BIOL 1160 Chapter 22

Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

98%

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

All of the above

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

All of the answer are correct

What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

All of the answers are correct.

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space.

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

around week 20

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are

its large surface area and minimal thickness.

On each side of the chest, the ________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the ________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

parietal; visceral

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

pulmonary ventilation

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

to remove pathogens and debris

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.

visceral and parietal pleurae.

The ________ is the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum forceful inspiration.

vital capacity

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?

It diffuses into the alveoli.

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

It is absorbed shortly after birth.

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?

The capillary constricts.

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?

The ribs and sternum move upward.

Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?

all of the answers are correct

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.

bronchopulmonary segment

which of the following are structural features of the trachea?

c-shaped cartilage

About 23% of the CO2 in the blood is transported as ________.

carbaminohemoglobin

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________.

early childhood, around 8 years of age

The olfactory pits form from which of the following?

ectoderm

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

hyperventilation

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.

increase in

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.

The ________ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum forceful expiration.

residual volume

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

residual volume

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.

resistance

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.

Haldane effect

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?

alveoli

Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.

high;low

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

inspiratory reserve volume.

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?

Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.

Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

alveolar macrophages.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

alveolar type I cell.

An increase in the partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchioles to

dilate

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

erythropoietin

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called

external respiration.

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?

fissure

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?

hemoglobin and oxygen

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called

internal respiration

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

respiratory

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.

transpulmonary pressure

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following?

small venous reserve oxygen

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?

terminal bronchioles

About 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries

combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

difficulty inflating the lungs

Babies can pull oxygen from mom's blood because they have more hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell.

false

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

increase surface area

The main function of serous fluid is to

lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?

oral cavity