects primers to the template strand during PCR. a. True b. False

false

Template DNA is broken down into fragments prior to being copied. a. True b. False

false

The polymerase chain reaction is a tool used to study protein structure. a. True b. False

false

True or false: Frameshift mutations are point mutations that change a single base pair in a codon such that the codon now encodes a different amino acid. a. True b. False

false

Mismatch repair: a. Repairs a broken chromsome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. b. Fixes single damaged nucleotides c. Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides d. Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication

fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication

Nucleotide excision repair: a. Fixes single damaged nucleotides b. Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication c. Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides d. Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent.

fixes multiple damaged nucleotides

What is the coding strand sequence if the non-template strand sequence is 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3' a. 5'-TCG GAA ATT GAT-3' b. 5'-TAG TTA AAG GCT-3' c. 3'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-5' d. 3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5'

3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5'

What is the coding strand DNA that would be made from this template strand: 5'-AAA TAC CGG GAT-3'? a. 3'-TAG GGC CAT AAA-5' b. 5'-TTT ATG GCC CTA-3' c. 3'-TTT ATG GCC CTA-5' d. 5'-AAA TAC CGG GAT-3'

3'-TTT ATG GCC CTA-5'

Assuming there is one copy of the target DNA sequence before PCR, how many copies of DNA are there after 5 PCR cycles? a. 256 b. 6 c. 65,536 d. 16 e. 32

32

. Following transcription, what would be the resulting mRNA sequence from this template strand: 5'-ACA GCT GTC-3'? a. 5' - ACA GCT GTC - 3' b. 5' - UGU CGA CAG - 3' c. 5' - GAC AGC UGU - 3' d. 5' - ACA GCU GUC - 3'

5' - GAC AGC UGU - 3'

Given this template sequence, 5'-GAT TAA CGA-3', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence? a. 5'-CUA AUU GCU-3' b. 5'-UCG UUA AUC-3' c. 5'-CTA ATT GCT-3' d. 5'-AUC UUA UCG-3'

5'-UCG UUA AUC-3'

You are designing a piece of DNA for a project and must select the appropriate nitrogenous bases. Which combination of nitrogenous bases would you find most suitable for your work? a. Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine b. Adenine Guanine, Uracil and Thymine c. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine d. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

The mutation that causes color blindness by making the gene for the opsin protein encode a shorter opsin protein could have resulted from a malfunction of __________. a. Primase b. DNA polymerase c. RNA polymerase d. Helicase

DNA polymerase

TRH is a very small molecule - 3 amino acids long-- with a very important role in humans: It helps to regulate the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Although it is a small polypeptide—consisting only of 3 amino acids joined together by peptide bonds, the mRNA that is created during transcription of the TRH gene is actually many, many nucleotides longer than the 9 that would be expected for a 3 amino acid polypeptide. Which of the following might reasonably explain why the mRNA is so much longer than nine nucleotides? a. Silent mutations are used to shorten the sequence b. The gene is spliced and introns will be eliminated from the longer mRNA. c. The promoter will be turned on more creating a shorter mRNA. d. The protein will self-select for which codons it will use to make the smaller protein.

The gene is spliced and introns will be eliminated from the longer mRNA.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about RNA? a. RNA contains a ribose sugar in the sugar-phosphate backbone. b. There are several types of RNA in the cell, including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. c. All of these d. RNA nucleotides include the bases A, U, C, and G

all of these

A nonsense mutation ________. a. inserts or deletes nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to a normal gene. b. causes a double-stranded break in a chromosome. c. changes a codon to introduce a premature stop codon. d. has no effect on an amino acid sequence.

changes a codon to introduce a premature stop codon

Base excision repair: a. Fixes single damaged nucleotides b. Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. c. Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication d. Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides

fixes single damaged nucleotides

In the organization of DNA into chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around _________ to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are organized further to form _____________. a. RNA; triple helix b. histones; nucleus c. histones; chromatin d. promters ; histones

histones, chromatin

A black female mouse mates with a white male mouse and produces a litter of all gray mice. Which inheritance pattern can be used to describe this situation? a. Complete Dominance b. Recessive c. Incomplete Dominance d. Codominance

incomplete dominance

A research scientist is trying to create a new strain of bacteria that can produce a protein needed for her research. Which of the following molecules is translated to make the protein? a. messenger RNA (mRNA) b. Ribozyme c. Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) d. transfer RNA (tRNA)

messenger RNA (mRNA)

