Biol 114 Unit 2: Energy Drinks

Animals obtain chemical energy from A. The foods they eat B. The air they breathe C. Passively absorbing it from their surroundings D. The sun

A

Caffeine is a psychoactive drug. This means A. It can cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain B. It decreases reaction time and increases muscle coordination C. It makes you urinate more than normal D. It increases the activity of the central nervous system

A

During the steps of _________ reactions, water is removed from monomers, forming a polymer. A. Dehydration synthesis B. Redox C. Polymerization D. Hydrolysis

A

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are nutrient molecules called A. Lipids B. Proteins C. DNA D. Carbohydrates

A

Lipids are digested within the small intestine and nutrients are absorbed into the ______ for transport to the lymphatic system. A. Lymphatic capillaries B. Blood capillaries C. Large intestine D. Interstitial fluid

A

Which of the following best describes the source of energy for nearly all life on earth? A. Solar energy, or energy from the sun B. Mechanical energy, or the energy of movement C. Geothermal energy, or the energy from the earth's geological process D. Chemical energy, or the energy stored in chemical bonds

A

Which of the following are correct regarding the concept of entropy? Choose the best answer. A. It is explained by the second law of thermodynamics B. It is the measure of the amount of heat produced by a system C. It is the measure of disorder in a system D. Cells must constantly acquire energy to prevent entropy

A, C, & D

Select any method listed that is the transport of materials without any expenditure of energy. A. Passive transport B. Bulk transport C. Osmosis D. Active transport E. Facilitated diffusion

A, C, & E

Select those forms of energy that are important for life. A. Chemical energy B. Gravitational energy C. Solar energy D. Geothermal energy E. Mechanical energy

A, C, & E

Select all of the following ingredients that tend to make up the "energy blend" of an energy drink. A. Glucuronic acid B. Lactose C. Citicoline D. Taurine E. Chamomile F. Magic acid

A, C, D, & F

Select the common ingredients of a 5-hour energy drink. A. Amino acids, including taurine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine B. Simple sugars, including glucose C. Vitamins, especially B vitamins D. Stimulants, including caffeine and citicoline E. Complex carbohydrates, including starch F. Large proteins, including hemoglobin and albumin G. Food additives, including glucuronic acid and malic acid

A, C, D, & G

Select all of the phrases you would use to explain the concept of an energy drink to a person who doesn't know what they are. A. May or may not contain sugar B. Regulated by the FDA C. Claims to increase energy level and mental awareness D. Claims to treat insomnia and chronic fatigue E. Unregulated by the FDA F. Usually contains vitamins, minerals, and stimulants

A, C, E, & F

Select the components found in most energy drinks. A. Food additives B. Nutrient macromolecules C. Vitamins D. Unsaturated fats E. Stimulants like caffeine and citicoline F. Minerals

A, C, E, & F

Select all of the following roles that B vitamins play in the body. A. Acts as a coenzyme in ATP-generating reactions in the body B. Acts as an antioxidant C. Acts as a hormone D. Functions as a component of electron carriers E. Functions as a component of acetyl CoA during prep reactions

A, D, & E

Select the three major classes of energy nutrients from the list provided. A. Carbohydrates B. Water C. Vitamins D. Lipids E. Protein F. ATP

A, D, & E

select all of the following components of a molecule of ATP. A. Three phosphate groups B. Two phosphate groups C. One of 20 different nitrogen-containing variable groups D. Ribose sugar E. Adenine

A, D, & E

Select all of the following that are outcomes of glycolysis. A. Pyruvate molecules B. 36-38 ATP molecules C. Acetyl CoA molecules D. 2-4 ATP molecules E. Carbon dioxide molecules F. NADH molecules

A, D, & F

In humans, the energy from food is converted into ___, the molecule that is used for all life processes.

ATP

When humans consume food, the energy from it breaks down and is converted into a molecule called ___.

ATP

Substrates bind to the ______ site of an enzyme

Active

The movement of substances into or out of a cell that require the use of energy is called ______ transport

Active

The neurotransmitter ____ is responsible for interacting with neurons in the brain, interfering with their ability to activate other neurotransmitters, and therefore increasing drowsiness over the course of the day.

Adensine

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a system _____ over time. A. Stays the same B. Increases C. Fluctuates up and down D. Decreases

B

After digestion, small monosaccharides are absorbed into _____ and transported throughout the body for use. A. Lacteals B. Blood capillaries C. Lymphatic capillaries D. Interstitial fluid

B

Animals require a source of outside food to obtain the _____ needed for their life processes. A. Solar energy B. Chemical energy C. DNA D. RNA

B

At the end of the citric acid cycle, the remaining carbon-carbon bonds in the original glucose molecule have been broken down. Some are recycled back into the cycle to start again. What is the fate of the other carbon atoms? A. They are bound to high-energy electron carriers and move to the electron transport chain B. They are released as four molecules of carbon dioxide gas C. The cell uses them to build organic nutrients D. They are recycled back to glycolysis to be used in reactions there

B

At this level of structure, the protein often assumes its function within a cell. Choose the best answer. A. Primary B. Tertiary C. Quaternary D. Secondary

B

B vitamins often interact with enzymes in metabolic pathways, binding with the enzyme to allow it to more closely bind to the substrate. In this way, the reaction occurs more efficiently. In this manner, B vitamins act as _____. A. Electron carriers B. Coenzymes C. Antioxidants D. Hormones

B

In a hypotonic solution, A. The solute concentration is the same inside the cell as outside the cell B. The solute concentration is greater inside the cell compared to outside the cell C. None of these describe isotonic solutions D. The solute concentration is greater outside the cell compared to the inside the cell

B

In order for a chemical reaction to occur, an energy "speed bump" between reactants and products is needed. This "speed bump" is referred to as A. Required catalytic energy B. The energy of activation C. The energy of reaction D. Catabolic reaction requirements

B

Potential energy and kinetic energy are forms of: Choose the best answer. A. Chemical energy B. Mechanical energy C. Solar energy D. All of the above are correct

B

The collective processes that break down and increase the surface area of food so that nutrients can be better digested are collectively referred to as A. Hydrolysis reactions B. Mechanical digestion C. Chemical digestion D. Dehydration synthesis reactions

B

The majority of fats in the diet are ______. Choose the best answer. A. Phospholipids B. Triglycerides C. Cholesterol (sterols)

B

Which of the following nutrients is packaged into proteins to be transported by the lymphatic system prior to being used by the body? A. Proteins B. Fats and oils C. Carbohydrates D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct

B

Cells move large quantities of materials into or out of the cell through _____ transport.

