BIOL 1002 EXAM 1

In the process known as __________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.

Prokaryotic Fission

_________ is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.

Bioremediation

In prokaryotes, ___________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection.

conjugation

How do the flagella of bacteria differ from the flagella of archaea? a. Bacterial flagella cannot rotate b. The flagella of archaea are scattered over the cell surface c. Bacterial flagella occur at only one end of the cell d. Archaeal flagella are thinner than bacterial flagella e. Bacterial flagella are used for reproduction.

d. Archaeal flagella are thinner than bacterial flagella

Some bacteria can produce slime that allows them to aggregate into colonies on surfaces. The result is a biofilm. How could biofilms be responsible for tooth decay? a. Bacterial metabolism ceases in biofilms resulting in tooth decay. b. he sticky layers of slime destroy the protective tooth enamel c. Biofilms produce extreme environments that cause tooth decay d. Biofilms are not removed by brushing, so bacterial growth and activity initiates tooth decay e. Bacteria sporulate within biofilms and survive for indefinite periods of time.

d. Biofilms are not removed by brushing, so bacterial growth and activity initiates tooth decay

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? a. Flagella b. Cell wall c. Nucleoid d. Capsule

d. Capsule

The cause of tetanus is a. Escherichia coli b. Borrelia burgdorferi c. Campylobacter d. Clostridium tetani e. Streptococcus pneumoniae.

d. Clostridium tetani

Which of the following genera contains spherically shaped bacteria? a. Treponema b. Borrelia c. Bacillus d. Micrococcus e. Escherichia

d. Micrococcus

Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation? a. One cell has lost a chromosome, while the other has gained one. b. The two cells have had an equal exchange of plasmids. c. One cell has lost a plasmid, while the other cell has gained one d. One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.

d. One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.

Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their a. anaerobic metabolism b. absence of a nucleus c. sexual reproduction d. cell wall composition e. rapid rate of cell division

e. rapid rate of cell division

Prions are made up of only protein. True or False?

true

Some archaea can live in boiling water. True or False?

true

_________ are organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.

anaerobes

Bacterial endospores are easily damaged by heat and drying. True or False? a. True b. False

B. False

Anaerobic bacteria require high levels of oxygen to survive. True or False?

False

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? a. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria b. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics c. Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead d. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics.

a. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? a. The way the cell wall stains b. Nutrient requirements c. The means of locomotion d. The appearance of colonies e. The use of oxygen Submit

a. The way the cell wall stains

Dental plaque is one example of a(n) ________ colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other.

biofilm

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? a. 256 b. 2048 c. 32 d. 8

a. 256

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? a. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present b. Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics c. The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics d. The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics.

a. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Which of the following is true regarding cholera and COVID-19? a. At the time of this article, both are in a state of pandemic b. Both are caused by a bacterium c. Both are believed to have originated in India d. Both are caused by a virus.

a. At the time of this article, both are in a state of pandemic

If trends continue, which of the following is most likely? a. Fecal transplants will be done more frequently b. Fecal transplants will be banned c. Fecal transplants will be done less frequently d. Fecal transplants will only be done as a last resort.

a. Fecal transplants will be done more frequently

What is a major role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? a. Monitor and report the state of the health of the U.S. citizenry b. Test and otherwise monitor the drinking water supply in the United States c. Clean, cook, and chill food for consumption d. Monitor and investigate bioterrorism in the United States e. Control health issues for all states within the United States.

a. Monitor and report the state of the health of the U.S. citizenry

What makes it difficult to distinguish between bacteria and archaea? a. They are small and structurally similar.Both exist only as spherical cells b. The genetic material in bacteria is DNA, while archaea have RNA c. There are chemical differences in their cell walls d. Both use photosynthesis to provide cellular energy.

a. They are small and structurally similar.Both exist only as spherical cells

Humans can eat live cultures of some bacteria without getting sick. True or False? a. True b. False

a. True

True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA. a. True b. False

a. True

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells. a. True b. False

a. True

What is the major difference between a virus and a viroid? a. Viruses have a protein coat and viroids do not b. Viruses can replicate in cells, but viroids cannot c. Viruses can cause disease, while viroids cannot d. Viruses use cell components to replicate, and viroids don't e. Viruses only infect humans, while viroids infect all animals.

a. Viruses have a protein coat and viroids do not

Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of a. bacteria b. plants c. viruses d. fungi e. archaea.

a. bacteria

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? a. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development b. conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria c. spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development d. searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics

a. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called a. plasmids b. sex pili c. flagella d. endospores e. bacteriophages.

