BIOL 101 Unit 4

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. Include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both the humoral and cell-mediated adaptive responses

B cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. Responsible for humoral immune response

histamine

Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.

How do ovulated oocytes get into the uterus? The oocyte actively swims through the oviduct, using its flagellum. Because ovaries are within the uterus, the ovulated egg is already within the uterus. Fimbriae sweep over the oviduct. Cilia within an oviduct create currents that sweep the egg toward the uterus.

Cilia within an oviduct create currents that sweep the egg toward the uterus.

The anterior pituitary gland, under the control of the hypothalamus, produces _____, which stimulate _____. estrogen and progesterone ... thickening of the endometrium FSH and LH ... thickening of the endometrium FSH and LH ... egg maturation and ovulation estrogen and progesterone ... egg maturation and ovulation

FSH and LH ... egg maturation and ovulation

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. Use chemical signals to call for backup NOT adaptive

Which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is FALSE? The ability to transmit viral STDs remains a possibility throughout a person's life. Genital warts are caused by a bacterium. A virus causes herpes. Viral STDs are not curable.

Genital warts are caused by a bacterium.

What is the function of the thickened endometrium? It nourishes the early embryo during the process of implantation. It prevents unfertilized eggs from implanting in the wall of the uterus. It facilitates fertilization of the egg by nourishing sperm cells. It stimulates the follicles to mature an egg cell.

It nourishes the early embryo during the process of implantation.

A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation. progesterone estrogen luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin

LH

Adaptive defenses are carried out by what cells?

Lymphocytes --> B & T cells

Suppose that diploid cells of the seminiferous tubules encounter errors during the cell cycle and mitosis. This results in the primary spermatocytes having a 4n number of chromosomes. Assuming that meiosis proceeds normally, which of the following would be true? Sperm cells would have a 2n number of chromosomes. Secondary spermatocytes would have a 4n number of chromosomes. Secondary spermatocytes would have an n number of chromosomes. Sperm cells would have an n number of chromosomes.

Sperm cells would have a 2n number of chromosomes.

Which outcome would be the most likely if androgen receptors on cells in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary suddenly could not bind androgen? HCG production would increase. Sperm production would increase. Sperm production would decrease. FSH production would decrease.

Sperm production would increase.

A vasectomy is a form of male sterilization in which each vas deferens is cut, but most of the male's reproductive physiology remains intact. Which of the following will not continue to occur in a male who has had a vasectomy? Glandular secretions will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm. Sperm will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm. Sperm will be produced in the seminiferous tubules. Seminal fluid will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm.

Sperm will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm.

cell-mediated immune response

The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.

antigen receptor

The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to specific antigens, initiating adaptive immune responses. The antigen receptors on B cells are called B cell receptors, and the antigen receptors on T cells are called T cell receptors.

clonal selection

The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.

How are the ovulation cycle and the menstruation cycle coordinated? A single gland releases a pair of hormones that control both processes. Each cycle is independent of the other; the cycles frequently drift out of phase with each other, resulting in infertility. The processes regulate each other through a system that involves four major hormones. The anterior pituitary gland releases one of four different hormones to stimulate each phase of the overall coordinated cycle.

The processes regulate each other through a system that involves four major hormones.

Two mammals of different species mate, but the mating does not produce offspring. Which of the following could explain this occurrence? The sperm of different species cannot bind to receptors on the egg cell. The sperm do not possess acrosomes. The sperm cannot penetrate the jelly coat inside of the egg's plasma membrane. The sperm are not the correct size.

The sperm of different species cannot bind to receptors on the egg cell.

From a single cell, oogenesis will produce _____. four spermatozoa a primary oocyte four ova (eggs) an ovum and three polar bodies

an ovum and three polar bodies

External fertilization occurs mostly in ____. animals that reproduce asexually insects aquatic animals land animals

aquatic animals

During oogenesis, polar bodies _____________. are discarded become part of the placenta contribute to the outer coating of an ovum divide into secondary oocytes

are discarded

phagocytes

bear surface receptors that bind to fragments of foreign molecules shared by a broad range of pathogens

What do antibodies do?

bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction for phagocytes

Which of the following is a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? the time during development during which each process begins the number of sperm/ova produced by a single diploid cell equal partitioning of cytoplasm during cell division both involve meiosis and the production of haploid cells

both involve meiosis and the production of haploid cells

After ovulation occurs, the empty follicle _____. immediately initiates menstruation quickly degenerates can be recycled to produce more eggs changes into the corpus luteum and makes hormones

changes into the corpus luteum and makes hormones

What is an empty (ruptured) follicle called? What does it produce?

corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone If no fertilization, degenerate and a new follicle grows

Why does semen an alkaline (basic) secretion?

counteracts acidity in urethra (part of penis) and vagina

The embryo normally implants in the ovary. oviduct. endometrium. labia minora.

endometrium

After being produced in the testes, sperm mature further in a structure called the seminal vesicle. epididymis. prostate. vas deferens.

epididymis.