Bulk

All fats and oils are composed of A. A phosphate head and two fatty acid tails B. An amino group, a variable R-group, and a carboxyl group, all centered around a central carbon atom C. A glycerol group and three fatty acids D. A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

C

Caffeine is A. Fat-soluble only B. Neither fat-soluble nor water-soluble C. Fat-soluble and water-soluble D. Water-soluble only

C

Most digestive enzymes are A. Carbohydrates B. Nucleic acids C. Proteins D. Lipids

C

The bulk of ATP molecules are produced during which phase of cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis B. The preparatory reactions C. The electron transport chain D. The citric acid cycle

C

The chemical reactivity of an organic molecule is largely determined by which of the following? Choose the best answer. A. The length of the hydrocarbon chain B. The number of hydrogens per carbon C. The types of functional groups attached to the hydrocarbon chain D. All of the above are correct

C

The endosymbiotic theory describes A. How organisms change over time due to changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits B. The origins of humans form a common ancestor to apes C. The origin of mitochondria within eukaryotic cells D. The origin of plant cells from animal cells

C

The organelle responsible for converting chemical energy into a form that can be used by a cell is called a A. Lysosome B. Chloroplast C. Mitochondrion D. Vacuole

C

The phospholipids within the plasma membrane have two parts: a ______ phosphate and glycerol "head" and two ______ fatty acid "tails." This structure contributes to its semi-permeable nature. A. Hydrophilic; hydrophilic B. Hydrophobic; hydrophilic C. Hydrophilic; hydrophobic D. Hydrophobic; hydrophobic

C

Which of the following statements best describes the role of enzymes in chemical reactions? A. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by removing water from small molecules, allowing them to bind together to for larger molecules. B. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by raising their activation energy, preventing the reaction from occurring C. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy, allowing the reaction to proceed more rapidly or to proceed at all D. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by adding water to larger molecules, splitting them into smaller molecules

C

Which of the following statements describes how cells process nutrients to generate energy? A. Cells use the electron transport chain to transfer energy between proteins in their membranes B. Intestinal cells break down nutrients in their cytoplasm and the smaller molecules can be used as cellular energy C. Cells use a specialized organelle to convert chemical bond energy into a form of energy cells can use

C

Which of these is a naturally occurring stimulant that is derived from plants, where it serves as protection against predators? A. Psilocybin B. Cathione C. Caffeine D. Ephedrine

C

Which of these roles do vitamins and coenzymes share in biological reactions? A. Both act as hormones B. Both act as antioxidants C. Both assist enzymes in chemical reactions

C

For each of the following nutrients, select the appropriate explanation(s) of how it is processed by the digestive system.

Carbohydrate --> Maltose is broken down by maltase into glucose & Amylase breaks down this polymer into maltose Protein --> Peptides are broken down into amino acids by peptidase & Trypsin breaks down this polymer into peptides Lipids --> Emulsification occurs with the aid of salts & Droplets are broken down by lipase into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

From the following list of energy nutrients, match the foods that provide good sources of those nutrients.

Carbohydrates: bread, cereals, potatoes Lipids: lard, oils, avocados Protein: meats, legumes, seeds

Differentiate between the types of energy nutrients by matching each type of energy to its nutrient.

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides and polysaccharides Lipids: fats and oils Protein: hormones and enzymes

Within cells, the process by which glucose sugar gets converted into ATP energy is called _____ _____.

Cellular respiration

Solar energy is converted into chemical energy by organelles called _________ within plant cells.

Chloroplasts

Match the following components of the plasma membrane with their functions.

Cholesterol: Regulates the fluid nature of the membrane Proteins: Acts as a channels so certain molecules can enter or leave the cell Phospholipid bilayer: Allows the membrane to be semi-permeable Glycoproteins: May help identify the cell as "self" or "non-self" to other cells and the immune system

Match the roles of vitamins and coenzymes in biological reactions to the appropriate molecule, or both if it applies.

Coenzymes --> Interact directly with enzymes, making interactions between enzyme and substrate more efficient Vitamins --> Act as hormones that direct organs to perform specific functions & Act as antioxidants to protect cells from damage Both --> Assist enzymes in chemical reactions

Because sodium and potassium ions are moved against their concentration gradients, energy is required in the form of _____. A. Chloride (Cl) ions B. NADPH C. Iron (Fe) ions D. ATP

D

Which of the following describes the first law of thermodynamics? A. States that energy can be both created and destroyed B. Describes how entropy increases in systems over time C. States that energy cannot be created or destroyed D. Describes how energy can be converted between forms

D

Which of the following groups of vitamins act as coenzymes in energy reactions in the cell? A. Vitamin E B. Vitamin D C. Fat-soluble vitamins D. B vitamins

D

Which of the following is most similar to the "energy blend" that would be found in an energy drink? A. Caffeine, vitamins C, D, E, and K, glutamine, and glucose sugars B. Long fatty acids, glucose sugars, caffeine, and citicoline C. Glycogen, starch, glucose sugars, and amino acids D. Taurine, glucuronic acid, malic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and citicoline

D

The overall goal of the ________ system is to break down nutrients to be used elsewhere in the body.

Digestive

Diffusion is a passive process because A. Materials move down their concentration gradient B. There is no expenditure of energy C. Materials move against their concentration gradient D. There is an expenditure of energy E. Both A and B are correct F. Both C and D are correct

E

The process in which cells take glucose sugars and convert them into ATP energy is called _____. A. Protein synthesis B. Photosynthesis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Meiosis E. Cellular respiration

E

Which of the following is a function of vitamins? A. Act as antioxidants B. Assist enzymes in chemical reactions C. Act as hormones D. Direct organs to preform specific functions E. All of the choices are correct

E

Which of the following molecules contains niacin as a component? A. ATP B. Niacin is a part of all of these molecules C. FADH2 D. DNA E. NAD+

E

Which of the following vitamins and supplements is an essential amino acid found in meat and dairy, used to manufacture proteins, and has no direct influence on metabolic pathways in the body? A. Tyrosine B. Taurine C. Riboflavin D. Malic acid E. Phenylalanine

E

Which of these organelles is directly involved in nutrient processing within cells? A. Centrioles B. Spindle apparatus C. Mitochondria D. Lysosomes E. Both mitochondria and lysosomes

E

In order to maintain their organization and carry out metabolic activities, organisms need a constant source of ______

Energy

In order to maintain their organization and carry out metabolic activities, organisms need a constant source of ______.

Energy

The ability to do work or bring about change is called ______.

Energy

The capacity to do work, specifically in the form of mechanical, solar, and chemical ______ is important for the existence of life.

Energy

The goal of the digestive system is to break down polymers into monomers they can be reused elsewhere in the body. The molecules responsible for chemically breaking down these polymers are called _____.

Enzymes

The following are organs of the digestion system. match each organ to its role in digestion.

Esophagus --> Moves food from the mouth to the stomach Small intestine --> Major organ of digestion and absorption Large intestine --> Eliminates undigested materials from the body, reabsorbs water and some salts Mouth --> Breaks up food through mechanical digestion and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates and some lipids stomach --> Mechanical mixing of food, starts protein digestion

Caffeine drinks are extreme diuretics, meaning they increase urine output, often leading to dehydration. True or false?

False

Caffeine is neither fat-soluble or water-soluble. True or false?

False

Energy drinks are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so any claims made have been tested and shown to be true. True or false?

False

Energy drinks supply organic energy nutrients, such as carbohydrates, for use in the metabolic pathways of cells. Choose the best answer. True or false?

False

Lipids and proteins are not able to enter into the aerobic pathways of cellular respiration. They can only be metabolized through anaerobic fermentation pathways. True or false?

False

The special combination of atoms that provide organic molecules with their specific characteristics are called ________ groups.

Functional

In a(n) ______ solution, the solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside the cell. Water rushes out of the cell until equilibrium is met.

