BIOL 1407 Final Exam

In African tribes, polygamy, the practice of one man having several wives, is practiced. The advantage to the female is

All of the choices are advantages to the female.

Density-independent factors which play a role in regulating population size in nature include

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation?

All of the choices are correct

Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include

All of the choices are correct similarities.

An ecologist may study

All of the choices are correct.

Chemical cycling may involve all but which of the following?

All of the choices are correct.

Clements proposed the climax-pattern model of succession. Governing factors for this model include

All of the choices are correct.

Halophiles

All of the choices are correct.

If the mutation rate of individual genes is taken to be about one in 100,000 genes per cell cycle across many organisms, we might expect evolution to proceed at a consistent rate for various forms of life. Which factor could make the accumulation of gene mutations faster or slower among different organisms?

All of the choices are correct.

Mass extinctions

All of the choices are correct.

The newest issue of your favorite science magazine has an article about several recently discovered archaeans. These organisms were found living in swamp mud. Based on this information, these archaeans are probably halophiles.

false

Which of the following statements about parasitism is NOT true?

An efficient parasite usually kills its host.

Match the terms with the labeled structures on the diagram.

Dendrite- A Cell body- B Nucleus- C Myelin sheath- D Axon- E

All of these scenarios would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have a chance of success?

strep throat (pharyngitis)

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT

mosquito; humans

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _____, while asexual reproduction occurs in _____.

fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because

True

Fungi and animals share a more recent common ancestor than do fungi and plants.

False

Fungi are thought to have been the first kind of eukaryotic cells that evolved.

Which term can be applied to all of the vertebrates except for the jawless fish?

Gnathostomes

_____ proposed that polypeptides and RNA evolved simultaneously.

Graham Cairns-Smith

In your analysis of a new bacterial species, you gram stained the bacteria and observed them under the microscope. The bacteria appear to have a round shape and a pink color. Based on this information, you would classify these bacteria as

Gram-negative cocci.

horsetails

Gymnosperms are characterized by producing "naked seeds." Which of the following groups is NOT classified as a gymnosperm?

All of the following are true about HIV EXCEPT

HIV must reproduce immediately upon entering a host cell because it cannot survive a latent period.

False

Horsetails are generally found in dry, sandy environments.

protostomes

In _____, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore.

radial cleavage occurs, and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.

In deuterostomes,

The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen.

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true?

sporophyte; gametophyte

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the _____ stage of the life cycle and in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the _____ stage of the life cycle.

xylem; phloem and cork

In large woody plants, the wood is essentially made of _____ and the bark is essentially made of _____.

periderm.

In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by

gametophyte.

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the

diploid sporophyte

In the fern life cycle, the _____ generation is dominant.

haploid gametophyte

In the moss life cycle, the _____ is the dominant generation.

seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.

In the pine life cycle

True

It is believed that eukaryotes evolved their mitochondria from a symbiotic relationship with a free-living aerobic bacteria.

Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria?

It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

Spores released from the underside of the frond germinated on the peat plug and formed the gametophyte called a prothallus.

It is possible to take a mature fern frond and rub the circular brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?

Which of the following is true about genetic drift?

It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population.

The opposable thumb in primates is an example of an ancestral trait in mammals, while mammary glands are an example of a derived trait.

false

Which ocean current runs along the western coast of South America producing cold offshore winds?

Humboldt Current

the presence of branches

Identify the feature found in Cooksonia that qualifies it as a vascular plant.

epidermal tissue - parenchyma cells

Identify the incorrect pairing of tissue type with cell type.

Marchantia

Identify the species that is NOT classified as a pteridophyte.

This plant is a monocot.

Identify this plant as a monocot or eudicot after examining its stem and leaf.

seven

If a plant contains seven bud scale scars this would indicate that the plant is _____ years old.

All of these actions would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide."

If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide," which of the following actions would they take?

the terminal bud

If this structure were nibbled off by browsing deer, it would decrease the potential for an increase in height of the plant.

The principle of parsimony states that a cladogram produces the best hypothesis about relationships of organisms when the maximum number of assumptions is considered.

false

The relationship between plants and their pollinators is a good example of parasitism.

false

Unique features of animals include ingesting their food, having a cell wall, and the ability to move at some point in their life cycle.

false

Of those listed, which level of classification is the most specific?

family

Which figure depicts a punctuated equilibrium model of evolution?

figure b

Short, bristlelike fibers extending from the surface of a prokaryote are known as

fimbriae.

Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis?

It says that first RNA, then DNA, and then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of maintaining a large territory?

It will be energetically expensive to control and defend the territory.

Which statement is NOT true about a protocell?

It would have contained DNA as its genetic material.

Which of the following systems / organs are incorrectly matched with its role in maintaining homeostasis?

Liver - removes excess glycogen from the blood and stores it as glucose.

A study of echinoderm embryos, such as sea stars, confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates. In both, the blastopore becomes the anus. This would be considered

homology.

hypha

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n)

Which of the following associations between organism and nutrient source is incorrect?

humans - carnivores

Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?

Roundworms are all parasitic.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidarians?

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

1) The colony of aggregated cells forms a hollow sphere. 2)Individual cells become specialized for reproduction. 3)A few flagellated cells form an aggregate. 4)Infolding of certain cells creates tissue layers.

The colonial flagellate hypothesis states that animals descended from a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. Place the probable steps in the order which this would occur.

ground tissue

The cortex found in the center of a dicot stem or a monocot root is made of what type of tissue?

True

The current hypothesis about fungal evolution suggests that Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are more closely related than Ascomycota and Glomeromycota.

False

The current hypothesis about fungal evolution suggests that Microsporidia are most distantly related to Neocallimastigomycota.