a. plasmids

Binary fission is the method by which bacteria a. reproduce b. metabolize without oxygen c. move to new locations d. survive extreme conditions for long periods of time e. acquire genetic variation.

a. reproduce

Some bacteria use H2S instead of H2O in photosynthesis, and they release a. sulfur b. carbon monoxide c. acetic acid d. oxygen e. ethanol

a. sulfur

Assume a genetic analysis of a sick animal's DNA indicates that part of one chromosome does not belong to the animal. It is foreign DNA and is not similar to any of the animal's normal genes. It most likely comes from a(n) a. viral infection b. archaeal infection c. fungal infection d. bacterial infection e. prion infection.

a. viral infection

Which of the following has no organelles, ribosomes, or cytoplasm? a. A bacterium b. A virus c. A cyanobacterium d. A plant e. An alga

b. A virus

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? a. Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure b. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person c. Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics d. Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring.

b. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person

Lyme disease is caused by a. contaminated water b. Borellia burgdorferi. c. Clostridium botulinum d. nitrogen-fixing bacteria e. rats

b. Borellia burgdorferi.

Why is cholera much more prevalent in the developing world? a. There are far fewer mosquitoes in the developed world b. Contaminated water is more common in the developing world c. Nearly everyone in the developed world has been vaccinated against cholera d. Food supplies in the developing world do not have to meet safety standards.

b. Contaminated water is more common in the developing world

You aim to improve your gut microbiome. Which of the following would be best for you to achieve your goal? a. Eat more dairy and meat products b. Eat fresh plant foods and fermented foods c. Take a myriad of synthetic supplements d. Eat only a liquid diet for two weeks.

b. Eat fresh plant foods and fermented foods

Which structure enables a bacterium to survive and infect a host even after a long period of desiccation? a. Slime layer b. Endospore c. Capsule d. Pili e. Protein coat

b. Endospore

Anaerobic bacteria require high levels of oxygen to survive. True or False? a. True b. False

b. False

Bioremediation is the process in which bacteria digest plants and release oily toxins. True or False? a. True b. False

b. False

The rapid and inexpensive routine laboratory procedure used to classify the bacterial world into two major groups is called the __________. a. DNA sequencing b. Gram staining c. microscopy d. use of electrophoresis to distinguish unique proteins e. centrifugation

b. Gram staining

The polymerase chain reaction requires a heat-resistant enzyme. What is the relationship between this fact and hot springs in Yellowstone National Park? a. Heat-resistant bacteria in hot springs can initiate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) b. Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in Yellowstone National Park hot springs c. Hot springs vary in temperature just like what happens during the polymerase chain reaction d. The polymerase chain reaction proves that heat-tolerant bacteria do not thrive in hot springs e. The polymerase chain reaction has no association with heat-tolerant bacteria obtained from hot springs.

b. Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in Yellowstone National Park hot springs

A woman recently completed a regimen of antibiotics. Which of the following is most likely? a. Her gut microbiome is more diverse b. Her gut microbiome is less diverse c. Her gut microbiome has not changed d. Her gut microbiome is affected in unknown way

b. Her gut microbiome is less diverse

Why are prokaryotes the most abundant living organisms on Earth? a. Because of their size, they require very little food b. They are able to adapt to a wide range of habitats c. They are able to generate biofilms d. Because of their size, they are unable to evolve specialized metabolic pathways e. They possess flagella and are motile.

b. They are able to adapt to a wide range of habitats

Intestinal bacteria are necessary for plant-eating animals to digest a. nitrogen b. cellulose c. lipids d. proteins e. carbon dioxide.

b. cellulose

Which of the following is still necessary to eradicate cholera? a. clear understanding of how it is transmitted b. intergovernmental cooperation c. an effective vaccine d. genetic sequencing of the disease-causing organism

b. intergovernmental cooperation

What is a possible outcome of conjugation in prokaryotic cells? a. a decrease in chromosome number b. new genetic combinations within the species c. an increase in chromosome number d. the loss of a plasmid, an extra chromosomal piece of DNA e. mutation

b. new genetic combinations within the species

What is a major difference between the domains, Bacteria and Archaea? a. the presence of a plasma membrane b. peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the archaea c. DNA as the genetic material d. the use of ribosomes in protein synthesis the use of RNA polymerase for RNA synthesis Submit

b. peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the archaea

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by a a. bacterium b. prion c. virus d. viroid c. fungus.