If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium. FSH estrogen and progesterone hypothalamic secretion of releasing hormones HCG LH

estrogen and progesterone

After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion. estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH FSH and LH ... estrogen and progesterone HCG ... estrogen and progesterone estrogen ... FSH androgens ... FSH and LH

estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH

Developing ovarian follicles primarily secrete _____. progesterone estrogens luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin

estrogens

(Humoral Immunity) These antibodies targer

extracellular pathogens (in body fluid)

The completion of meiosis II during oogenesis occurs at ________________. fertilization cleavage implantation ovulation

fertilization

Preovulation (cont): In response to FSH and LH, the _________ cells make more and more __________. A peak of ________ causes a burst of ______ (and an increase of FSH), which causes the release of secondary oocyte = ________________.

follicle (ovary); estrogen; estrogen; LH; ovulation

mast cells

found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine

If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum. progesterone estrogen luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin

Without helper T cells, the ______________ and _______________ arms of immunity will not be activated.

humoral (adaptive); cell mediated (adaptive)

Adaptive immunity has two components called

humoral and cell mediated

Preovulation: The _____________ secretes ________ to cause release of pituitary hormones. The pituitary releases low levels of ____ and _____.

hypothalamus; releasing hormones; FSH and LH

adaptive immunity

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen (activated only after exposure to that pathogen); slower to respond, has memory component, mediated by lymphocytes

Where are you less likely to find complete semen (in which all the components are present)? in the urethra at the junction of the bulbourethral duct and the urethra in the vagina of a woman who's trying to become pregnant in the epididymis

in the epididymis

secondary immune response

initiated when memory cells produced during primary response are activated by a second exposure to the same antigen FASTER AND STRONGER bc a large pool of memory cells is activated

inflammatory response

innate body defense nonspecific defense against infection, releases histamine characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

(cell mediated) T lymphocytes target

intracellular pathogens (inside body cells)

humoral immune respose

involves the activation of B cells, which leads to the production of antibodies

A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____. uterus ovary oviduct abdominal cavity none of these

uterus

Where is the location of eggs (oocytes)?

within a follicle in an ovary

All antibody mechanisms involve two parts:

1. a specific recognition-and-attach phase 2. followed by a nonspecific destruction phase

The same woman reveals that both her mother and her maternal grandmother both had breast cancer. Which method(s) of contraception would be the BEST option for her? Hormonal IUD Non-hormonal IUD Combination Pill (estrogen and progesterone) Progesterone only pill A or D B or D

B or D

A young woman is considering beginning a method of contraception. When weighing her options, her doctor asks if she has any family history of certain cancers (ie. breast, cervical, ovarian). Why would her doctor ask this? Some birth controls prevent against HPV, which is strongly linked to certain cervical cancers If she also develops cancer, she can no longer be on any method of contraception as it could lead to a weaker immune system Certain types of birth control involve increased levels of hormones in the body, which has been linked to specific types of cancers Her doctor just wants to make sure her medical history is up to date

Certain types of birth control involve increased levels of hormones in the body, which has been linked to specific types of cancers

A patient was diagnosed with a pituitary tumor. A continuous ____ would be the most direct observable effect of a pituitary tumor. A. High level of estrogen B. Low level of estrogen C. High level of progesterone D. Low level of progesterone E. High level of FSH

E. High level of FSH

Which of the following is false? B cells produce antibodies that mark antigens. Histamine lyse invading cells. Cytotoxic T cells destroy your infected body cells. Neutrophiles travel to infected sites via blood vessels

Histamine lyse invading cells.

Which of the following structure in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A. Ovaries B. Oviduct C. Vagina D. Urethra E. Cervix \

Oviduct

You have been bitten by a venomous snake! At the hospital, your provider treats you with an antivenom treatment. What type of immunity is this? Permanent immunity Humoral immunity Passive Immunity Cell-mediated immunity

Passive Immunity

What two cells are produced after the differentiation of memory cells? B and T Cells Plasma and Memory Cells Antibodies and Memory Cells Helper T Cells and Plasma Cells

Plasma and Memory Cells

Which of the following is not true about antibodies Antibodies bind to antigens on a pathogen to prevent infection of human cells Antibodies bind to foreign cells and make them more 'appetizing' for macrophages Produced by B-cells Poke holes in foreign cells

Poke holes in foreign cells

Which of the following cells is NOT in a locations we would expect to find it? Sperm; urethra Secondary oocyte; oviduct (fallopian tube) Sperm; cervix Primary spermatocyte; epididymis

Primary spermatocyte; epididymis

antibodies

Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.

Which cellular structure does not fit with what you know about a mature sperm's function? Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Nucleus Acrosome Fructose transport proteins

RER

TRUE OR FALSE: An antigen usually has several different epitopes.

TRUE

Which gland is not involved in semen production Bulbourethral Seminal Vesicle Vas deferens Prostate

Vas deferens

cytotoxic T cells

activated by helped T cells; attacks body cells infected with pathogens Often called killer T cells

Post Ovulation: Ruptured follicle known as the __________ produces __________ and _________, which leads to the thickening of the uterus wall.

corpus luteum; progesterone and estrogen

What does each antibody molecule consist of?

four polypeptide chains bonded together in a Y shape

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicle would likely... cause sterility because sperm would not be produced have no effect on sperm function or fertility because this is a vestigial ancestral structure with no known function in modern humans greatly reduce the volume of semen cause testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity

greatly reduce the volume of semen

A sustained production of estrogen and progesterone would result in A. Multiple follicles rupturing B. Increase in LH and FSH production C. the production of LH and FSH to cease D. The shedding of the endometrium

the production of LH and FSH to cease

Helper T cells

when activated, secretes stimulatory signals that promote the response of B cells (humoral) and cytotoxic T cells to antigens (cell-mediated)

active immunity

A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.

innate immunity

A form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.

complement system

A group of about 30 blood proteins that cooperate with other components of defense system. ** may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.

Which of the comparisons between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is accurate? A mature ovum is not produced in the absence of sperm, but sperm are produced regardless of what the ova are doing. Primary oocytes and primary spermatocytes follow a similar pattern of development through meiosis. Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes only egg, not sperm, development. Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation in females and has no other role in reproduction.

A mature ovum is not produced in the absence of sperm, but sperm are produced regardless of what the ova are doing.

antigen-binding site

A region of the antibody molecule responsible for the antibody's recognition and binding function; fits the epitope like a "lock and key"

epitope

A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant.

natural killer cells

A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.

lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections; responsible for adaptive immune response

Cell mediated immunity utilizes T lymphocytes to

poke holes in infected cells

After a human sperm penetrates an egg, a fertilization envelope forms. This membrane _____. prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg attracts additional sperm to the egg secretes important hormones enables the fertilized egg to implant itself in the wall of the uterus

prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg

Which of the following options lists cell types in the correct order of their appearance during spermatogenesis? spermatid, secondary spermatocyte, primary spermatocyte, sperm primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm secondary spermatocyte, primary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm spermatid, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sperm

primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

Humoral immunity utilizes B lymphocytes to

produce antibodies that bind to antigens

Antibody has two related functions in humoral immune system:

1. to recognize and bind to a specific antigen 2. to assist in eliminating that antigen both functions are facilitated by antibodies' molecular structure

Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle.

14

In spermatogenesis, each primary spermatocyte gives rise to _____ sperm.

4

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH. An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood pressure to decrease. After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot.

After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot.

passive immunity

An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk

What happens to the body when a vaccine is given?

Antigen recognized by B cells and T cells, cell division, and specific memory B and memory T cells are made

Home pregnancy test kits work by detecting the presence of a hormone in a woman's urine. Recently developed test kits include an indicator of how long the woman has been pregnant (1-2, 2-3, or 3+ weeks). The presence of ________ would indicate that a woman is pregnant, and ________ levels of this hormone would indicate that she is farther along in her pregnancy. HCG; low HCG; high FSH; low FSH; high

HCG; high

primary immune response

Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure. SLOW bc only a few lymphocytes are activated

Which of the following is a difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? In sexually mature adults, oogenesis happens during monthly cycles whereas spermatogenesis occurs continuously. Oogenesis uses mitosis, and spermatogenesis uses meiosis. In oogenesis and spermatogenesis, the four cells that result from meiosis are each about the same size. In oogenesis and spermatogenesis, the four cells that result from meiosis become mature gametes.

In sexually mature adults, oogenesis happens during monthly cycles whereas spermatogenesis occurs continuously.

Which statement regarding spermatogenesis and oogenesis is true? Meiosis in oogenesis produces one mature egg from one primary oocyte. Meiosis in spermatogenesis produces two cells from one primary spermatocyte. Spermatogenesis begins at birth.

Meiosis in oogenesis produces one mature egg from one primary oocyte.

If the epithelium that lines the air sacs of your lungs were to gain a layer of cells, which of the following would likely occur to the rate of oxygen diffusion? Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface out of, instead of into, the body. Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface at a normal rate because it is only the shape of the cells that affect diffusion rate. Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface more quickly. Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface more slowly.

Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface more slowly.

Why is there fructose in semen?

Provides energy to sperm to move Used in mitochondria as part of cellular respiration (used to make ATP to support swimming)

Birth control pills contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. How might these hormones prevent pregnancy? They keep the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH, so ovulation does not occur. They trigger premature ovulation, before an egg is mature. They cause the corpus luteum to degenerate. They cause the lining of the uterus to be sloughed off.

They keep the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH, so ovulation does not occur.

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises, the level of sugar goes back down to a set point? a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback

a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback

memory cells

a long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production.

Which structure generates the ATP that is required for movement of the sperm's tail? the acrosome a mitochondrion in the neck and middle piece the sperm plasma membrane mitochondria in the sperm tail

a mitochondrion in the neck and middle piece

antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

At what point does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis? when the luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation after it is penetrated by a sperm cell the completion of meiosis happens as soon as the oocyte enters the stages of meiosis I when the secondary oocyte implants in the endometrium of the uterus

after it is penetrated by a sperm cell

Which of the following STIs is caused by a virus that can also cause cancer? candidiasis gonorrhea genital warts

genital warts

Gametogenesis is to spermatogenesis and oogenesis as _____________________. gonads are to testes and ovaries fertilization is to sperm and zygote ovaries are to testes and ova sperm are to primary and secondary spermatocytes

gonads are to testes and ovaries

The acrosome of sperm cells contains an enzyme called hyaluronidase. Which of the following procedures would benefit from the addition of hyaluronidase? assisting with mitotic division of skin cells ligating two strands of DNA together helping a drug to pass through a cell membrane increasing levels of FSH released from the hypothalamus

helping a drug to pass through a cell membrane

What are the 2 types of phagocytic cells?

macrophages and neutrophils

When a jogger starts to run, the rate at which his muscles produce carbon dioxide rises sharply. But the carbon dioxide in his blood rises only slightly before he starts to breathe faster and his heart starts beating more strongly. Soon his increased rate of CO2 production is balanced by an increased rate of CO2 removal. This would be an example of _____ feedback because the jogger's circulatory and respiratory systems are _____. negative ... acting to oppose the increase of blood CO2 from the preferred concentration positive ... restoring the CO2 concentration to the set point positive ... improving the operating conditions in the jogger's body positive ... decreasing the CO2 concentration

negative ... acting to oppose the increase of blood CO2 from the preferred concentration

On its way to fertilize a human egg, a sperm cell does not have to pass through which of the following? ovary oviduct cervix vagina

ovary

In the course of normal events leading to fertilization and eventually birth, the route of the egg, embryo, and finally fetus is from the ovary into the __________. urethra, to the labia, to the uterus, and then out the vagina oviduct, to the bladder, and then out the urethra ovary, into the oviduct, to the uterus, and then out the vagina uterus, to the oviduct, and then out the vagina

ovary, into the oviduct, to the uterus, and then out the vagina

Into which structure is a human oocyte released upon ovulation? corpus luteum ovary oviduct uterus

oviduct

What is the usual site of the fertilization of an egg cell? ` uterus ovary oviduct abdominal cavity vagina

oviduct

Sperm have several components; the function of the acrosome is to _____. neutralize the acidic environment of the female reproductive system release an enzyme that breaks down the membrane of the ovum propel the sperm as they swim through the fluid of the female reproductive tract metabolize the sugars provided by the semen for energy

release an enzyme that breaks down the membrane of the ovum

What do memory B cells do?

remember previous infections so that the secondary response is faster when we become re-infected

In the male reproductive system, what are the 3 glands that make secretions?

seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethal gland

effector cells

short-lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen

Number of functional gametes from 1 diploid progenitor cell for sperm and ovum

sperm = 4 ovum = 1

Length of time to go from diploid progenitor to functional haploid gamete for sperm and ovum?

sperm = ~10 weeks ovum = punctuated at birth, puberty, fertilization (some take 50 years)

How many sperm are produced in a lifetime? Secondary oocytes?

sperm: billions secondary oocytes: ~400

The route that sperm take from formation to ejaculation from the penis is from the testes to __________. the urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and vas deferens the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra the vas deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and urethra the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, epididymis, and urethra

the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

You are looking at a sample of epithelial tissue under a microscope. What would you look for to determine the type of epithelium you are viewing? the number of cell layers the shape of the cells the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells the color of the cells

the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

The ovaries release increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone immediately after ovulation. This results in _____. menstruation and increased FSH and LH production thickening of the endometrium and reduced production of FSH and LH, which feeds back to prevent further ovulation maturation of additional egg cells formation of a zygote

thickening of the endometrium and reduced production of FSH and LH, which feeds back to prevent further ovulation