Which of the following events will occur as an ocean current moves from an equatorial region towards a polar region?

The current will be warm as it leaves the equatorial region and begins to cool as it moves towards the polar region. This in turn will cause the air currents to become cooler as they move closer to the poles, creating a tundra type of biome.

Which statement is NOT true about nervous tissue?

The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron.

Foraminiferans

The deposits of chalky fossils that build the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by

determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

The difference between septate hyphae and aseptate hyphae is

angiosperms

The dominant plants in modern times are the _____ due to their relationship with animal pollinators.

prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT

Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food?

The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently.

Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?

The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.

diploid sporophyte; fern frond

The fiddlehead is a _____ that unfolds into a _____.

rhyniophytes.

The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the

bryophytes.

The first plants to colonize land were the

Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect?

The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.

rusts and smuts.

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the

False

The reason biologists believe that green algae and land plants, both members of the supergroup Archaeplastida, are related is because both of them possess chlorophyll a and b, as well as cell walls made of starch.

a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as

False

The reproductive structures of some cycad species produce nectar, and insects play a role in the pollination of these species.

True

The shoot system of the plant is the aboveground portion that includes stems and leaves for capturing the energy of sunlight.

True

The term "protist" is used to refer to a eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.

The Earth is actually farther from the sun during the period when the Northern Hemisphere is having summer. How can this be explained?

The tilt of the Earth presents the Northern Hemisphere in a more perpendicular angle, and this increased sunlight more than offsets the decrease in sunlight due to the added distance.

What occurs to air currents as they travel from 60° north towards the pole?

The warmed air will rise and cool, producing a low pressure area with high rainfall.

Which of the following examples is best explained by the process of convergent evolution?

The wings of birds and butterflies being used for flight.

British land snails are an example of disruptive selection. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. The different colored snails have the opportunity to interact and breed across the British landscape. Why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species?

There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.

Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that use hydrogen as an electron donor and sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors?

Thermoacidophiles

Many worker bees give their lives to save a bee hive from an attack by bears or other animals. In such cases, we now know that

These worker bees will have a reproductive benefit if the members of the hive survive.

What is the function of the buds formed by hydra?

They are a form of asexual reproduction.

Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true?

They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells.

Identify which of the following feature(s) are found in the cnidarians but not in the comb jellies.

They contain a capsule called a nematocyst.

Which statement is true about prokaryotes?

They do not divide by mitosis.

Which statement is NOT true about retroviruses?

They incorporate themselves into the host cell genome, but replicate independently of the host DNA.

Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments. Mating could be described as "parallel parking" in opposite directions, and cross-fertilizing. Given this information, which of the following is (are) true?

This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

Spirogyra

This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida, is

What is the age structure diagram for a population that has a birthrate higher than its death rate and larger population in prereproductive ages than in reproductive and postreproductive ages?

This population can expect to see a pyramid-shaped diagram that will cause the population to grow in the near future.

near the root tip

To prepare a microscope slide of mitosis, where would one most likely find examples of cell division in a plant?

Communication is an action by a sender that may influence the behavior of a receiver.

True

Dandelions and tent caterpillars, which are r-strategists, are examples of opportunistic species that tend to move in high numbers and rapidly occupy new environments.

True

In trying to limit the growth of a pest, you will have more success if you can reduce the carrying capacity of the environment rather than reduce the population size of the pest.

True

Intrinsic factors, such as behavior and physiology, may affect growth rates of a population.

True

Many species are held below the environmental carrying capacity by predation.

True

Most species are intermediate between r-strategists and K-strategists, and tend to have a type II survivorship curve.

True

Survivorship may be defined as the probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to a particular age interval or as the proportion of the population surviving from the previous age interval.

True

The capacity to learn is inherited and allows the animal to change its behavioral patterns in response to changes in the environment.

True

The endocrine system produces hormones in the body and it can be manipulated to cause an individual to change their behavior.

True

The waggle dance of a bee indicates to other bees in the hive the direction of food.

True

When the number of births plus immigration exceeds the number of deaths plus emigration, a population size will increase.

True

Which of the following reptilian features enabled them to adapt to a terrestrial environment?

Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys

Which of the following lists best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of domain Bacteria?

Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns

Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the domain Archaea?

Unicellular, varying branched lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope, and contain some introns

True

Vascular tissue extends through the roots, stems, and leaves of the entire plant.

phloem.

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is

Which of the following lifestyle changes would have the greatest impact on reducing an individual's environmental impact?

Waiting until later in life to have children and only having one per couple.

True

Water molds are heterotrophic because they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects.

n the near future, the human population is predicted to involve

a decrease in growth in most, but not all, more-developed countries and continued growth in most less-developed countries.

Damage to the parenchyma cells can lead to which of the following issues?

a decrease in the plant's ability to run photosynthesis or store the sugars produced from photosynthesis

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by

a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days.

Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by

a membranous envelope.

Ants following a trail to the sugar bowl in your kitchen are doing so because of

a pheromone pathway laid down by previous ants.

All of the following statements about population distribution are true EXCEPT

a population's distribution is calculated as the number of individuals per unit area.

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap, a colorful flap of skin in the neck region. This is an example of

a prezygotic isolating mechanism.

An example of territoriality is

a red-winged blackbird singing to ward off other males and attract a female to the nest in his fencerow.

A notochord is

a stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development.

Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of

a visceral mass, mantle, and foot.

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by

a water vascular system that regulates water pressure.