Hypertonic

In a(n) _____ solution, the solute concentration is greater inside the cell than outside the cell. Water rushes into the cell until equilibrium is met.

Hypotonic

Caffeine is a stimulant, meaning it ______ (increases/decreases) one's metabolic rate.

Increases

In a(n) ______ solution, there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell.

Isotonic

Phagocytosis is defined as the movement of _____ molecules into the cell through bulk transport.

Large

Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids are all examples of ______, a class of organic energy nutrients.

Lipids

Accessory organs associated with the human digestive system are the salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, and _____.

Liver

The following are accessory organs of the digestive system. For each organ, match its role in digestion.

Liver --> Produces bile to assist in lipid digestion; processes and stores many different forms of nutrients Pancreas --> Produces digestive enzymes for use in the small intestine, assists in the regulation of blood glucose levels Gallbladder --> Stores bile until needed by the small intestine

Catalysts _____ (raise/lower) the activation energy of a chemical reaction, allowing it to proceed more quickly or occur at all.

Lower

Enzymes function to _____ (raise/lower) the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing them to proceed ____ (more/less) rapidly

Lower; more

Polysaccharides are given their prefix ("poly-") because they consist of _____ sugar molecule(s).

Many

The prefix "poly-" means _____.

Many

The movement of materials into or out of a cell without any energy expenditure is called _____ transport.

Passive

The functional group that contains phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen and is responsible for helping to build molecules of ATP is called a(n) _______ group.

Phosphate

The movement of small molecules into the cell through bulk transport is called _____.

Pinocytosis

Chemical bonds join small monomers to create larger molecules called _______.

Polymers

Cells that do not have a true nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles are called _____ cells.

Prokaryotic

For each of the following organelles, match the function that they play in energy processing within the cell.

Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis Mitochondria: Converts energy in nutrients to ATP energy useable by the cell Nucleus: Stores genetic information for the cell Lysosomes: Contains enzymes to break down incoming nutrients Golgi apparatus: The processing center of the cell; modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion outside of the cell

The process of photosynthesis converts _____ energy, which is the source of all energy on earth, into chemical energy, which is useable by organisms for life processes.

Solar

The ultimate source of energy for living things is _____ energy.

Solar

Within an ecosystem, _____ ______ is converted into ________ _____, which is then converted into _____ ______.

Solar energy; chemical energy; mechanical energy

For each of the following ingredients within an energy drink, match them to their impact on the body.

Taurine —> assists in digestion and processing of some minerals Malic acid —> intermediate of the citric acid cycle that is produced during cellular respiration Tyrosine —> amino acid that is involved in transmitting nerve impulses Citicoline —> mild stimulant of the central nervous system

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and in doing so, increases one's metabolic rate. True or false?

True

Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms that make up energy nutrients. True or false?

True

The body is not able to absorb all of the B vitamins found in energy drinks, so the excess is excreted in the urine. True or false?

True

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport. It requires the use energy. True or false?

True

True or false: Nutrient molecules, including proteins, can be broken apart into individual amino acids, which can then go on to form other proteins again.

True

True or false: The role of digestive enzymes is to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules that can be used elsewhere in the body.

True

Match the following vitamins with the roles that they play in cellular respiration.

Vitamin B1 --> Aids in the metabolism of glucose and amino acids Vitamin B12 --> Aids in the conversion of fats and proteins to allow them to enter cellular respiration pathways Riboflavin --> Component of FAD coenzyme Niacin --> Component of NAD+ coenzyme Pantothenic acid --> Functions in building acetyl CoA molecule

Match each of the following vitamins with their dietary sources.

Vitamin B1 --> Nuts, sees, and whole grain cereals Biotin --> Eggs, soybeans, and butter Pantothenic acid --> Nuts, beans, and leafy green vegetables Niacin --> Poultry, beans, and leafy green vegetables

Vitamins have different functions in the body. For each vitamin listed below, match it to its function in the body.

Vitamin D --> Acts as a hormone Vitamin C --> Acts as an antioxidant Vitamin B --> Acts as a coenzyme in metabolic reactions

The category of vitamins that ae not stored in the body for long periods of time, which need to be replaced often through dietary sources, is the _____-soluble vitamins.

Water

When the bonds within a chemical molecule are broken _____ is released, which fuels life processes. A. Entropy B. Heat C. Solar energy D. Energy

energy

Vitamins and coenzymes both assist _____ in biological reactions.

enzymes

Which of the following best explains how the plasma membrane regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell? A. The plasma membrane is able to change molecules using ATP in order to give them the energy they need to pass through the membrane B. The plasma membrane has channels that are activated (or not) based on the shape of the molecules attempting to enter or exit C. The structure of the plasma membrane results in it being a barrier for the passage of most molecules

C

Which of the following best summarizes how caffeine influences the energy reactions of the body? A. Caffeine deactivates all metabolic pathways in the body B. Caffeine stimulates all metabolic pathways in the body C. Caffeine stimulates some metabolic pathways and blocks others, with the overall result of increased energy production D. Caffeine deactivates all metabolic pathways that involve glucose, to allow fatty acids to enter metabolic pathways instead

C

Select the ultimate source of energy for all living things on earth. A. Geothermal energy B. Mechanical energy C. Chemical energy D. Solar energy

D

The activity of most enzymes and metabolic pathways within the digestive system is regulated by A. Thermoregulation B. Biofeedback loops C. Osmoregulation D. Feedback inhibition

D

How is energy stored in energy nutrients like carbohydrates and lipids? A. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms in the molecules B. Energy is stored within the nucleus of each atom of the molecule C. Energy is stored in each nitrogen and oxygen atom with the nutrient molecule

A

In an isotonic solution, A. The solute concentration is the same inside the cell as outside the cell B. The solute concentration is greater inside the cell compared to outside the cell C. None of these describe isotonic solutions D. The solute concentration is greater outside the cell compared to the inside the cell

A

Mitochondria within eukaryotic cells are actually remnants of A. Ancient oxygen-tolerating bacteria that were consumed by an early eukaryotic cell B. Ancient early eukaryotic cells that were consumed by an oxygen-tolerating bacterial cell C. Ancient photosynthesizing bacteria that were consumed by an early eukaryotic cell D. Ancient protein-producing early eukaryotic cells that were consumed by an oxygen-tolerating bacterial cell

A

The movement of large materials in large quantities into cells is called _____. A. Phagocytosis B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Pinocytosis

A

The movement of small molecules into the cell through bulk transport is called _____. A. Pinocytosis B. Facilitated diffusion C. Phagocytosis D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

The passive movement of materials from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called _____. A. diffusion B. Bulk transport C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis D. All of these could describe the passive movement of materials from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of _____. A. Phospholipids B. Steroids and Cholesterol rings C. Hydrocarbon chains D. Proteins

A

The smaller individual units that combine to form complex carbohydrates are called A. Monosaccharides B. Triglycerides C. Amino acids D. Polysaccharides

A

The tagline of an energy drink states that the drink will provide a burst of energy that is long lasting, without the jitters. Which of the following is most likely to NOT be found in the drink? A. caffeine B. Vitamin B1 C. Malic acid D. Riboflavin E. Taurine