What changes can occur to the DNA (ex. methyl groups) and to the histones that will impact gene expression? Select all that apply a. methylation b. chromosome replication c. acetylation d. splicing

methylation acetylation

Histone proteins can be chemically modified by addition of an acetyl group. If this causes nucleosomes to pack _________ , the process of ___________ is decreased at those DNA sites. a. more loosely; transcription b. more loosely; translation c. more tightly; transcription d. more tightly, translation

more tightly; transcription

DNA replication is ___________, which allows each of the two strands to serve as a _______ for the new strands. a. semiconservative, replacement b. unreliable, template c. semicontinuous, replacement d. semiconservative, template

semiconservative, template

DNA polymerase is used in DNA replication and in PCR. a. True b. False

true

Nucleosome consist of double-stranded DNA and histones combined. a. True b. False

true

True or false: Nonsense mutations are point mutations that change a single base in a codon to a stop codon that terminates translation. a. True b. False

true

True or false: Silent mutations are point mutations that result in no change in amino acid sequence a. True b. False

true

dNTPs are DNA nucleotides used in PCR. a. True b. False

true

A woman is homozygous for an abnormal allele on Chromosome 2 that codes for an autosomal dominant disease. This means that she: a. Will have the disease b. Will not have the disease c. Has one normal gene and one abnormal gene d. Can pass on two genes to any daughters and one gene to any son

will have the disease

What is the corresponding mRNA sequence for the following DNA template strand: 3' ATG GCT ACC 5' a. 5' UAC CGA UGG 3' b. 5' AUC CGU AGG 3' c. 5' GGU AGC CAU 3' d. 5' GGA UGC CUA 3'

5' UAC CGA UGG 3'

Check all of the following that correctly represent a mRNA molecule made from template/non-coding DNA that reads 5' ACG GTA 3': (select all that apply) a. 5' TAC CGT 3' b. 3' TGC CAT 5' c. 5' UAC CGU 3' d. 3' UGC CAU 5' e. 5' ACG GUA 3' f. 3' AUG GCA 5'

5' UAC CGU 3' 3' UGC CAU 5'

Which of the following steps in PCR occurs first? a. Elongation b. Denaturation c. Annealing d. Cycling

denaturation

If one strand of chromosome 2 has a DNA sequence that consists of this: 5' AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' What will be the composition of the complementary DNA strand? (Select all that apply) a. 5' TTC GCC ATG CAT 3' b. 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5' c. 5''TAC GTA CCG CTT 3' d. 3' AAG CGG TAC GTA 5'

3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5' 5''TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'

What is the sequence of tRNA anticodon that would bind to the mRNA made from the template/non-coding DNA 5' ACG 3': 5' ACG 3' 3' ACG 5' 5' GCA 3' 3' UGC 5'

5' ACG 3'

The following sequence is the coding DNA strand of the collagen gene: 5' ATG GCG TTC GAA 3' What is the sequence of the corresponding mRNA? a. 3' ATG GCG TTC GAA 5' b. 5' AUG GCG UUC CUU 3' c. 5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3' d. 5' UTG GCG TTC GUU 3'

5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3'

During DNA replication, which of the following sequences can be used as a primer for the following DNA sequence: 3' AGT GGA TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? (Recall that DNA replication uses RNA primers whereas PCR uses DNA primers). a. 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3' b. 5' TCA CCT AGT GAT 3' c. 3' UCA CCU AGU GAU 5' d. 3' TCA CCT AGT GAT 5'

5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3'

Which of the following is the correct tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon 5' GCA 3' ? a. 5' UGC 3' b. 5' CGU 3' c. 5' TGC 3' d. 5' CGT 3'

5' UGC 3'

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in which direction? a. 3' to 5' b. 5' to 3' c. any direction

5' to 3'

DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA strands in which direction? a. 3' to 5' b. 5' to 3' c. any direction d. N-terminus to C-terminus