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?

amniotic egg

Which of the following skin derivatives is incorrectly matched with the organism on which it is found?

amphibians - epidermal scales

Reptiles evolved from ______ ancestors and were abundant by the ________ period.

amphibians; Permian

Which variable is not a density-dependent factor?

an early cold spell that causes the plants in a given area to die off earlier than normal

All chordates are also vertebrates.

false

All food chains begin with a photosynthetic producer.

false

Binary fission is a form of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells have a different genetic combination than the parent cell.

false

Charles Darwin is credited with creating the binomial nomenclature system of classification.

false

Diagnostic traits can be used to distinguish between species of living organisms only.

false

Domain Archaea is the only domain in which the organisms lack membrane-bound organelles.

false

Dominant alleles are always the most common alleles in a population.

false

A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of

hybrid infertility.

Eukarya are believed to have diverged from the bacterial line of descent. The Eukarya are, therefore, more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea.

false

Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized in part by upper limb malformations. The most likely cause of this disorder would be a mutation in a Pax6 gene.

false

Hurricanes and other severe precipitation events have started becoming weaker and less intense as a result of climate change.

false

You recently discovered a new photosynthetic bacterial cell. Based on your knowledge of prokaryotes, what else should be present in the cell?

many infolds of the plasma membrane

In an analysis of a new bacterial species, a microbiologist finds that the bacteria has an outer layer comprised primarily of proteins. This layer of proteins is known as a glycocalyx.

false

What is the term used to describe the changes in allele frequencies of a population over generations?

microevolution

The Greek terms for "small" and "ball" are the root words for

microsphere

In order for a community to reach the status of climax community, succession must always begin with pioneer species.

false

What type of tissue contracts and accounts for movements of organs or the entire body?

muscle tissue

Which of the following conditions is not necessary to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

mutation

Like most eukaryotic animal cells, bacterial cells are diploid.

false

Organisms today are living in the Pleistocene epoch of the Cenozoic era.

false

Plate tectonics explain that the amount of Earth being formed is much greater than the amount of the Earth's crust being destroyed in subduction zones.

false

Scientists use Italian when constructing scientific names.

false

Snakes, frogs, squirrels, and humans are all classified as being homeothermic.

false

Stratified epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells that can often be found in the lining of blood vessels.

false

The Humboldt Current runs along the coast of South America, carrying nitrogen-rich cold water northward.

false

The early explorers used sailing ships, which were blown by the major winds; therefore, Columbus and other sailors generally traveled from Europe to North America by the mid-latitude westerlies, and returned to Europe by the southern easterlies near the equator.

false

The most successful mammals belong to the marsupials group.

false

Which of the following agents of evolution will help a population become better adapted to its environment?

natural selection

Which body system plays a role in influencing behavior?

nervous and endocrine

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?

no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

Coniferous forests are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT

northern Africa and the extreme southwestern United States.

Which of the following features were required for the the evolution of the amphibians?

notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs

Which is the correct sequence for the evolution of reptilian features?

notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg

The largest biome on Earth is the

ocean (marine aquatic).

Climate is affected and/or characterized by all of the following factors EXCEPT

soil type

Which of the following forms of energy was NOT involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

sound

_____ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time.

speciation

Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy.

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called

spicules.

Which of the following are NOT members of cnidaria?

sponges

The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is

sponges.

Advantages to living in a social group for an animal include all of the following EXCEPT

spread of illness and parasites.

Which type of tissues would be damaged if someone was in a car accident and they had their kidney ruptured due to the force of the impact?

squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle and neural tissues

_____ discovered that a variety of amino acids and organic acids could be produced in the laboratory in a reducing atmosphere with electrical sparks.

stanley miller

Which organs are located in the ventral cavity of the body?

stomach, liver, heart and bladder

The epidermis consists of

stratified squamous epithelial cells.

Which of the following features would be found in the epidermis layer of the skin?

stratified squamous epithelium, cells produce keratin, contain melanocytes, offers a layer of protection against bacteria

All of the following factors will keep a population from growing at its biotic potential EXCEPT

successful reproduction of its members.

In a population with low death rates, this age structure diagram indicates that

the population will continue to grow for some time.

A prokaryotic cell that contains branched-chain hydrocarbons linked to glycerol belongs to an archaean.

true

A reproductive isolation mechanism includes any structural, functional, or behavioral characteristic that blocks reproductive ability.

true

A taxon is the general name for a group of organisms that exhibit a set of shared traits.

true

An environmental change, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, may cause a lysogenic virus to enter a lytic cycle.

true

Ancestral lobe-finned fishes gave rise to modern-day lobe-finned fishes, the lungfishes, and to the amphibians.

true

Animal diversity is due to variations in the expression of ancient genes in addition to the evolution of new and different genes.

true

As the Earth moves from the summer solstice towards the vernal equinox, the equatorial regions of the Earth will be in direct alignment with the sun.

true

Both the neural and endocrine systems play a role in coordinating body activities.

true

Chemosynthetic producers obtain energy by the oxidation of ammonia, nitrites, and sulfides, using this energy to make organic compounds.

true

Convergent evolution has occurred when distantly related species have a structure that looks the same only because of adaptation to the same type of environment.

true

DNA barcoding is a method that can be used to identify any organism.

true

DNA or protein can be used as a ''molecular clock" that tells how long it has been since two species have diverged from a common ancestor.

true

Evidence supports the theory of mass extinctions being caused by crater-forming meteorites that initiated climatic changes.

true

Gene mutation occurs at any time, without respect to the mutation's adaptive value or benefit to the organism.

true

Homeostasis is ultimately controlled by the nervous system.

true

Male birds often perform a special dance or set of physical displays to attract females. This would be an example of a behavioral isolation mechanism.

true

Metamorphosis is a change in form and physiology that occurs during the development of an insect.

true

New data about rRNA led to the three-domain system of classification.

true

Organisms in all trophic levels may be consumed by decomposers.

true

Several lineages of reptiles evolved from a common ancestral stem reptile, each adapting to different ways of life.

true

When a cold ocean current brings rich nutrients to the surface and influences the climate of the region, it is called a(n)

upwelling.

