BIOL 1260 FINAL REVIEW

Before Monsanto renamed themselves an 'agribusiness' company, what was their primary business?

Chemical Production

What defines a CAFO (not just a characteristic or benefit/drawback)?

Confinement No vegetation

'Tapped' discussed BPA, primarily accusing it of

Disrupting the estrogen response system in human bodies

Nitrogen : Crop yield

Direct Relationship

Polycultures : Need for pesticides

Inverse Relationship

Sediment pollution : photosynthesis

Inverse Relationship

Water temperature : Dissolved oxygen

Inverse Relationship

Competition

(-,+)

Parasitism

(-,+)

Pollinators

(-,-)

Lice and Humans

(-,0)

Bt crops contain a gene from Baccillus thuringiensis that allows for which of the following? A. Resistance to a variety of insect pests B. Drought resistance C. Salt tolerance D. Nutritional enhancement E. Herbicide resistance

A) Resistance to a variety of insect pests

Which of the following would you use to estimate population size IF you were on a tight budget, individuals of the population are difficult to find, and you've always had the motto, "Why reinvent the wheel?" An example would be using carcasses of otters from trappers.

Absolute Count

What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?

Accumulation of plastics in Pacific Ocean

Based on your grades this semester, your parents have gushed to all their friends that you have "evolved" into such a hard-working student! This is not a biological use of the word evolution because

Adaptions are acquired, not random

Cultural eutrophication (as opposed to natural) causes what cascade of events?

Algae overproduce and die; bacteria use up all the oxygen so fish die

People with lighter skin color are found in lower numbers around the equator. Darker skin color filters out more of the sun's harmful rays and is an aid to survival

Artificial Selection

In the PBS Documentary we viewed, what do researchers think was the root cause of the divergence of bonobos from chimps?

Availability of food

Bt corn ears grow larger and contain more kernels than non-Bt corn. Why does this happen?

Bt corn has healthier and more active roots

Why are urban areas more likely to flood after heavy rain than underdeveloped areas?

Buildings and paved roads don't absorb water, so runoff is significantly greater in developed areas

(word cut off I think natural) practices are generally characterized by all of the following except A - Biomimicry B - Water and energy conservation C - Monoculture D - Use of manure as fertilizer E - Increasing biological diversity to control pests

C- Monoculture

Natural Selection varies from artificial selection because natural selection

Can only act on an existing gene pool

At Polyface Farms, what is the correct order of rotation?

Cows, then chickens, because the chickens break apart the feces, eat insects, and integrate the nutrients into the soil

The Haber-Bosh process, which initially used the mass amount of leftover ammonia from the world war, integral in increasing crop yield because

Crops were no longer reliant on soil microbes to 'fix' nitrogen

habitat fragmentation threatens species by

Decreasing the sustainable population size

Female preference drives the selection of extreme male ornamentation

Dinner/life

Bottle Bills : Recycling

Direct Relationship

Industrialized Agriculture: Greenhouse gas emissions

Direct Relationship

A group of one species living in a given area

Ecosystem

All of the biotic and abiotic factors in one area

Ecosystem

(referring to unhappy meals) Science reductionism is an undeniably powerful tool, but it can be misleading when to applied to something like food. Why?

Isolating one nutrient at a time fails to consider the interactions and contexts of the food

What are the unintended consequences of CAFO's

Excessive waste production Antibiotic resistant bacteria Groundwater Pollution

Based on the findings presented in the PBS documentary we watched, human females prefer males with higher testosterone when she is ovulating and males with less testosterone during the remainder of the month

False

In Jacana birds, who have a polyandrous mating system, there is only one of this sex.

Females

Typically, the 'showier' sex, with regards to secondary sex characteristics like ornaments, weapons, or color.

Females

Because it is so heavily tapped for agriculture, industry and municipal uses along its course, The Colorado River rarely reaches its Delta and the gulf of California. About one-tenth of the river's former flow now makes it to Mexico, but most of that is used for farming and cities south of the border. When this occurs, what happens to the estuary?

It becomes saltier

Monsanto is most notably responsible (in the agricultural science field) for

Manufacturing the herbicide Roundup and engineering plants to be resistant to Roundup

Describes a view of nature in which species continually evolve but do not become better adapted because there is constant co-evolution between organisms in a certain niche or group of closely related niches.

Fishers Runaway

The effect of the loss of one species might be relatively small, but the accumulation can cause an ecosystem crash.

Fishers Runaway

Which statement most accurately what population geneticists refer to as "Fitness"

Fitness reflects the number of mates each individual of the population selects

What was the main theme of Urvashi Rangan's TEDx talk about food labeling?

Food labeling isn't done properly and it needs to be more regulated

______________ are organisms that have had their genetic information modified in a way that does not occur naturally; for example, to give them desirable characteristics such as pest or drought resistant

GMO's

Choosier Sex

Males

Most Likely to commit infanticide

Males

Why are cowbirds a particular problem for Kirkland's warblers?