b. prion

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. a. promoter b. provirus c. transposon d. lac e. homeoboxes

b. provirus

You are a doctor working in Cambodia. A patient presents with cholera. Which of the following would likely be best for you to do first? a. reduce fever b. rehydrate c. vaccinate d. give an antiviral

b. rehydrate

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. a. single-stranded DNA b. single-stranded RNA c. double-stranded DNA d. double-stranded RNA

b. single-stranded RNA

Why are we constantly warned to make sure that hamburger and other meats are cooked thoroughly? a. to eliminate viruses transmitted in raw meat b. to warn people to provide enough heat to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminating the meat c. to remove flesh-eating bacteria d. to displace taste and odor caused by contaminating bacteria e. to prevent the spread of Lyme disease

b. to warn people to provide enough heat to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminating the meat

_________ are viruses that only infect bacteria

bacteriaphages

Based on current research, a future where which of the following groups is given a gut microbiome supplement is most likely? a. Babies that are part of a multiple birth b. Babies born vaginally c. Babies born via C-section d. Babies born at home.

c. Babies born via C-section

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? a. Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal b. Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring c. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. d. Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics.

c. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? a. Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out. b. Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population c. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria d. Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria

c. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria

Which of the following is true? a. Over time, the human gut microbiome has not changed in diversity b. Over time, the human gut microbiome has increased in diversity c. Over time, the human gut microbiome has decreased in diversity d. Diversity of the human gut microbiome has not been analyzed.

c. Over time, the human gut microbiome has decreased in diversity

Why is it that prokaryotic cells evolve more quickly than eukaryotic cells? a. They are smaller than eukaryotic cells b. Evolution prevents the extinction of the species c. Rapid reproduction provides additional opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic variability d. They are more advanced than eukaryotic cells e. They are more susceptible to environmental factors than eukaryotic cells.

c. Rapid reproduction provides additional opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic variability

From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation? a. The recipient cell b. Both the donor cell and the recipient cell c. The donor cell

c. The donor cell

Why is it possible for different microorganisms to extract energy not only from carbohydrates and other biological molecules but from a large variety of substances, such as petroleum, methane, benzene, toluene and even inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia, and iron? a. Organisms were able to spontaneously generate mechanisms to utilize them b. Each ancient life form developed metabolic mechanisms to use energy from any source c. Where energy sources were available, life adapted to use them through processes of natural selection d. There was widespread availability of vast amounts of these materials.

c. Where energy sources were available, life adapted to use them through processes of natural selection

What is an advantage of having a flagellum? a. synthesize proteins b. enhance sexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells c. ability to migrate toward nutrients d. increased mutation rate e. sense the presence of nutrients

c. ability to migrate toward nutrients

Life as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive. What life form on Earth might survive on the moon? a. archaea. b. protists c. bacterial endospores d.reptiles e. spherical bacteria

c. bacterial endospores

Oil spills are sprayed with bacterial cultures in order to a. make the oil easier to wash away b. kill the bacteria c. break down the oil d. detoxify the oil e. prevent the oil from sticking to wildlife.

c. break down the oil

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? a. taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections b. using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria c. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor d. stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics

c. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Which is the correct sequence of viral replication? a. Transcription - penetration - genetic material replication - assembly - protein synthesis b. Penetration - transcription - assembly - genetic material replication - protein synthesis c. Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - assembly - protein synthesis d. Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - protein synthesis - assemble e. Genetic material replication - penetration - transcription - assembly - protein synthesis

d. Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - protein synthesis - assemble

While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n) a. fungus b. bacterium c. virus d. archaea e. prion

d. archaea

Which of the following is considered to be the most effective biological agent used in terrorist attacks? a. the agent that causes malaria b. agents that cause nausea c. botox d. bacterial endospores of the agent that causes anthrax e. agents that contaminate food

d. bacterial endospores of the agent that causes anthrax

Antibiotics can be effective only against a a. viroid b. prion c. virus d. bacterium

d. bacterium

What is the source of a viral envelope? a. host cell DNA b. prophages c. provirus d. host cell membrane e. viral glycoproteins

d. host cell membrane

Bacterial endospores are used for a. bioremediation b. attracting viruses c. forming biofilms d. keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions e. bacterial reproduction.

d. keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions

Bacterial cell walls contain ________, which makes them different from other organisms. a. pectin b. chitin c. starch d. peptidoglycan e. cellulose

d. peptidoglycan

Cyanobacteria obtain energy from a. digesting cyanide b. parasitizing viruses c. digesting plants d. sunlight e. digesting benzene.

d. sunlight

Assuming COVID-19 is like cholera, which of the following will be the largest factor motivating those in charge to get it under control? a. fear of mutation within humans b. concern that it will spread to other species, mutate, and spread back to humans in a more virulent strain c. concern for human life d. the economy

d. the economy

You discover a new particle. It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This particle is a(n) a. bacteria b. prion c. fungus d. virus e. archaea.