A population in which death rates are higher than birth rates, and the prereproductive group is smaller than the reproductive group, is best represented by an age structure diagram with a(n) _____-shape.

urn

Which of the following groups are considered chordates but are lacking the vertebral column trait?

urochordata & cephalochordates

Most salamanders practice internal fertilization

using spermatophores.

The ________ body cavity will contain the heart, lungs and spleen.

ventral

Identify the correct sequence of events that occur during the reproduction of HIV.

virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell

Hippopotamuses perform territorial displays that include mouth opening. This is _____ communication.

visual

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects

were originally one species but are now two species.

Mixotrophs

which definition would best describe the mode of nutrition of Euglena?

malaria - an amebozoan

which disease is incorrectly matched with the causative agent?

the presence of a light-trapping pigment

which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?

Multicellular

which is NOT a feature found in protozoans?

All of these apply

which of the characteristics apply to the supergroup Archaeplastida?

diplomonads, euglenids and parabasalids

which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavata?

sporozoan - pellicle

which of the following protists is incorrectly matched with its form of locomotion?

mitochondria and plastids

which organelles serve as the energy centers for most protists?

A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.

zygote

Dinoflagellates

"red rides" are produced by massive blooms of

You have been doing extensive research for 30 years on the frequency of coat colors (black, gray, white) in a guinea pig population located in the Andes Mountains. You suspect that your guinea pig population is undergoing stabilizing selection. If this is the case, what would you expect to find when you graph your data? Select all that apply.

(All of the choices) Two peaks, one at each end of the graph.Two peaks, one at each end of the graph. Correct A graph with a single peak towards the far right.A graph with a single peak towards the far right. Correct A graph with a single tall and narrow peak located in the center.A graph with a single tall and narrow peak located in the center. Correct A graph indicating gray guinea pigs have an advantage over black guinea pigs and white guinea pigs.A graph indicating gray guinea pigs have an advantage over black guinea pigs and white guinea pigs. Correct A graph indicating that gray guinea pigs are being selected against.

An average person has about _____ neurons.

1 trillion

Prokaryotes generally range in size from

1-10 µm.

The first known multicellular organisms evolved approximately how many years ago?

1.4BYA

Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level?

10%

If there are 12,000 kg. in the base of an ecological pyramid, how many kg. will be found in the body tissue of the tertiary consumers?

12 kg

Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year

1892

The oxygen in the atmosphere developed approximately _____ billion years ago.

2.0

The first eukaryotic cells probably arose about _____ billion years ago.

2.2

Fossils of prokaryotic cells are dated as far back as approximately _____ billion years ago.

3.8

Plant species A has a diploid number of 28 chromosomes, while Plant species B has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Species A and B produce a hybrid through alloploidy. The diploid number of chromosomes of the hybrid is

42

stomata.

A characteristic of land plants is the presence of small openings, found mostly on the underside of leaves, that allow gas exchange between the plant and its environment. These structures are called

the production of seeds.

A characteristic only shared by angiosperms and gymnosperms is

Entamoeba histolytica.

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is

Which of the following is (are) correct in a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the number of prey causes a decline in the number of predators.

approximately five feet up since a tree grows longer at the tips of its stem, branches, and roots.

A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post, to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The fence is

Trichomonas

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is

male gametophyte.

A microspore develops into a(n)

basidiospore

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n)

False

A normal inhabitant of the vaginal tract that causes "yeast infections" under certain circumstances is Saccharomyces.

Which of the following scenarios is explained by adaptive radiation?

A plant species arrives on an island and gives rise to an extremely diverse clade of trees, shrubs, and other species at a relatively rapid pace.

Which of the following experiments helped B. F. Skinner develop the idea of operant conditioning?

A rat was trained to pull a lever to receive a reward of a food pellet.

ascospore

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n)

cuticle - epidermis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll- epidermis - cuticle

A typical leaf is composed of multiple layers of specialized cells. What is the correct order of layers starting on the upper surface of the leaf and progressing to the lower surface?

The first person who proposed that small organic molecules could have arisen by chemical evolution was

Aleksander Oparin.

Who was the individual who proposed the hypothesis of continental drift during the 1920s?

Alfred Wegener

Which of the following statements is true regarding the theory of continental drift?

Alfred Wegener believed that the continents formed a supercontinent called Pangea.

Which of the following features is not one of the key features that led to the success of the arthropods?

All are features that made arthropods successful.

Which of the following statements about behavior is NOT true?

All behaviors can be explained as fixed action patterns.

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time?

All of the above are correct.

You are employed by the Natural History Museum of Chicago as a wildlife biologist. You recently completed an expedition to Indonesia where you discovered a new and very colorful species of beetle. Based on observations, you hypothesize that sexual selection may be playing a role in the evolution of this species. Which of the following observations would support your hypothesis?

All of the above observations would support your hypothesis.

Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound?

All of the above.

Monotremes

All of the answer choices are correct.

The mammalian lineages include

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following cases is not an example of classical conditioning?

All of the answer choices are examples of classical conditioning.

Which of the following is a function of the skin?

All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

A female chooses a mate by

All of the choices apply.

Nonscientists often use the words ''name," ''identify," and ''classify" interchangeably. When they want to know what an organism is, they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s) of the term(s)?

All of the choices are correct.

