BIOL 1322 Nutrition & Diet Therapy Chapter 6 Smart Book

Choose functions of cholecystokinin.

-signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile -signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Match the drinker classification on the left with the number of drinks on the right. Instructions

abstainer = less than 12 drinks/year light = 1 to 13 drinks/month moderate = 4 to 14 drinks/week heavy = 3 or more drinks/day

Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?

Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential.

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is

cholesterol

Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

elevated triglycerides. elevated LDL cholesterol.

Alcohol can affect _____ (choose the best answer).

every system in the body

Which of the following can contribute to unwanted weight gain?

excess calorie consumption physical inactivity

True or false: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis.

false

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for _____ is 20% to 35% of total calories.

fat

Family history of CVD and increasing age are _____ risk factors for atherosclerosis.

nonmodifiable

You would be at increased risk of heart disease if _____.

your father was diagnosed with CVD before 55 years of age

How many kcal are in one gram of fat?

9 kcal

______________________ is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body.

Alcohol

Describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol.

Alcohol requires no digestion.

What are possible agencies to contact for help with alcohol abuse?

Alcoholics Anonymous (www.aa.org/) Al-Anon/Alateen(www.al-anon.alateen.org/)

_______________ causes the carbon chain to bend _______________ allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Cis fatty acid Trans fatty acid

Pair the type of fatty acid with its corresponding chemical structure. Instructions

Cis fatty acid- Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. Trans fatty acid- Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.

True or false: The chemical process that produces alcohol is not complicated and occurs naturally.

True

Cholesterol is found only in foods from _____ products.

animal

A chronic process that negatively affects the function of arteries and is the cause of most cardiovascular diseases is _____.

atherosclerosis

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from

atherosclerosis.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake______.

between 20 and 35% of total calories

When a person consumes 4-5 or more drinks on a single occasion, he/she is labeled as a _______drinker.

binge

One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of disease, which includes heart disease and stroke

cardiovascular, cvd

Lipids or fats include______.

cholesterol

There is _____ evidence that low to moderate amounts of alcohol impair strength and endurance.

conflicting

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include _____.

coronary artery disease stroke

Alcohol works as a ______________________ suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone.

diuretic

Phospholipids contain a______________ portion, which attracts water, and a______________ portion, which repels water.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

ice cream eggs chicken

The diuretic effect of alcohol is to ______ the excretion of body water.

increase

What are some signs of alcohol dependency?

increased tolerance

Fats and cholesterol are __________________ , a class of nutrients.

lipids

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport ______ through the bloodstream.

lipids

Trans fatty acids resemble saturated fatty acids and provide properties of ______ saturated fatty acids to foods that contain them.

long-chain

What are some common signs of brain damage that can occur in the heavy drinker?

memory loss confusion

Lipoproteins carry different amounts of

protein. cholesterol. phospholipids.

By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much _____ are in most packaged foods.

trans fat total fat saturated fat cholesterol

A ________________ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

True or false: Long-chain fatty acids contain 14 to 24 carbons.

true

An omega-3 fatty acid is______.

unsaturated

The four major classes of lipoproteins are

very low density lipoproteins. low density lipoproteins. chylomicrons. high density lipoproteins.

A(n) ____________________ has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption.

alcoholic

What is the difference in calories between a gram of fat and a gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal

___________ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

Cholecystokinin

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel

Saturated fat (grams) Cholesterol (mg) Trans fat (grams) Total fat (grams) Calories from fat

When a molecule attracts water, it is called _____.

hydrophilic

What are the causes of confusion and memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?

-Neurons shrink. -Alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages. -Brain develops structural abnormalities.

Which is true about alcohol?

-Simple sugars in the absence of oxygen produce alcohol, a metabolic waste. -Commercial alcoholic beverages are made from yeast production. -Alcohol is not a nutrient.

______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

Essential; nonessential

True or false: Fatty acids are always saturated.

False

_________________ acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty Acid

An individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?

HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol

National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Referral Routing Service or Al-Anon/Ala-teen are places to contact for help with problems of______.

alcohol abuse

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as______.

a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length

_____________________ suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland and causes the kidneys to excrete more urine

alcohol

A(n) ______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.

saturated

Structurally, a trans fat resembles a _____.

saturated fatty acid

When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______.

slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood delays alcohol absorption from the stomach

_________________________are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.

statins

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone