biol 1121 uopeople
Match the different levels of protein organization with their definition. Levels of organization:1. Primary structure2. Secondary structure3. Tertiary structure4. Quaternary structure Definitions:A. Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chainB. Three-dimensional structure of a polypeptideC. Highly regular local sub-structures such as α-helix and β-pleated sheet structuresD. Three-dimensional structure of a multi-subunit protein Select one: a. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A b. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D c. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C d. 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C e. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B
1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green. Select one: a. 100 percent yellow-green seeds b. 100 percent yellow seeds c. 50 percent yellow, 50 percent green seeds d. 25 percent green, 75 percent yellow seeds
100 percent yellow seeds
The aliphatic hydrocarbon but-1-ene has the following skeletal formula, in which only carbon-carbon bonds are represented. The first carbon is linked to the second with a double covalent bond, whereas the second, third, and fourth carbons are linked together with single bonds. Based on the octet rule, how many hydrogen atoms are bound to each carbon, starting with the first (leftmost) carbon? Select one: a. 3, 2, 1, 2 b. 2, 1, 2, 3 c. 3, 2, 2, 3 d. 1, 0, 1, 2 e. 2, 2, 3, 3
2, 1, 2, 3
How many different offspring genotypes are expected in a trihybrid cross between parents heterozygous for all three traits when the traits behave in a dominant and recessive pattern? How many phenotypes? Select one: a. 64 genotypes; 16 phenotypes b. 16 genotypes; 64 phenotypes c. 8 genotypes; 27 phenotypes d. 27 genotypes; 8 phenotypes
27 genotypes; 8 phenotypes
If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have? Select one: a. 54 b. 27 c. 100 d. 108
54
Which of the following statements about hypothesis testing is FALSE? Select one: a. A valid hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable. b. Experiments should be designed to test whether an hypothesis can be rejected. c. Experiments rely on variables and controls to test hypotheses. d. Each variable being tested should have at least one control. e. A control group should have as many distinct features as possible compared to the test group. f. If an hypothesis is inconsistent with experimental data, it should be rejected.
A control group should have as many distinct features as possible compared to the test group.
Which of the following analogies best describe the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? Select one: a. A hug between two people b. A key fitting into a lock c. A square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children's toy d. The fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces.
A hug between two people
he following structure is solid at room temp with the maximum amount of hydrogens attached and has no double bonds. What is it? Select one: a. An unsaturated fat b. A protein c. A solute d. A saturated fat
A saturated fat
Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Acids and bases cannot mix together. b. Acids and bases will neutralize each other. c. Acids, but not bases, can change the pH of a solution. d. Acids donate hydroxide ions (OH-); bases donate hydrogen ions (H+).
Acids and bases will neutralize each other.
Ion channel gates close the pores of some ion channels in response to Select one: a. stretching of the cell membrane b. a change in electrical charge c. the binding of specific molecules to the channel d. All of the above
All of the above
What structure is most important in forming the tetrads? Select one: a. centromere b. synaptonemal complex c. chiasma d. kinetochore
B synaptonemal complex
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? Select one: a. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding b. Binds to the active site and blocks it from binding substrate c. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate d. Binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate
Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
Which of the following is true about Buffers? Select one: a. Buffers are of relatively little importance in living things b. Buffers are formed when a large number of hydroxide ions are released in a solution c. Buffers are formed when a large number of hydronium ions are released in a solution d. Buffers tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH
Buffers tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH
The primary elements forming biomolecules include Select one: a. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen b. Nitrogen, Potassium and Lithium c. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Silicon d. Calcium, Chlorine and Boron
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? Select one: a. asexual b. diploid-dominant c. haploid-dominant d. alternation of generations
D alternation of generations
Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? Select one: a. Endergonic reactions have a positive ∆G and exergonic reactions have a negative ∆G b. Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy c. Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier d. Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
At which of the cell cycle checkpoints do external forces have the greatest influence? Select one: a. G1 checkpoint b. G2 checkpoint c. M checkpoint d. G0 checkpoint
G1 checkpoint
__________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Select one: a. Proto-oncogenes b. Tumor suppressor genes c. Gene mutations d. Negative regulators
Gene mutations
Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes? Select one: a. cytoskeleton b. mitochondria c. lysosome d. Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Which product should be added to balance the following chemical equation? glucose + fructose → sucrose + __________ Select one: a. OH- b. H+ c. H2O d. O2 e. sucrose
H2O
Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a cell? Select one: a. Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane. b. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. c. Ions do not need ion channels to move through the membrane. d. Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed before transport into the cell.
Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis? Select one: a. It transports only small amounts of fluid. b. It does not involve the pinching off of membrane. c. It brings in only a specifically targeted substance. d. It brings substances into the cell, while phagocytosis removes substances.
It brings in only a specifically targeted substance.
What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis? Select one: a. It leaves the cell. b. It is disassembled by the cell. c. It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane. d. It is used again in another exocytosis event.
It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.
The genotype XXY corresponds to: Select one: a. Klinefelter syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Triplo-X d. Jacob syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell cycle? Select one: a. G1 phase b. S phase c. prophase d. prometaphase
S phase
What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? Select one: a. The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. b. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. c. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. d. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.
The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water? Select one: a. Their bodies tend to take in too much water. b. They have no way of controlling their tonicity. c. Only salt water poses problems for animals that live in it. d. Their bodies tend to lose too much water to their environment.
Their bodies tend to take in too much water.
Where do DAG and IP3 originate? Select one: a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands expressed by signaling cells. c. They are hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to stimulate protein production. d. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.
They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.
What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated? Select one: a. They are polar. b. They are non-polar. c. They contain a hydroxyl group. d. They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling proteins.
They contain a hydroxyl group.
Which of the following statements is not true? Select one: a. Water is polar. b. Water stabilizes temperature. c. Water is essential for life. d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tends to have milder phenotypic effects than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of ___________. Select one: a. deletions b. nonhomologous recombination c. synapsis d. X inactivation
X inactivation
Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Select one: a. a cell that secretes enzymes b. a cell that destroys pathogens c. a cell that makes steroid hormones d. a cell that engages in photosynthesis
a cell that makes steroid hormones
Fatty acids that are unsaturated have: Select one: a. an amino group b. a double bond c. an excess of protons d. a carboxyl group
a double bond
Meiosis produces _____________ daughter cells. Select one: a. two haploid b. two diploid c. four haploid d. four diploid
a. haploid
What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint? Select one: a. cell has reached a sufficient size b. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides c. accurate and complete DNA replication d. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores
accurate and complete DNA replication
Bacteria that lack fimbriae are less likely to __________. Select one: a. adhere to cell surfaces b. swim through bodily fluids c. synthesize proteins d. retain the ability to divide
adhere to cell surfaces
An example of a monosaccharide is __________. Select one: a. fructose b. glucose c. galactose d. all of the above
all of the above
If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked? Select one: a. prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphase d. anaphase
anaphase
Mendel performed hybridizations by transferring pollen from the __________ of the male plant to the female ova. Select one: a. anther b. pistil c. stigma d. seed
anther
A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called a(n) __________. Select one: a. acid b. isotope c. base d. donator
base
How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged? Select one: a. by expelling anions b. by pulling in anions c. by expelling more cations than are taken in d. by taking in and expelling an equal number of cations
by expelling more cations than are taken in
At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? Select one: a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase II
c anaphase II
The __________ is the basic unit of life. Select one: a. organism b. cell c. tissue d. organ
cell
Which of the following cell parts is described as a "fluid mosaic"? Select one: a. chloroplast b. vacuole c. cell membrane d. endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance? Select one: a. starch b. cellulose c. glycogen d. lactose
cellulose
By definition, a pericentric inversion includes the ___________. Select one: a. centromere b. chiasma c. telomere d. synapse
centromere
The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure? Select one: a. centromere b. centrosome c. kinetochore d. cleavage furrow
centrosome
The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the __________. Select one: a. temperature b. particle size c. concentration gradient d. membrane surface area
concentration gradient
Which is not a property of water? Select one: a. good solvent for electrolytes b. high specific heat c. adheres to polar compounds d. contracts during freezing
contracts during freezing
When acids are added to a solution, the pH should __________. Select one: a. decrease b. increase c. stay the same d. cannot tell without testing
decrease
A nucleotide of DNA may contain ________. Select one: a. ribose, uracil, and a phosphate group b. deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate group c. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group d. ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
Prokaryotes depend on __________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes. Select one: a. ribosomes b. flagella c. cell division d. diffusion
diffusion
Active transport must function continuously because __________. Select one: a. plasma membranes wear out b. not all membranes are amphiphilic c. facilitated transport opposes active transport d. diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions
diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions
Facilitated diffusion ____ require energy and uses the help of ______ Select one: a. does, transport proteins b. does, cytoplasm c. does not, transport proteins d. does not, sodium pumps
does not, transport proteins
Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? Select one: a. its head b. cholesterol c. a saturated fatty acid tail d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail
double bonds in the fatty acid tail
The following skeletal formula represent D-leucine (top) and L-leucine (bottom). Which type of isomers are these two molecules? Select one: a. structural isomers b. they are not isomers c. enantiomers d. geometric isomers
enantiomers
The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of __________. Select one: a. autocrine signaling b. paracrine signaling c. endocrine signaling d. direct signaling across gap junctions
endocrine signaling
Each carbon molecule can bond with as many as __________ other atom(s) or molecule(s). Select one: a. one b. two c. six d. four
four
Water moves via osmosis __________. Select one: a. throughout the cytoplasm b. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one c. from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration d. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration
from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a __________ bond between glucose and __________. Select one: a. glycosidic; lactose b. glycosidic; galactose c. hydrogen; sucrose d. hydrogen; fructose
galactose
An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited __________. Select one: a. cells. b. genes. c. proteins. d. chromatids.
genes.
Which is a monosaccharide? Select one: a. sucrose b. maltose c. glucose d. starch e. cellulose
glucose
Fungi typically display which type of life cycle? Select one: a. diploid-dominant b. haploid-dominant c. alternation of generations d. asexual
haploid-dominant
The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule? Select one: a. cohesin b. condensin c. chromatin d. histone
histone
A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ___________ for that trait. Select one: a. heterozygous b. homozygous or heterozygous c. homozygous d. diploid
homozygous
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond? Select one: a. hydrogen bond b. atomic bond c. covalent bond d. nonpolar covalent bond
hydrogen bond
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place? Select one: a. hydrolysis b. dehydration c. condensation d. covalent bond
hydrolysis
Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends, iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.). Select one: a. i. potential and kinetic, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. kinetic b. i. potential, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic c. i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic d. i. potential and kinetic, ii. kinetic iii. kinetic
i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic
What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes? Select one: a. identification of the cell b. flexibility of the membrane c. strengthening the membrane d. channels through membrane
identification of the cell
Where are nonpolar amino acids of a protein more likely to be found? Check all that apply. Answer options: Select one or more: a. on the surface of soluble proteins b. in the interior of soluble proteins c. on the surface of cell membrane d. embedded in cell membrane
in the interior of soluble proteins, embedded in cell membrane
Complete the following sentence: "When a base is added to pure water, the pH __________, the concentration of H3O+ ions __________ and the concentration of OH- ions __________." Select one: a. increases, decreases, does not change b. increases, does not change, increase c. decreases, increases, decreases d. does not change, increases, increases e. increases, decreases, increases
increases, decreases, increases
The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________. Select one: a. actin b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. microtubules
intermediate filaments
Transport proteins that allow ions to pass through the cell membrane are called Select one: a. receptor proteins b. marker proteins c. ion channels d. None of the above
ion channels
Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called __________. Select one: a. ions b. neutrons c. neutral atoms d. isotopes
isotopes
Which eukaryotic cell cycle event is missing in binary fission? Select one: a. cell growth b. DNA duplication c. karyokinesis d. cytokinesis
karyokinesis
Assume a pericentric inversion occurred in one of two homologs prior to meiosis. The other homolog remains normal. During meiosis, what structure—if any—would these homologs assume in order to pair accurately along their lengths? Select one: a. V formation b. cruciform c. loop d. pairing would not be possible
loop
Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly? Select one: a. microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. microfilaments and microtubules c. intermediate filaments and microtubules d. only intermediate filaments
microfilaments and microtubules
Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? Select one: a. mitochondrion b. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. lysosome
mitochondrion
The building blocks of nucleic acids are __________. Select one: a. sugars b. nitrogenous bases c. peptides d. nucleotides
nucleotides
Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement? Select one: a. microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. microfilaments and microtubules c. intermediate filaments and microtubules d. only intermediate filaments
only intermediate filaments
The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as: Select one: a. endosymbiosis b. phagocytosis c. hydrolysis d. membrane synthesis
phagocytosis
Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell? Select one: a. pinocytosis b. phagocytosis c. facilitated transport d. primary active transport
phagocytosis
The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ___________. Select one: a. phenotype b. genotype c. alleles d. zygote
phenotype
Which of the following are found only in plant cells? Select one: a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. plasmodesmata d. tight junctions
plasmodesmata
Cellulose and starch are examples of: Select one: a. monosaccharides b. disaccharides c. lipids d. polysaccharides
polysaccharides
Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is: Select one: a. used in their detoxification reactions b. produced during their oxidation reactions c. incorporated into their membranes d. a cofactor for the organelles' enzymes
produced during their oxidation reactions
The forked line and probability methods make use of what probability rule? Select one: a. test cross b. product rule c. monohybrid rule d. sum rule
product rule
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure? Select one: a. protein b. cholesterol c. carbohydrate d. phospholipid
protein
A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) __________. Select one: a. kinase inhibitor. b. tumor suppressor gene. c. proto-oncogene. d. oncogene.
proto-oncogene.
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is: Select one: a. primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates b. equal to −57 kcal/mol c. harnessed as heat energy by the cell to perform work d. providing energy to coupled reactions
providing energy to coupled reactions
Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in pea plants? Select one: a. flower size b. seed texture c. leaf shape d. stem color
seed texture
Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase? Select one: a. DNA duplication b. organelle duplication c. increase in cell size d. separation of sister chromatids
separation of sister chromatids
Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the Select one: a. size of a given amino acid in each protein can vary. b. chemical composition of a given amino acid in each protein can vary. c. sequence and number of amino acids in each protein is different. d. same amino acid can have many different properties.
sequence and number of amino acids in each protein is different.
Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration? Select one: a. shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons b. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has three electrons c. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron d. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and no other electrons are present
shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron
Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon? Select one: a. sodium b. hydroxyl c. phosphate d. carbonyl
sodium
When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use __________ to distinguish the individual components of cells. Select one: a. a beam of electrons b. radioactive isotopes c. special stains d. high temperatures
special stains
A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a _____________. Select one: a. sporophyte b. gametophyte c. spore d. gamete
sporophyte
Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy? Select one: a. sucrose b. ATP c. glucose d. ADP
sucrose
Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell? Select one: a. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle b. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum c. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle d. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle
Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? Select one: a. the ribosomes b. the vesicles c. the cytoplasm d. the nucleoplasm
the nucleoplasm
Phospholipids are important components of __________. Select one: a. the plasma membrane of animal cells b. the ring structure of steroids c. the waxy covering on leaves d. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains
the plasma membrane of animal cells
Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except: Select one: a. they are solid at room temperature b. they have single bonds within the carbon chain c. they are usually obtained from animal sources d. they tend to dissolve in water easily
they tend to dissolve in water easily
A diploid cell has __________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. Select one: a. one-fourth b. half c. twice d. four times
twice
The plasma membrane of a cell consists of Select one: a. protein molecules arranged in two layers with polar areas forming the outside of the membrane. b. two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane. c. lipid molecules positioned between two carbohydrate layers. d. protein molecules with polar and nonpolar tails.
two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane.
In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________. Select one: a. vacuoles b. peroxisomes c. ribosomes d. nuclei
vacuoles
Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of: Select one: a. monomers b. polymers c. water and polymers d. none of the above
water and polymers