d. virus

Some bacteria have an impact on human nutrition. What vitamin does our intestinal bacteria synthesize that we absorb for our use? a. vitamin C b. vitamin D c. vitamin B6 d. vitamin K e. vitamin A

d. vitamin K

What is the size range of bacteria and archaea? a. 0.2 to 10 centimeters b. 2 to 4 inches c. 0.2 to 10 milliliters d. 1,000 to 10,000 millimeters e. 0.2 to 10 micrometers

e. 0.2 to 10 micrometers

The oldest endospores to be revived and cultured to produce live bacteria are a. 2,500 years old b. 25,000 years old c. 250 years old d. 250,000 years old e. 250 million years old.

e. 250 million years old.

Which of the following is within the size range of a typical prokaryote? a. A cell 100 micrometers in diameter b. A cell 700 micrometers long c. A cell the size of the period at the end of a sentence d. A cell 25 micrometers in diameter e. A cell 2 micrometers in diameter

e. A cell 2 micrometers in diameter

What is the definition of an anaerobic cell? a. A cell that requires oxygen for its energy-producing metabolism and cannot survive in an environment without it b. A cell that produces toxins important to its ability to cause disease c. A cell that requires inorganic materials as a source of energy d. A cell that can tolerate small amounts of oxygen e. A cell that does not require oxygen for its energy-producing metabolism and consequently, can survive in an oxygen-free environment.

e. A cell that does not require oxygen for its energy-producing metabolism and consequently, can survive in an oxygen-free environment.

In which of these environments would you normally find prokaryotes? a. A single drop of seawater b. A spoonful of soil c. An animal's intestinal tract d. Human skin e. All of the above

e. All of the above

________ are used in the production of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut. a. Protists b. Viroids c. Eukaryotes d. Viruses e. Bacteria

e. Bacteria

Through which process are bacteria able to exchange genetic material? a. Anaerobic respiration b. Photosynthesis c. Endospore formation d. Sexual reproduction e. Conjugation

e. Conjugation

What is the function of reverse transcriptase? a. It catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide from an RNA template b. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template c. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template d. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template e. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

e. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

Which of the following plants contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria in its root nodules? a. Corn b. Potatoes c. Tomatoes d. Oranges e. Soybeans

e. Soybeans

What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do? a. Sexually reproduce b. Move from one location to another c. Survive extreme conditions for long periods of time d. Acquire resistance to antibiotics e. Stick together and form biofilms

e. Stick together and form biofilms

What is the purpose of prokaryotic flagella? a. They allow cells to stick to surfaces producing a biofilm b. They provide shape to the organism c. They attach the cell wall to the plasma membrane d. They sense and transmit environmental signals into the cell e. They provide a mechanism of motility for the cell.

e. They provide a mechanism of motility for the cell.

Dental plaque is an example of a. a cell membrane b. an endospore c. beneficial bacteria d. bacterial flagella e. a biofilm

e. a biofilm

Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used a. for movement b. for adhering to surfaces c. during binary fission d. for gathering prey e. during conjugation.

e. during conjugation.

Which of the following would initiate sporulation in bacteria? a. an abundance of food and favorable environmental conditions b. extreme temperatures c. water d. excessive UV radiation e. environmental conditions, such as desiccation, that make the environment inhospitable

e. environmental conditions, such as desiccation, that make the environment inhospitable

Mobile prokaryotes can move around with the help of a. sex pili. b. plasmids c. endospores d. peptidoglycan e. flagella.

e. flagella.

The classification of bacteria has historically been based on a. the appearance of colonies and rate of growth. b. nutrient requirements and pigments. c. pigments and presence of flagella. d. the means of locomotion and thickness of cell wall. e. microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move. Submit

e. microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move. Submit

Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules. a. oxygen b. carbon c. hydrogen d. sulfur e. nitrogen

e. nitrogen

In terms of abundance, which of the following is Earth's predominant form of life? a. plants b. animals c. archaea d. reptiles e. prokaryotes

e. prokaryotes

When some bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce __________ thick-coated protective structures that form within the bacterial cell.

endospores

Bacteria are able to increase their genetic variability by reproducing sexually. True or False?

false

Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles. True or False?

false

Because viruses have limited genetic material, their mutation rates are very low. True or False?

false

Biofilms are the immune system's way to keep pathogens from colonizing a host. True or False?

false

Kuru is caused by one of the archaea. True or False?

false

Viruses contain both DNA and RNA. True or False?

false

The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is

pathogens