Taxonomy

All of the choices are correct.

The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore,

All of the choices are correct.

The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time

All of the choices are correct.

Variation within a population is maintained by

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is required for natural selection to occur in a population?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is/are a biological "population?"

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following likely reflects the presence of one or more gene mutations?

All of the choices are correct.

With the appearance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and aerobic bacteria during the Precambrian era,

All of the choices are correct.

_____ communication occurs within an animal societal unit.

All of the choices are correct.

sharks

All of the choices are correct.

Among the many functions of wetlands is (are)

All of the choices are functions performed by wetlands.

the switch to chlorophyll as the primary photosynthetic pigment.

All of the following are milestones in the evolution of plants EXCEPT

collenchyma.

All of the following are specialized epidermal cells except

celery.

All of the following are taproots that are consumed as vegetables EXCEPT

they are now the most abundant plant group on land.

All of the following are true about bryophytes EXCEPT

archegonia.

All of the following structures are associated with lycophytes EXCEPT

Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following features is not part of the ecological niche of a white-tailed deer?

All of these are part of a white-tailed deer's ecological niche.

Which of the following studies would lie outside of an ecologist's skill set?

All of these are part of an ecologist's skill set.

Which of the following functions performed by the skin would be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of the body?

All of these are vital functions of the skin and would be compromised.

As animals take in food energy, approximately 10% of it is made available to the next level in the food chain. Which of the following is one of the ways in which the energy is used by the organism and not passed along?

All of these are ways in which the organism uses the energy.

Excluding humans, which group of organisms is most likely to change the abiotic factors within an ecosystem?

All of these can change the abiotic factors within an ecosystem.

Incoming solar radiation affects

All of these choices are directly or indirectly affected by solar radiation.

Which of the following factor(s) limit(s) exponential growth of a population?

All of these choices limit exponential growth.

Which of the following circumstances would cause exponential growth to move into a logistic growth phase?

All of these would cause exponential growth to move into logistic growth.

If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, what would be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"?

All would be necessary to switch to a "DNA world."

Which of the following scientific names includes an eponym?

Allium hendersonii

ingesting contaminated water or food.

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through)

______ were the first vertebrates to live on land and they evolved from _____.

Amphibians; fish

conidiospore

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n)

a lateral branch or a flower.

An axillary bud may produce

spongy mesophyll

An insect destroying the _____ layer of tissues in a leaf would lead to a decrease in the ability of gas exchange within the leaf.

Which of the following statements about taxonomy is NOT true?

Analogous structures are derived from a common ancestral structure to perform the same function.

dioecious

Angiosperms are referred to as _____ when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species.

mode of reproduction.

Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT

Which statement most accurately describes the colonial flagellate hypothesis?

Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.

True

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi invade plant roots, with many species forming mutualistic associations that benefit both the fungus and the plant.

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

Archaea & Bacteria

Which domains replaced kingdom Monera?

Archaea and Bacteria

Which of the following domains include the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in kingdom Monera?

Archaea and Bacteria

Which of the following are the three domains proposed in Woese's classification system?

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Which phylum contains the greatest diversity of animal species?

Arthropoda

cycad

As a botanist working for a field museum, you spend many hours in the field looking for new species of plant. On a recent trip, you came across a group of plants that may represent a new species. Each plant has seeds but they are not encased in fruit. Additionally, you notice that male and female cone structures are found on different plants. The cones are very large, and you determine average weight to be 30 kg. In which of the following groups would this plant most likely be classified?

Rhyniophyte

As a botanist working for a field museum, you spend many hours in the field looking for new species. On a recent trip you may have discovered a new plant species. The plant is very short, and has a stem but no roots or leaves. The stem forks and has branches that have sporangia on the tips. Further analysis reveals vascular tissue. What type of plant might you have discovered?

Lycophyte

As a botanist working for a field museum, you spend many hours in the field looking for new species. On a recent trip you may have discovered a new plant species. Your observations of the new plant include small leaves with a single, unbranched vein and roots that seem to be simple extensions of the stem. Your new plant species is probably a(n):

there was an increased threat from predation by animals.

As plants invaded the land, all of the following were true EXCEPT

Which is most closely associated with negative feedback?

As the temperature falls in a house, the heater comes on.

the detachment of gemmae.

Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by means of

Which piece of evidence would best support the theory of continental drift?

Australia, South America, and Africa all share a similar mammalian fauna due to the lineage being present on Gondwana.

_____ is the interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources that are in limited supply.

Competition

False

Fossils of vascular plants appear earlier in the fossil record than those of algae.

Whittaker's classification included kingdom Monera, which included all prokaryotes. Why is this classification obsolete?

Based on molecular data, Monera has been divided into the two distinct domains, Archaea and Bacteria.

alveolates & stramenopiles

Based on the evolutionary tree shown, which of the following pairs of protists are most closely related?

nucleariids

Based upon the current evolutionary tree, which of the following groups would have the closest evolutionary relatedness to the fungi?

Chytridiomycota

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi?

Which of the following features are found within the lophotrochozoa?

Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.

All of the choices are correct.

Bilaterally symmetrical animals

What is the body's response to a rise in temperature above 37.0 degrees C?

Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate which increases blood flow to the surface of the skin. Environmental variables will help decrease the temperature of the blood. The nervous system also activates the sweat glands which help decrease temperature.

Some enveloped animal viruses enters a host cell by

Both B and C; fusion of their envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope and endocytosis

Which method of reproduction is used by members of phylum Echinodermata?

Both sexual and asexual

What do the founder effect and the bottleneck effect have in common?

Both the founder effect and the bottleneck effect are forms of genetic drift.