5'-3'

What is the complementary DNA sequence to this sequence: 5'-ATG CTT TAG GTT-3'? a. 5'-AAC CTT TAG GTT-3' b. 5'-TTG GAT TTC GTA-3' c. 5'-AAC CTA AAG CAT-3' d. 5'-TAC GAA ATC CAA-3'

5'-AAC CTA AAG CAT-3'

What would be the resulting mRNA sequence from a template strand with this sequence: 5'-CAG CTC GTC-3'? a. 5'-GUC GAG CAG-3' b. 5'-GAC GAG CUG-3' c. 3'-GAC GAG CUG-5' d. 3'-GUG GAG GAG-5'

5'-GAC GAG CUG-3'

The LEP gene codes for an anorexigenic hormone. Interestingly, breastfeeding has been shown to alter methylation of the promoter of this gene, leading to increased LEP expression. What is likely happening in response to breastfeeding: a. Breastfeeding increases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, decreasing the spacing between nucleosomes. b. Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, increasing the spacing between nucleosomes. c. Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, decreasing the spacing between nucleosomes. d. Breastfeeding increases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, and the tight packing of the DNA alters binding of RNA polymerase.

Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, increasing the spacing between nucleosomes.

Which ingredients/molecules (at least four) are required to set up a polymerase chain reaction? a. DNA polymerase b. Amino Acids c. DNA nucleotides d. RNA nucleotides e. Template DNA f. Primers g. Ribosomes h. tRNA i. Ligase

DNA polymerase, DNA nucleotides, template DNA, primers

A patient with xeroderma pigmentosum is prone to developing multiple skin cancers starting in childhood. This occurs because of a mutation in a gene that codes for enzymes that help repair DNA damage through the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. How does NER differ from other repair mechanisms? In NER: a. Only one nucleotide is removed and DNA polymerase replaces the one abnormality b. The error in one strand of DNA is removed as well as several nucleotides on either side of the error. The gap that was removed is filled in by DNA polymerase c. The entire homologous chromosome is used to repair the double stranded DNA error d. The affected DNA strand and its complementary strand is discarded and a new double stranded DNA is created

The error in one strand of DNA is removed as well as several nucleotides on either side of the error. The gap that was removed is filled in by DNA polymerase

When comparing a normal and mutant gene sequence, how do you identify a frameshift mutation? a. The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is different. b. The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is identical. c. The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is identical. d. The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different.

The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different.

The LCT gene codes for Lactase, which is responsible for the breakdown of lactose. Which of the following statements could explain how Lactase activity is increased in the presence of lactose? a. Lactose blocks RNA polymerase from binding the promoter sequence, facilitating transcription of the LCT gene. b. Lactose prevents binding of transcription factors at the transcription start site of the LCT gene. c. The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to separate, exposing the LCT gene. d. The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to pack together tightly, exposing the LCT gene.

The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to separate, exposing the LCT gene.

Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in RNA? a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Uracil e. Guanine

Thymine

The following are steps involved in a polymerase chain reaction. Which is the correct order: a. Elongation, denaturation, and annealing b. Denaturation, annealing, and elongation c. Annealing, elongation, and denaturation d. Elongation, annealing, and denaturation

denaturation, annealing, and elongation

When the wrong nucleotide is added to a newly forming DNA strand during DNA replication: a. Distortion of the double helix structure occurs because of uncomplimentary pairing of the nucleotides b. The DNA can not be repaired c. The cell dies d. Thymine dimers occur

distortion of the double helix structure occurs because of uncomplimentary pairing of the nucleotides

Some changes to the DNA do not modify the coding sequence of the DNA but do affect its winding and unwinding from nucleosomes. These changes can increase or decrease the availability of DNA and hence, the transcription of a gene. These are called _________ changes? a. Genetic b. Epigenetic c. Epidermal d. Hypogenetic

epigenetic changes

Select all of the following that are involved in the process of actively transcribing a gene. a. Epigenetic modifications to nucleosomes b. Ribosomes c. DNA Ligase d. Transcription Factors e. Promoters f. RNA polymerase g. DNA polymerase

epigenetic modifications to nucleosomes transcription factors promotors RNA polymerase