A

Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water and are therefore not stored in the body for long periods of time. Examples include: A. Vitamins B and C B. Vitamins A and D C. Vitamins E and K D. All of the vitamins listed are water-soluble vitamins

A

What is the function of caffeine as it is produced in plants? A. It functions as a defense mechanism against predation B. It functions as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage from the sun C. It functions as a natural fungicide in preventing fungal infections in leaves D. It increase the rates of cellular respiration, providing the plant with an extra energy source

A

When enzymes lose their 3-D shape because of environmental conditions and can no longer function, _____ is said to have occurred. A. Protein denaturation B. Mechanical digestion C. Negative feedback D. transcription

A

Where do nutrients store their energy? A. Within the Chemical bonds of their molecule structure B. Within the carbon atoms of the structure C. Within the hydrogen atoms of the structure D. Within the nuclei of their atoms

A

Which of the following best describes an organ system? A. A group of organs that work to accomplish a common goal B. A group of cells that work to accomplish a common goal C. A group of tissues that work to accomplish a common goal D. All of the organs in a specific location of the body

A

Which of the following best describes he structure of ATP? A. ATP molecules are composed of a ribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing adenine molecule, and three phosphate groups B. ATP molecules are composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogen containing variable group, and three phosphate groups C. ATP molecules are composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing adenine adenine group, and two phosphate groups D. ATP molecules are composed of a ribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing adenine molecule, and two phosphate groups.

A

Which of the following best describes the events that occur during the citric acid cycle? A. Two acetyl CoA molecules enter cyclic reaction that breaks all remaining C-C bonds, resulting in carbon dioxide production, ATP production, and the production of the high energy electron carriers B. High energy electron carriers are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membranes in the mitochondria, creating a gradient that is then used to regenerate ATP molecules. Water is also formed C. Glucose molecules are split into two pyruvate molecules, resulting in a net production of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules D. Two pyruvate molecules are modified into two molecules of acetyl CoA

A

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in the electron transport chain? A. NAD+ brings high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain where they are used to establish a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis B. NAD+ brings carbon atoms to the citric acid cycle where they are used to break down all remaining C-C bonds in the original glucose molecule C. NAD+ brings phosphate groups to the electron transport chain, where they are used to turn ADP into ATP, which is the form of energy usable for the cell D. NAD+ brings high-energy electrons to the citric acid cycle where they are used to break down all remaining C-C bonds in the original glucose molecule

A

Which of the following collections of foods provide good sources of several B vitamins? A. Nuts, whole grain cereals, beans, and leafy green vegetables B. Carrots, peppers, radishes, beets, and other orange and red fruits and vegetables C. Lentils, red meat, pork, and seafood D. All of these foods contain high amounts of B vitamins

A

Which of the following descriptions best describes chemical digestion? A. The collection of processes that break down nutrients into smaller units through enzymatic reactions B. The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by adding water C. The collection of processes that increase the surface area of food so chemical digestion is more efficient D. The collection of processes that regulate the salt concentration of the bloodstream

A

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the specific properties of a molecule? A. The functional groups that are attached to it B. The number of oxygen atoms within the molecule C. The number of carbon atoms within the molecule D. The presence or absence of nitrogen

A

Which of the following lists the correct order of stages in the process of cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis, prep reactions, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain B. Prep reactions, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chain C. Prep reactions, glycolysis, electron transport chain, citric acid cycle D. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, prep reactions, electron transport chain

A

Which of the following methods of moving materials into a cell requires no energy? A. Diffusion B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Using proteins to pump materials against their concentration gradient D. Pinocytosis E. None of these choices require energy expenditure

A

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of carbohydrates? A. Carbohydrates are composed of one or more monosaccharides, which are small ringed structures that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio B. Carbohydrates are composed of repeating units of amino acids that are bonded together C. Carbohydrates are composed of a glycerol group and three fatty acid tails D. Carbohydrates are composed of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

A

Which of these statements best summarizes why living organisms need energy? A. Living organisms use energy for processes of life, including metabolism and organization B. Living organisms use energy in order to move so that they can respond to environmental stimuli C. Living organisms use energy to make glucose, which they can break down and use during respiration

A

Which organ is responsible for receiving food from the esophagus and storing it while mixing it through rhythmic muscle contractions? A. The stomach B. The small intestine C. The gallbladder D. The large intestine

A

Within the process of cellular respiration, electron carriers including _____ move high-energy electrons generated from glycolysis, the preparatory reactions, and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. A. NAD+ B. ADP C. Pyruvate D. Carbon dioxide

A

Within the small intestine, A. Small, fingerlike villi contain capillaries to transport nutrients to the bloodstream and lacteals to transport fat to the lymphatic system B. A very short stretch of tubing aids in the re-absorption of water C. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats began to be broken down, but nothing is absorbed until the large intestine D. All of the choices are correct

A

Select the components of the plasma membrane that are responsible for its semi-permeable nature. A. The variety of transport proteins that are embedded within it B. Bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails C. Cholesterol, with its ringed structure D. Glycoproteins, especially their long, branching, hydrocarbon chains that extend from the embedded protein

A & B

Select the methods that are used by the body to regulate the function of enzyme activity within the digestive system. A. Providing an optimal environmental temperature for the necessary enzyme(s) B. Providing an optimal environmental pH for the necessary enzyme(s) C. Changing the temperature of the body to prevent enzyme functioning D. Sending the immune system to deactivate enzymes when they are no longer needed

A & B

All organic nutrients contain which of the following elements ? Choose the best answer. A. Carbon B. Oxygen C. Hydrogen D. Nitrogen

A & C

Select all of the component that are found in prokaryotic cells. A. DNA B. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) C. Plasma membrane D. Mitochondria

A & C

Select all of the following that are required for facilitated diffusion to take place. A. The materials flow through protein carriers or channels into or out of the cell B. The materials flow directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane C. The movement of materials is down its concentration gradient D. The movement of materials is against its concentration gradient

A & C

Select all of the possible outcomes of a cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution. A. The cell will swell to lysis B. Water rushes out of the cell C. Water rushes into the cell D. The cell will shrivel and crenate E. There is no net movement of water into or out of the cell

A & C

Which of the following characteristics are shared by all living things? Select all that apply. A. The ability to acquire energy B. The ability to convert Solar energy into chemical energy C. The ability to use energy D. The ability to use energy for movement

A & C

Which of the following contents of an energy drink is a B vitamin? Choose the best answer. A. Folic acid B. Phenylalanine C. Niacin D. Malic acid

A & C

Match the following A. The source of energy for almost all life; comes from the sun B. Energy found in the bonds between atoms of a molecule C. The energy of movement — 1. Solar energy 2. Mechanical energy 3. Chemical energy

A(1), B(3), C(2)

Select all of the following methods of transport that require energy. A. Bulk transport B. Phagocytosis C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Facilitated diffusion E. Osmosis F. Diffusion

A, B, & C

Select the claims often made by energy drink manufacturers about their beverages. A. Energy drinks can help increase mental awareness B. Energy drinks can help increase energy levels C. Energy drinks can reduce muscle fatigue D. Energy drinks can help with weight loss E. Energy drinks can cure or treat some illnesses