The cowbirds have only recently started parasitizing the warbler nests, so they haven't had time to adapt yet, and the warblers are rare to start with.

Tri-state water wars is an on-going battle over water rights between which states?

Georgia, Alabama and Florida

Crop rotation and intercropping alternate crops such as corn and wheat or soy. The main different between the two practices is

In intercropping, the crops are alternated by space. In crop rotation, the crops are alternated by years.

Fertilizer Use: DO in aquatic ecosystems

Inverse Relationship

Monoculture : Genetic Diversity

Inverse Relationship

Why might local foods be better for you?

Less travel = less contamination Quicker time to the table, and antioxidants die over time

Of the labels Rangan discusses, which one was NOT allowed, despite the fact that it actually had some regulations and would add value to the product? (* The USDA refused the attempt by some producers.

Mad-Cow tested

As per Food Inc, which of the following dictates production of beef (and most likely potatoes and apples, among others) simply because they want uniformity among their products and are the biggest purchaser? Side note - this, as the film indicated, changes production for everyone and all consumers.

McDonald's

Organic foods can have higher nutritive value based on their growth and cultivation. Two of the methods that increase antioxidants are

Slow growth and more stress

Females and males have more equal access to mates, so there is little or no sexual dimorphism in body size

Monogamy

In Unhappy Meals, Michael Pollan's main theme is, "Eat Food. Not too much. _____________"

Mostly Plants

Trophy Hunting is a driving selection in the __________________ direction as sexual selection

Opposing

Urvashi Rangan, an environmental health scientist with Consumer Reports, discussed labels in the current marketplace. Of the ones she discussed, which one does she comment for AT LEAST having SOME regulations?

Organic

Male Chimpanzees have extremely large testicles (150-170 grams, compared to 50 gram average for humans) based on the evolution of this mating strategy

Polygamy

All of the species living in one area

Population

Joe Salatin's Polyface farms, detailed in the short film we viewed in class

Provides an example of a farm using biomimicry and sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is sometimes discredited because

The definition can change based on the interpreter and there aren't any regulations

Although both are considered genetically engineered, the genomes of ____________ organisms include genes from two or more organisms, whereas the genomes of _____________ are simply altered (Flavr Savr Tomatoes)

Recombinant ....... anti-sense

As the environment is restored, the carrying capacity will

Remain Fixed

The selection pressure(s) in sexual selection events can be

Resource Competition

Running and running, but staying in the same place

Rivet

Peacocks have significantly longer tails that contain more eye spots than their counterparts, the drab peahens. Which of the following selection pressures is responsible for selecting for peacocks with optical tails?

Sexual and Natural Selection

_______________________ occurs as runoff travels over disturbed ground, picking up and transporting dislodged particles. This process is gradual, and difficult to detect until it develops into a chronic problem.

Sheet erosion

Farmers and Breeders allowed only the plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce, causing the evolution of farm stock

Stabilizing Selection

If the rainfall is 25 mm/h and the infiltration capacity is 15 mm/h, what is the result?

Surface Runoff = 10 mm/h

If you were studying the importance of the abundance and variety of plants in an ecosystem, you would most likely be gathering data to support

The Bottom-Up Hypothesis

It has been observed that when a pesticide is used for a period of several years, it gradually looses its effectiveness in killing pest species. What is the best explanation for this?

The genetically resistant member of the pest species survive and reproduce a population that is more resistant to the pesticide

Which of the following is NOT an external cost of bottled water discussed in 'Tapped'

The massive cost of bottle water over tap water

You are studying a plant species that has fungus growing in its roots. You remove the fungus and evaluate what happens to the plant. Which outcome indicates a mutualistic relationship?

The plant becomes toxic to herbivores

Concern over the routine use of antibiotics in raising livestock centers around

The potential that bacterial resistance to antibiotics may increase as a result

Brian Wansink was featured in "In Defense of Food" about his research about eating habits. One of his studies that he mimicked in the film supported a direct relationship between

The size of the plate and the size of the food portions

Farms that use the Round-Up ready technology, however, have a big positive trade-off in that

They don't have to till, which reduces fossil fuels and impacts from erosion

Why are Kirkland's warblers particularly vulnerable to human development?

They require young jack pine trees, which tend not to grow where humans live

Fields with Roundup Ready Soy and Corn typically use more Roundup than non-RR soy and Corn.

True

It is more energy-efficient to eat a vegetarian diet than a meat-based diet?

True

One of the benefits of biotechnology is to dramatically reduce the time it takes to have plants (word cut off) characteristics

True

Proximate or Ultimate? Birds lay eggs in the spring or summer, when there is a better chance of survival of the offspring.

Ultimate Causation

Best describe monoculture

growing a single crop over a large area

Subsistence farms use __________________ inputs than industrialized farms

less

One main difference between agriculture in less developed countries is that it takes up a ______________ percentage of the labor force than in a more developed country.

much higher

Subsistence farms are typically ___________ industrialized farms

smaller than