True

Brown algae that live along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and the water-retaining material in their cell walls.

Which of the following major divisions of geologic time is mismatched with the organisms that flourished during that time period?

Cambrian Period—Age of Fish

It was during the ______ period within the ______ era that chordates made their first appearance.

Cambrian, Paleozoic

When and where did the first multicellular protists evolve?

Canada, 1.4 BYA

Amphibians were the dominant animal life during the ________ period.

Carboniferous

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant cells?

Centrioles are present during mitosis.

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT

How will cheetahs use pheromones to increase their foraging success?

Cheetahs will scent-mark their territory to warn other cheetahs to stay out. This will decrease their competition for food within their territory.

_____ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon.

Classification

Identify the features unique to protostome development.

Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastopore becomes the mouth, and the cleavage is spiral.

Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is NOT true?

Columnar epithelium is cube-shaped with the nucleus near the upper surface of the cells.

All of these choices pose a problem.

Consider the possibility that we discover a gene that regulates both the amount of root hairs and where root hairs grow on a root tip. Since the surface area provided by root hairs is so critical to their uptake of water and nutrients, expanding their growth area seems a great advantage. However, which of these might be a problem?

All of the choices are reasonable.

Considering that leaf stoma have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is (are) reasonable?

_____ is said to occur when a similar trait evolves in two unrelated species while _____ is when a species evolves in response to another species.

Convergent evolution; coevolution

Which of the following mass extinctions is correctly matched with the date of the extinction?

Cretaceous—65.5 mya

lichens

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of

Stoneworts

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the _____ are most closely related to land plants.

Match the terms with their correct definition.

Dendrite- part of the neuron that sends signals toward the cell body Cell body- The part of the a neuron that contains the major concentration of the cytoplasm and nucleus Nucleus- a membrane bound organelle within a neuron that contains the chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell Myelin sheath- white fatty material that forms a covering over nerve fibers Axon- elongated portion of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

Which of the following statements about the value of the nitrogen cycle to an ecosystem is NOT true?

Denitrification removes nitrogen from the atmosphere and converts it to a form that plants can use.

The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells.

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen.

Which of these diagrams represents an age structure diagram of more-developed countries?

Diagram A

False

Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds.

contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time.

Dikaryotic cells of fungi

Which of the following statements about natural selection are true? Select all that apply.

Directional selection occurs when one extreme phenotype in the population is favored, Disruptive selection favors two extreme phenotypes, Directional selection is most common in stable environments.

Which biological events took place during the Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era?

During the Paleozoic Era, three mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants, while during the Mesozoic Era, gymnosperms became the dominant plant life.

Which of the following mass extinction events is correct?

During the Permian period, over 90% of the species disappeared due to an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

phloem

During the spring and fall each year thousands of maple trees are tapped for their fluids in order to make "real" maple syrup. If you were to tap into a maple tree to extract the syrup (sucrose) which tissue layer do you want to tap into?

False

Each time a diatom reproduces sexually, the size of the daughter cells decreases until diatoms are about 30% of their original size. At this point, they begin to reproduce asexually.

Which phyla are classified in the Deuterostomia?

Echinodermata and Chordata

Which of the following statements best describes the jawless fishes?

Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin.

A multicellular organism with no cell wall would belong to which domain?

Eukarya

_____ lakes are nutrient-rich and tend to have large populations of algae.

Eutrophic

plants and green algae share a significant number of structural similarities in root, stem, and leaf structures.

Evidence for the evolution of plants from a freshwater algal species is supported by all of the following EXCEPT:

Altruism is very rare in societies where the individual's genes have a greater chance of being passed on by other individuals of the society.

False

Auditory communication is the most effective form of communication in every environment inhabited by animals.

False

During operant conditioning, the stimulus-response connection is weakened by repeated punishment.

False

Fireflies use pheromones to communicate with each other at night because it increases the chance the receiver will get the message.

False

Parasitism, competition, and predation are density-independent factors that help control population size.

False

Since the population of the LDCs is still growing at a significant rate, one would correctly assume that the LDCs consume a much larger proportion of the Earth's resources.

False

The basic level of an ecological study always begins by looking at how populations interact with each other.

False

The genetics inherited by an individual will completely control their behavior.

False

The similarity in the behavior of identical twins, even if separated at birth, is evidence that behavior is due to environmental influences.

False

Waiting until later in life to have children and only having one per couple.

False

Zero population growth will be achieved as soon as couples have only replacement reproduction, with two children per couple. Group starts

False

taproot

Farmers have been able to genetically engineer a wide variety of crops that possess an enormous diversity of traits. If a farmer wanted to increase the ability of his crops to access ground water that is several meters below ground which type of root system would he want?

Which statement about connective tissue is NOT true?

Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage.

moss.

Flagellated sperm and a sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte are characteristics of

Which of these statements is NOT correct about flatworms?

Flatworms are deuterostomes.

Most homeowners pull the bush out without clearing enough of the soil from around the root system. This causes the lateral roots and root hairs to be torn off.

Many homeowners often attempt to transplant bushes and small trees but with limited success. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

What are the main features of melanocytes?

Melanocytes are found in the epidermis and they produce melanin when exposed to UV light. The melanin is then distributed to epidermal cells.

Which of the following time periods contains the others?

Mesozoic

are in the same clade and form a monophyletic group.

Molecular data shows that land plants and charophytes

False

Molecular data suggest that mosses, hornworts, and liverworts have individual lines of descent, but that they form a monophyletic group.

charophytes.

Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from

True

Monocot roots have centrally located ground tissue called pith, surrounded by a ring of xylem and phloem bundles.

Members of a population of guinea pigs exhibit one of three possible coat colors: black, gray, or white. Due to habitat loss, the population has recently colonized a new environment that has areas of black rocks as well as areas of white rocks. In addition, this new habitat contains several predators. If you could visit this population several generations later, what kind of phenotypic pattern, in terms of coat color, would you expect to find in this population?

Most guinea pigs would be either black or white.

False

Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae in which the algae takes advantage of the fungi.

False

Mycorrhizae are associations between bacteria and the roots of select plants.

truffles.

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are

_______ is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli.

Nervous tissue

________ make(s) up more than half the volume of the brain.

Neuroglia

Consider that a species of salmon lays 20,000 eggs per pair when it spawns and dies. At the end of five years, an average of one pair of mature salmon from this group of hatched eggs returns again to spawn in the parent stream (19,998 have not survived). What is the growth rate of this population?

None - because there is exact replacement of the previous generation

The scientific name of the American copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix and the scientific name of the Australian pygmy copperhead is Austrelaps labialis. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

None of the above are correct.

Which of the following would change the allele frequencies of a population?

None of the answer choices would change allele frequencies of a population.

In speciation which of the following is mismatched?

None of the answers are mismatched.

When comparing archaea with bacteria,

None of the choices are true.

Which region of the Earth receives the least amount of solar radiation during the December winter solstice?

Northern Hemisphere

Which description best explains the difference between orientation and navigation?

Orientation by birds can be achieved by using the sun or stars in order to determine the direction they should be flying. Navigation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to environmental clues.

Which of the following molecules are believed to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Oxygen

A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait and is hidden in much of the human population. A survey of his class of 36 students finds that 9 students are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would be the expected allelic and genotypic frequencies in this theoretical population?

P =.5 q =.5; p2 =.25, 2pq =.50, q2=.25

False

Penicillium is a club fungus that is used to make beer and wine.

Which list of traits is characteristic of the ecdysozoans?

Periodically shed their outer covering, nonsegmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an exoskeleton, and undergo metamorphosis.

Which of the following features is common among the roundworms as well as the arthropods?

Periodically shed their outer covering.

All of the choices are plant root functions.

Plant roots function to

Which kingdom is correctly described?

Plants: multicellular and photosynthetic

digitoxin

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT

_____ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, it is infertile.

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

_____ occurs when one living organism feeds on another.

Predation

The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence?

Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals

is most commonly asexual by mitosis

Protists reproduction

Which of the following statements about ecological pyramids is true?

Pyramids built upon the biomass of organisms at each level eliminate size as a factor.

The fact that a nucleic acid is a very complicated molecule suggests that

RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and then nucleic acids.

Some viruses never use DNA to carry out protein synthesis and have only RNA as their genetic material. This would lend evidence to which theory?

RNA-first hypothesis

Which of the following list of features describes the molluscs and bivalves but not the annelids?

Reduced cephalization, contain a muscular foot and a mantle, may possess a hard outer shell.

Which of the following statements about stratified temperate zone lakes is NOT true?

Rich nutrients from the continual production of detritus accumulate near the surface of the lake.

Which of the following are ways in which scientific names are derived? Select all that apply.

Scientific names can include geographic descriptions, Scientific names can be derived from the name of a person, Scientific names can be descriptive, Scientific names can be based on mythical characters.

Sphagnum—Bryophyta.

Seedless vascular plants include all of the following EXCEPT

If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?

Shellfish seasonally produce toxic substances AND Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species

All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

Slime molds were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi?

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why?

Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology.

What is the correct order of events during primary succession?

Soil formation occurs - pioneer species enter the region - shrubs begin to grow - small trees begin to grow

In the case of the peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black moths were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was verifying which factor involved in evolution by natural selection?

Some individuals are better adapted to a particular environment than other individuals.

Which of the following statement(s) about the hydrologic cycle is (are) true?

Some water evaporates from land and from plants.

sac fungi

Species of _____ are known to decompose jet fuel and wall paint.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges?

Sponges have three tissue layers.

True

Strawberry plants vegetatively reproduce by forming new plants where the nodes of stolons touch the ground.

True

The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes.

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as H5N1 or H2N2. If they are both flu viruses, why do they differ in their H and N numbers?

The H and N numbers indicate the type of glycoprotein spikes found in the viral envelope.

Which of the following lists of mass extinctions and eras is correct?

The Precambrian experienced 0, Paleozoic experienced 3, Mesozoic experienced 2, and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions.

False

The gymnosperms produce seeds that are enclosed within a fruit.

Consider the consequences of a harmless prey that evolves toward mimicry of a model that has an antipredator defense (Batesian mimicry). What happens to the effectiveness of this defense as more and more prey in the population are harmless mimics? Then consider what happens when a species with bad taste evolves to resemble a model that stings (Mullerian mimicry).

The increased number of Batesian mimics dilutes or weakens the protection afforded by the warning color pattern, but the addition of more Mullerian mimics only strengthens the protective mimicry complex.

False

The largest and oldest trees in the world that are pollinated by animals are conifers.

root cap.

The layers of cells that protect the root apical meristem are the

What is the main reason that mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of the dinosaurs?

The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs.

Which statement is NOT true about cartilage?

The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts.

What is most likely to occur when an individual is exposed to UV radiation?

The melanocytes will produce melanin, the melanin is distributed into epidermal cells, a steroid is converted into vitamin D and stem cells can mutate leading to cancer.

epidermis.

The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following EXCEPT

most of the photosynthesis occurs here.

The mesophyll layer of leaves is important to plants because

What is the main reason that the oceans play a larger role than land masses in determining the temperature of air masses?

The ocean holds its temperature longer than land masses.