A, B, & C

Which accessory organs interact with the small intestine? Choose the best answer. A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Gallbladder D. Salivary glands

A, B, & C

Which of these would you include if you were to summarize why living organisms require energy? A. Living organisms need energy to carry out metabolism B. Living organisms need energy to conduct activities C. Living organisms need energy to stay organized D. Living organisms need energy to make their own food

A, B, & C

Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic organisms. A. Phospholipids B. Cholesterol C. Capsule D. Glycoproteins E. Centrioles

A, B, & D

Select all of the stages of respiration in which proteins may enter the cellular respiration pathways. A. Preparatory reactions B. The citric acid cycle C. The electron transport chain D. Glycolysis

A, B, & D

Select the organelles that are found within animal cells that are involved in nutrient processing (including bringing nutrients into cells, breaking them down, and converting them into usable energy). A. Lysosomes B. Mitochondria C. Chloroplast D. Plasma membrane E. Centrioles

A, B, & D

Select all of those molecules from the list that are examples of lipids? A. Phospholipids B. Oils C. Glycogen D. DNA E. Cholesterol

A, B, & E

Which of the following collectively summarizes the ways that caffeine influences the energy reactions of the body? A. It increases blood glucose B. It increases metabolic rates C. It stimulates all metabolic pathways D. It decreases metabolic rates E. It causes the brain to produce hormones that result in the release of fatty acid chains from adipose tissue

A, B, & E

Which of the following methods of transport are considered to be bulk transport? A. Phagocytosis B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Facilitated diffusion E. Pinocytosis F. Osmosis

A, B, & E

Which of the following are correct regarding caffeine? Choose the best answer. A. It raises the amount of fatty acids and glucose in the blood B. It interferes with a neurotransmitter called adenosine to decrease drowsiness C. It is a psychoactive drug D. It acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system

A, B, C, & D

Which of the following are correct regarding carbohydrates? Choose the best answer. A. They are the preferred energy source of cells B. They contain energy in carbon-carbon bonds C. Polysaccharides are long chains of glucose molecules D. They are hydrophilic

A, B, C, & D

Which of the following organelles, reactants, and products would you include to describe how cells process nutrients to generate energy? A. Carbon dioxide B. Mitochondria C. Glucose D. Chloroplast E. Oxygen F. Water G. ATP

A, B, C, & E

Select all of the following organs that are accessory organs of the digestive system. A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Salivary glands D. Mouth E. Small intestine F. Gallbladder G. Stomach

A, B, C, & F

Carbohydrates are processed in which of the following locations? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine

A, C, & D

Select all of the following that are examples of carbohydrates. A. Lactose B. Phospholipids C. ATP D. Oils E. Starch F. Glucose

A, E, & F

Caffeine is derived from A. The laboratory, where it is synthesized by genetically-modified bacteria B. Plants, including coffee, tea, and cocoa plants, where it is used as a defensive mechanism C. The fatty tissue of animals, where it stores vitamins D. The shells of insects and crustaceans, where it is used as a natural fungicide

B

Carbohydrates provide a source of ______ for life processes. A. Blueprints B. Energy C. Protection D. Insulation

B

Coenzymes interact with enzymes to allow substrates to bind more efficiently. Which of the following types of molecules aid in the manufacture of coenzymes? A. Hormones B. Vitamins C. Glycoproteins D. Nucleic acids

B

From the list, choose those foods that are good sources of carbohydrates. A. Yogurt and full fat milk B. Bread and rice C. Nuts and seeds D. Meat and cheese

B

How would you describe the role of enzymes during and after chemical reactions? A. During the reaction, they increase the activation energy of the reaction. After the reaction, they have been used up and must be made again by the cell B. During the reaction, they act as catalysts to speed up the reaction. After the reaction, they can be used again to catalyze other reactions C. During the reaction, they bind to one of the reactants to change its shape. After the reaction, they can be broken down to make other molecules

B

The enzyme ______ is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen during digestion, while the enzyme _____ is responsible for breaking down the resulting disaccharide maltose. A. Trypsin; pepsidase B. Amylase; maltase C. Amylase; lactase D. Lipase; amylase

B

The functional group COOH, found in both amino acids and fatty acids, is called a(n) _____ group. A. Phosphate B. Carboxyl C. Hydrocarbon D. Hydroxyl

B

The inner surface of the small intestine is covered with small, fingerlike projections called A. Circular folds B. Villi C. Lacteals D. Blood capillaries

B

The movement of materials into or out of the cell with the expenditure of energy is called _____. A. Passive transport B. Active transport C. Facilitated diffusion D. Osmosis

B

The prefix "hydro-" means ______, while the suffix "lytic-" means ______. These describe the steps involved in hydrolytic reactions. A. Fearing; to hide B. Water; to break apart C. Water; fearing D. Loving; to break apart

B

The prefix "phago-" means A. "Drinking," meaning the cell is bringing large quantities of liquid into the cell, almost as if it were "drinking" the liquid B. "Eating," meaning the cell is bringing large particles into the cell, almost as if it were "eating" the particles C. "Within," meaning materials are being brought within the cell D. "Outside," meaning materials are being brought to the outside of the cell

B

The processes that use enzymes to break down nutrients into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream are collectively referred to as A. Mechanical digestion B. Chemical digestion C. Dehydration synthesis reactions D. Hydrolysis reactions

B

The regulating process where the product of an enzymatic pathway has the ability to temporarily turn off enzyme activity is called A. Enzymatic inactivation B. Feedback inhibition C. Enzyme regulation

B

Vitamins that are stored in adipose tissue in the body are considered to be _____ vitamins. A. Blood-soluble B. Fat-soluble C. Protein-soluble D. Water-soluble

B

What is the name of the natural chemical compound, produced by plants like coffee and tea, that is both water-soluble and fat-soluble? A. Adenosine B. Caffeine C. Glucuronic acid D. Vitamin B

B

Which of the following best describes energy? A. The ability to move objects or materials from one place to another B. The capacity or power to do work, or to transfer power elsewhere C. The capacity to produce heat D. The ability to store power in chemical structures

B

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the preparatory reactions? A. They break down all of the carbon carbon bonds in the initial glucose molecule B. They modify pyruvate molecules into a form that can enter the citric acid cycle to be broken down completely C. They generate the bulk of ATP energy for the overall process of cellular respiration D. they break down glucose into smaller molecules that can enter the other stages of cellular respiration

B

Which of the following energy nutrients provides energy to the body? A. Vitamins B. Carbohydrates C. Minerals D. Water

B

Which of the following enzymes breaks down lipids within the small intestine? A. Amylase B. Lipase C. Peptidase D. Trypsin E. Maltase

B

Which of the following groups of organs are considered accessory organs? A. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines B. Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

B

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the specific properties of a molecule? A. The presence or absence of nitrogen B. The functional groups that are attached to it C. The number of carbon atoms within the molecule D. The number of oxygen atoms within the molecule

B

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the production of ATP energy for the cell? A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria C. Ribosomes D. Lysosomes

B

Which of the following organs are part of the digestive system? A. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs B. Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder C. Brain, spinal cord, and all nerves D. Kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra

B

Which of the following statements best describes ATP? A. When ADP+P becomes ATP, the amount of energy released is enough for a biological purpose B. ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups C. ATP is formed when energy is released during photosynthesis D. ADP is extremely high in potential energy

B

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for the transfer of carbon dioxide in cellular respiration pathways? A. Niacin B. Biotin C. Pantothenic acid D. Riboflavin

B

Which of these features of the plasma membrane is most important in explaining how the membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell? A. Cytoskeleton proteins B. Phospholipids C. Embedded glycoproteins D. Cholesterol

B

Which of these statements best explains the concept of an energy drink? A. Any sugary drink that provides a temporary energy burst followed by a crash B. A beverage that claims to increase energy levels and mental awareness, which is usually classified as a dietary supplement C. An FDA-regulated dietary supplement that cannot contain sugar but may contain other stimulants to meet its claims to boost energy

B

Which organ is responsible for the majority of the digestion and absorption of nutrients that enter our body? Choose the best answer. A. Stomach B. Small intestine C. Liver D. Large intestine

B

Based on the first law of thermodynamics, select all of the following that apply to energy. A. Energy can be created B. Energy can be transferred C. Energy can be transformed D. Energy can be destroyed

B & C

Caffeine is considered to be a stimulant. Select all of the following ways in which this impacts the central nervous system of the body. A. There is a decrease in heart rate B. There is an increase in heart rate C. Individuals experience decreased drowsiness D. Individuals experience increased reaction times

B & C

Which of the following processes occur within the mitochondria of the cell and generate ATP? Select all that apply A. Glycolysis B. The electron transport chain C. The citric acid cycle D. Preparatory reactions

B & C

Not all of the ingredients of an energy drink facilitate the generation of energy. Select those that are the most important contributors to the energy boost provided by an 5 hour energy. A. Folic acid B. B vitamins C. Tyrosine D. Phenylalanine E. Citicoline F. Caffeine

B & F

Energy changes forms as it flows through ecosystems. Place the following energy types in order to describe their flow, starting with the source of all energy on earth at the top. A. Mechanical energy B. Solar energy C. Chemical energy

B --> C --> A

Select all of the following scenarios that would require the cell to use energy in order to move materials through its membrane. A. The movement of water down its concentration gradient out of the cell B. The movement of materials against their concentration gradient into the cell C. The movement of large quantities of charged molecules into the cell D. The movement of large proteins into the cell E. The movement of sugar through proteins down its concentration gradient into the cell

B, C, & D

Which of the following are correct regarding the B vitamins? Choose the best answer. A. They are stored long term in the body B. They are water-soluble vitamins C. Some are components of coenzymes, such as NAD+ and FAD D. Some are used in the metabolism of fats and proteins

B, C, & D

Which of the following nutrients provide energy to the body? select all that apply. A. Water B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates D. Proteins E. Vitamins F. Minerals

B, C, & D

Which of these statements would you include to describe why living organisms require organic nutrients? A. Organic molecules contain all of the molecules needed to make our own food B. Organic nutrients provide cells with energy C. The body's cells can use energy that is stored within organic molecules after the body breaks the bonds in these molecules D. Organic nutrients contain energy in their bonds

B, C, & D

Select all of the following that are functional groups commonly found in organic nutrients. A. Glucose groups B. Carboxyl groups C. Hydroxyl groups D. Hydrogen groups E. Amino groups

B, C, & E

Select all of the following stages that are involved in the breakdown of organic nutrients into energy. A. Meiosis B. The electron transport chain C. Glycolysis D. The citric acid cycle E. The sodium-potassium pump F. The preparatory reactions

B, C, D, & F

Select all of the following that are examples of B vitamins. A. Calciferol B. Niacin C. Biotin D. Pantothenic acid E. Tocopherol F. Riboflavin

B, C, D, & F

Select all of the following organs that are a part of the digestive system . A. Kidneys B. Large intestine C. Esophagus D. Liver E. Bladder F. Uterus G. Pancreas

B, C, D, & G

Select all of the following ways of moving materials in and out of cells that do not require energy. A. Receptor-mediated endocytosis B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport pumps D. Osmosis E. Diffusion

B, D, & E

From the following list, select all of those that are good sources of dietary proteins. A. Apples B. Peanut butter C. Carrots D. Doughnuts E. Chicken drumsticks F. Beef jerky

B, E, & F

During a hydrolytic reaction, A. Nitrogen gas from the atmosphere bonds to individual monomers of a polymer, breaking them apart B. Water splits into water and hydrogen gas, which are combustible. The combustion splits the polymer apart into individual monomers C. Water splits into hydrogen and hydroxide, each of which bond to individual monomers of a polymer, breaking them apart D. Hydroxide from one monomer binds with hydrogen from another monomer, forming water. The monomers are bonded together to form a polymer

C

Energy drinks tend to lack nutrients such as proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates, and instead contain ingredients that interact with metabolic pathways. These ingredients include A. Water, supplements including glucosamine and chondroitin, and fat-soluble vitamins B. Whole foods, including rice starch, beetroot powder, and fiber C. Vitamins, minerals, and "energy blends" including amino acids, stimulants, and food additives D. Herbal supplements, weigh loss supplements, and stimulants

C

Many vitamins aid in the manufacture of _____, which allow substrates and enzymes to bind more efficiently, resulting in more efficient chemical reactions. A. Supplements B. Acid-reducers C. Coenzymes D. Buffers

C

Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen and provide energy for life processes are called ________ A. Phospholipids B. Inorganic molecules C. Organic molecules D. Carbohydrates

C

The plasma membrane is _____, meaning it allows some materials to pass, but not other materials. A. A phospholipid bilayer B. Fluid C. Semi-permeable D. A fluid mosaic model

C

The prefix "endo-" means A. "Drinking," meaning the cell is bringing large quantities of liquid into the cell, almost as if it were "drinking" the liquid B. "Eating," meaning the cell is bringing large particles into the cell, almost as if it were "eating" the particles C. "Within," meaning materials are being brought within the cell D. "Outside," meaning materials are being brought to the outside of the cell

C

The second law of thermodynamics describes how the conversion of energy from one form to another result in A. A gain of energy in the form of heat B. No gain or loss of energy as energy transfer is 100% efficient C. A loss of energy in the form of heat

C

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell? A. Both the cristae and matrix of the mitochondria B. Matrix of the mitochondria C. Cytoplasm D. Cristae of the mitochondria E. Endoplasmic reticulum

C

Which of the following best describes the events that occur during glycolysis? A. Two acetyl CoA molecules enter cyclic reaction that breaks all remaining C-C bonds, resulting in carbon dioxide production, ATP production, and the production of the high energy electron carriers B. High energy electron carriers are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membranes in the mitochondria, creating a gradient that is then used to regenerate ATP molecules. Water is also formed C. Glucose molecules are split into two pyruvate molecules, resulting in a net production of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules D. Two pyruvate molecules are modified into two molecules of acetyl CoA

C

Which of the following descriptions best defines mechanical digestion? A. The collection of processes that allow nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream B. The processes that regulate the glucose concentrations of the bloodstream C. The collection of processes that increase the surface area of food to make chemical digestion more efficient D. The breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules through enzymatic reactions

C

Which of the following groups of vitamins act as coenzymes in energy reactions in the cell? A. Fat-soluble vitamins B. Vitamin E C. B Vitamins D. Vitamin D

C

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate? A. Vitamins B. Cholesterol C. Glycogen D. DNA

C

Which of the following is an example of active transport? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Osmosis

C

Which of the following is one of the main roles of carbohydrates within living organisms? A. Providing a means to transport oxygen throughout the body B. Storing genetic information for protein synthesis C. Providing a source of energy for life processes D. Providing insulation agains cold and protection against injury

C

Which of the following methods of transport involves moving bulk materials into the cell? A. Exocytosis B. Facilitated diffusion C. Endocytosis D. The sodium-potassium pump

C

Which of the following organelles converts chemical energy into ATP within cells? A. Chloroplast B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Ribosome

C

Which of these is the best explanation for how nutrients are processed by the digestive system? A. All digestive enzymes function to break down all nutrient molecules into their monomers B. Most digestive enzymes break down nutrient molecules into glucose monomers C. Specific enzymes break down specific polymers into smaller and smaller subunits

C

Which of these statements best describes the influence of energy drinks on energy generation in the body? A. The energy boost claims made by energy drink manufacturers are entirely unfounded. The drinks are mostly water and sugar B. Energy drinks boost energy significantly but they are regulated tightly by the FDA C. Energy drinks boost energy as well as a cup of coffee and a healthy snack with B vitamins

C

Which of these statements best describes the stomach? A. The stomach is a key digestive organ that functions in the production of digestive enzymes for use in the small intestine B. The stomach is an accessory organ of the digestive system that functions to lubricate food and provide enzymes to begin carbohydrate digestion. C. The stomach is a major organ of the digestive system that mechanically mixes foods and begins the process of protein digestion

C

Which statement best describes why living organisms require organic nutrients? A. Organic nutrients contain oxygen and carbon, which are the basic building blocks of life B. Organic nutrients are required to produce food using energy from the sun C. Organic nutrients are the source of energy for living organisms

C

Within the villi of the small intestine are _____, which link the small intestine to the circulatory system, and _____, which transport fat-soluble molecules to the lymphatic system. A. Hepatic ducts; bile ducts B. Circular folds; vessels C. Capillaries; lacteals D. Enzymatic ducts; bile ducts E. Lacteals; capillaries

C

If you were going to describe the potential for energy drinks to influence energy generation in the body, which ingredients would you be sure to include? A. Glucuronic acid B. Malic acid C. Caffeine D. B vitamins E. Phenylalanine

C & D

Select the two components that make up all fats and oils. A. Phosphate group B. Amino group C. Three fatty acid tails D. Glycerol E. 5 carbon sugar

C & D

Which of the following enzymes work to break down proteins in the digestive system? Select all that apply. A. Lipase B. Amylase C. Peptidase D. Trypsin E. Maltase

C & D

Compare and contrast the energy nutrients by matching each type of energy nutrient to its function(s).

Carbohydrates: structural molecules and immediacy and stored energy Lipids: long-term energy storage Protein: metabolism and transport

ATP molecules are able to store and transport ________ energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups.

Chemical

The bonds within the atoms of a molecule store ________ energy, which can be released when an organism needs energy for life processes.

Chemical

The energy contained within the glucose bonds found in some food molecules is called ________ energy.

Chemical

The process of photosynthesis converts solar energy into ________ energy, which is the energy that is usable by organisms for life processes.

Chemical

The process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones through enzymatic reactions are collectively referred to as _________ digestion.

Chemical

For each of the following ingredients of energy drinks, match them to their impact on the body.

Citicoline --> Mild stimulant properties; stimulates the central nervous system so could increase metabolic pathways Tyrosine --> Amino acid that functions in transmitting nerve impulses to the brain; may aid in muscle response but unlikely to impact metabolic pathways Glucuronic acid --> Produced by the liver during the breakdown of glucose; may help reduce fatigue in some individuals Caffeine --> Strong stimulant properties; impacts the central nervous system and increases energy production through several metabolic pathways Folic acid --> B vitamin; no known impact on metabolic function in the body Vitamin B1 (thiamine) --> B vitamin; aids in the metabolism of glucose and amino acids

Caffeine is a _____, which means that it increases the activity of the central nervous system. A. Cannaboid B. Hallucinogen C. Depressant D. Stimulant

D

Caffeine is categorized as both a stimulant and a(n) ______, which is a type of drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier and cross into the brain. A. Depressant B. Neurotransmitter C. Hormone D. Psychoactive drug

D

During a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, the enzyme specifically acts on the ______ to form _______. A. Metabolites; products B. Products; reactants C. Monomers; polymers D. Substrates; products

D

During enzymatic reactions, A. Substrates bind to the active site on an enzyme B. The activation energy of reactions is lowered, allowing the reaction to occur more rapidly C. Products are released and the enzyme continues to catalyze more reactions D. All choices are correct

D

Enzymes are _____, meaning they speed up the rate of chemical reactions. A. Metabolites B. Vitamins C. Nutrients D. Catalysts

D

Enzymes work by: A. Increasing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur B. Altering the pH of the environment they are in C. Interfering with the normal processes of the body D. Decreasing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur

D

In a hypertonic solution, A. The solute concentration is the same inside the cell as outside the cell B. The solute concentration is greater inside the cell compared to outside the cell C. None of these describe isotonic solutions D. The solute concentration is greater outside the cell compared to the inside the cell

D

Most digestive enzymes are considered to be _____ nutrient molecules and have complex three-dimensional shapes that allow them to interact with molecules to catalyze chemical reactions. A. ATP B. Carbohydrate C. Lipid D. Protein

D

Of the list of ingredients of energy drinks, select the combination that is most likely to facilitate the generation of energy. A. Tyrosine and glucuronic acid B. Malic acid and phenylalanine C. Taurine and tyrosine D. B vitamins and caffeine

D

Osmosis describes A. The movement of any material down its concentration gradient B. The movement of potassium and sodium ions against their concentration gradient C. The movement of materials through special protein carriers or channels down its concentration gradient D. The movement of water down its concentration gradient

D

The majority of the effects of an energy drink are based upon the interaction of which ingredient with the metabolic processes of our bodies? Choose the best answer. A. Vitamin B12 B. Taurine C. Niacin D. Caffeine

D

The movement of materials down their concentration gradient into cells through the use of special carrier or channel proteins is called _____. A. Osmosis B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Bulk transport D. facilitated diffusion

D

The prefix mono means A. Water B. Many C. Containing carbon D. One

D

The purpose of the digestive system is to allow _____ to be broken down into _____ that can then be used elsewhere in the body. A. Monomers; Polymers B. Nutrients; Water C. Water; Nutrients D. Polymers; Monomers

D

The sodium-potassium pump actively moves _____ ins out of the cell and _____ ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients. This creates a proton gradient that recharges ATP molecules. A. Potassium; sodium B. Sodium; chloride C. Calcium; lithium D. Sodium; potassium

D

The stage of cellular respiration where glucose molecules are initially broken down is called A. The preparatory reaction B. Gluconeogenesis C. The electron transport chain D. Glycolysis

D

There is a specific type of organic molecule called a(n) _____ that interacts with enzymes to change their shape, allowing the enzymes to interact more closely with their substrates for more efficient chemical reactions. A. Transformer B. Buffer C. Catalyst D. Coenzyme

D

Vitamins that are not stored in the body for long and are easily excreted in urine are called _____ vitamins. A. Blood-soluble B. Fat-soluble C. Protein-soluble D. Water-soluble

D

What is the most likely outcome for excess B vitamins obtained from energy drinks? A. They are excreted as proteinaceous materials, including nails and hair B. They are stored in adipose or fatty tissue for later use C. They are stored in bone for later use D. They are excreted in urine

D

Which of the following B vitamins is a component of the electron carrier molecule NAD+? A. Riboflavin B. Biotin C. Vitamin B1 D. Niacin

D

Which of the following accurately describes the components often found in energy drinks? A. Vitamins, simple sugars, proteins, and oils B. Proteins, carbohydrates including glucose sugar, and fats C. Minerals, proteins, fats, and oils D. Vitamins, minerals, and an "energy blend" that may include stimulants

D

Which of the following are examples of B vitamins? A. Biotin and niacin B. Pantothenic acid and riboflavin C. Vitamin B1, B12, and B6 D. All of these choices are examples of B vitamins

D

Which of the following best defines an organ? A. A collection of cells that have a similar structure and function B. A collection of bones and muscles that aid living organisms in life processes C. The smallest unit of all living things D. A collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task

D

Which of the following best describes how monomers are bonded together to form polymers? A. Both monomers split in half, releasing energy. The energy goes to bond the monomer parts together B. Hydrogen atoms from both monomers are released, forming hydrogen gas. The two monomers are left bonded together C. A nitrogen from one monomer bonds with a nitrogen from another monomer, forming nitrogen gas. The two monomers are left bonded together D. A hydroxide from one monomer bonds with a hydrogen from another monomer, forming water. The two monomers are left bonded together

D

Which of the following best describes the events that occur during the preparatory reactions? A. Two acetyl CoA molecules enter cyclic reaction that breaks all remaining C-C bonds, resulting in carbon dioxide production, ATP production, and the production of the high energy electron carriers B. High energy electron carriers are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membranes in the mitochondria, creating a gradient that is then used to regenerate ATP molecules. Water is also formed C. Glucose molecules are split into two pyruvate molecules, resulting in a net production of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules D. Two pyruvate molecules are modified into two molecules of acetyl CoA

D

Which of the following can result in the denaturation of an enzyme? A. Raising the temperature of the enzyme's environment B. Raising the pH of the enzyme's environment C. Lowering the pH of the enzyme's environment D. All of these are correct

D

Which of the following is one of the major classes of energy nutrients that the body digests for energy production? A. Nutrients B. Vitamins C. Water D. Carbohydrates

D

Which of the following is true for how fats and oils can enter into the aerobic cellular respiration pathways? A. Both glycerol and fatty acids can enter into the preparatory reactions and citric acid cycle B. Glycerol can enter into the citric acid cycle and fatty acids can enter into glycolysis C. Neither glycerol nor fatty acids can enter into the aerobic cellular respiration pathways. They can only be metabolized through anaerobic fermentation pathways D. Glycerol can enter into glycolysis and fatty acids can enter into the preparatory reactions

D

Which of the following may be used to regulate the activity of an enzymes? A. Changes in pH levels B. Changes in temperature C. Feedback inhibition from the product of the reaction D. All of the above are correct

D

Which of the following neurotransmitters interferes with other neurotransmitters to increase drowsiness over the course of the day? A. Serotonin B. Glycine C. Adrenaline D. Adenosine

D

Which of the following organelles plays a direct role in the conversion of nutrients to energy? A. Nucleus B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Ribosomes D. Mitochondria

D

Which of the following organs are responsible for producing and storing bile to assist in lipid digestion? A. Liver and pancreas B. Small and large intestines C. Salivary glands and the mouth D. Liver gallbladder

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding caffeine drinks' diuretic properties? A. Caffeine has no diuretic properties at all, neither do caffeine drinks B. Caffeine is a very strong diuretic and consuming small amounts of caffeine drinks would cause severe dehydration C. Caffeine is a strong diuretic and if caffeine drinks were drank in excess, it would cause dehydration D. Caffeine is a mild diuretic, but it's diuretic properties are more than compensated by its water content

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding the vitamins found in energy drinks? A. Vitamin C is provided in excess and excreted from the body B. Vitamin D is provided in excess and stored in adipose tissue C. Vitamins A and E are provided in excess and stored in adipose tissue D. B vitamins are provided in excess and excreted from the body

D

Which of the following types of cells lacks a true nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles? A. Plant cells B. Animal cells C. Fungal Cells D. Prokaryotic cells

D

Which of the following types of reactions uses water to break apart polymers into the individual monomers? A. Dehydration synthesis reactions B. Combustion reactions C. Redox reactions D. Hydrolytic reactions

D

You are comparing the nutrition facts labels of two energy drinks that both claim to increase energy and mental alertness. Drink 'A' contains caffeine, B vitamins, and amino acids, including taurine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. Drink 'B' contains citicoline, amino acids including taurine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, and supplements including malic acid and glucuronic acid. Which drink is most likely to be most effective at its claims? A. Both drinks would be equally as effective at increasing energy and mental alertness B. Neither drink contains ingredients that are known to increase energy or mental alertness C. Drink 'B' D. Drink 'A'

D

which of the following components of the plasma membrane helps with identification of other cells and with the immune system? A. Cholesterol B. Phospholipid bilayer C. Membrane-spanning proteins D. Glycoproteins

D

Nutrients store energy in the nuclei of there atoms. True or false?

False

The body is able to absorb and use all of the B vitamins that are found in energy drinks. True or false?

False

True or false: Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions, so a steady supply is needed.

False

True or false: Enzymes will work efficiently, regardless of environmental conditions.

False

True or false: once an enzyme is used to catalyze a chemical reaction, it cannot be used again in other reactions.

False

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the _____ tissue of the body.

Fat

Match the following vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble.

Fat-soluble vitamins --> Vitamin A, Vitamin D, & Vitamin E Water-soluble vitamins --> Vitamin B & Vitamin C

According to the _____ law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed.

First

The processes that increase the surface area of food so chemical digestion is more efficient are collectively referred to as ___________ digestion.

Mechanical

Chemical bonds join small molecules called _______ to make larger molecules called polymers.

Monomers

For each of these key organs involve in the breakdown of energy nutrients, select the best description.

Mouth --> breaks up food via mechanical digestion Stomach --> Begins the process of protein digestion & mechanically mixes foods with digestive enzymes Small intestine --> The major organ of digestion and absorption Large intestine --> Reabsorbs water and some salts & eliminates undigested materials

Monosaccharides are given their prefix ("mono-") because they consist of ___ sugar molecule(s).

One

A collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task is called a(n) _____.

Organ

A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common task is called a(n) _____ system.

Organ

A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common task is called a(n) ______ system.

Organ

Molecules that are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms and provide energy for life processes are called ______ nutrients.

Organic

The diffusion of water through a membrane, down its concentration gradient, is called ______.

Osmosis