False

The outer annual rings where transport occurs is called heartwood.

Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution?

The outer membrane of a mitochondrion and chloroplast resembles a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell.

ergot

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is

True

The part of a mushroom that we eat is usually the reproductive structure that supports the fruiting body.

lichens

The presence of _____ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe.

a - b - f - c - d - g - e

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of phylum Basidiomycota? a. Cytoplasmic fusion results in a dikaryotic mycelium. b. The mycelium produces basidiocarps. c. Nuclear fusion produces a diploid nucleus. d. Meiosis produces basidiospores. e. Spores germinate into haploid hyphae. f. Basidia develop on the gills of the mushroom. g. Basidiospores are released.

a - d - b - e - c

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of phylum Zygomycota? a. Hyphae of opposite mating strains touch each other. b. Gametangia merge, nuclei pair and fuse. c. Spores are released from the sporangium. d. Gametangia form at the end of the hyphae. e. A thick wall develops around the zygospore.

a - e - c - d - b - f

What is the correct sequence of events during the life cycle of a moss? a. Gametes are produced in the archegonia and antheridia. b. Spores are released. c. The zygote develops within the archegonium. d. The mature sporophyte develops from the gametophyte and produces spores. e. Flagellated sperm swim towards the egg for fertilization. f. Spore germinates into the protonema.

protonema.

When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n)

basidiospores

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles?

Cycads

Which group of gymnosperms is found in tropical and subtropical forests?

Ginkgoes

Which group of gymnosperms is represented by only one surviving species?

rusts and smuts—truffles

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product?

Volvox—filamentous

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description?

All of the answer choices apply to megaphylls.

Which of the following descriptions applies to megaphylls?

They are limited to only asexual reproduction.

Which of the following does NOT describe phylum Ascomycota?

True

Which of the following does NOT describe phylum Ascomycota?

The plant will contain one cotyledon, have parallel veins in the leaves, and the flowers will be in multiples of threes.

Which of the following features are necessary to classify a plant as a monocot?

megaphylls

Which of the following features would NOT be found in bryophytes?

dispersal of gametes by wind

Which of the following features would disqualify a plant from being classified as a bryophyte?

a cuticle

Which of the following features would have helped early plant ancestors evolve to a terrestrial existence?

cup fungus / Glomeromycota

Which of the following fungi/Phylum associations is incorrect?

Lycophytes

Which of the following groups of plants contain microphylls?

Molecular data shows a similarity in DNA/RNA base sequences.

Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals?

The adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

the evolution of photosynthesis in order to supply the energy necessary to live on land

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment?

waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of plants to life on land?

triploid gametes

Which of the following is NOT part of an alternation of generations life cycle?

pollen cone

Which of the following is a male reproductive structure found in plants?

fern and gymnosperm

Which of the following is a nonvascular plant? Select all that apply.

protection of the embryo

Which of the following is a trait that evolved in ALL land plants?

plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoa?

Giardia lamblia—malaria

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes?

sporangiospores

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction?

The megaspores will develop into female gametophytes.

Which of the following statements about lycophytes is correct?

A and C are correct. (fungi may enter... and the presence of the fungi...)

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true?

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring which stores water and the products of photosynthesis.

Which of the following statements best describes a herbaceous eudicot stem?

A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.

Which of the following statements describes mycorrhizae?

The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root?

A very rapid kind of communication that works at a distance and in the dark is

auditory communication.

The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi?

conidia

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction?

These are all are stem adaptations.

Which of the following structures is a stem adaptation instead of a root adaptation?

rhizome

Which of the following structures is an underground horizontal stem?

None of these are restricted to just the zone of cell division of the root tip.

Which of the following tissue types are found only in the zone of cell division of the root tip?

epidermis

Which of the following tissue types will produce root hairs within the zone of maturation?

epidermal tissue

Which of the following tissues forms the outer protective covering of the plant?

ground tissue

Which of the following tissues makes up the majority of the interior of the plant?

vascular tissue

Which of the following tissues transports water and nutrients within the plant?

heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter

Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals?

saprotrophic

Which of the following traits is NOT found in both fungi and animals?

None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced?

collenchyma

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of cells with primary walls thickened at the corners that provide support for immature parts of the cell body?

xylem

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of hollow nonliving tracheids and vessel elements that transport water and nutrient minerals from the roots to the leaves?

phloem

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of sieve-tube members and companion cells, and transports organic nutrients made in the leaves?

parenchyma

Which of these plant tissue types most closely corresponds to the "typical" unspecialized plant cell?

The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant?

gnetophytes

Which of these vascular plants produce seeds?

sieve-tube members

Which of these vascular tissue cells is alive but lacks a nucleus?

The endodermis forms a boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder of the root and contains impermeable lignin and suberin.

Which one or more of the following is true about root endodermis?

protoderm - vascular tissue and procambrium - epidermal tissue

Which one or more of the following meristem and tissue matches are mismatched?

gametophyte

Which portion of the plant life cycle is haploid?

cyst - a reproductive structure

Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function?

In eudicots, the photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.

Which statement about leaves is NOT correct?

Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.

Which statement concerning body symmetry is NOT correct?

Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars.

Which statement is NOT true about vascular tissue in plants?

Secondary phloem accumulates to form the wood.

Which statement is NOT true about woody stems?

Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on root surfaces.

Which statement is NOT true of the epidermis of a plant?

The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist.

Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals?

All of the choices are correct.

Yeasts

False

You are studying a newly discovered fungus and find an area of a hyphae that contains cells with two nuclei. You should classify these cells as diploid.

cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.

You need to identify a plant, but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground and mixed with leaves from other plants. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinating seeds are not available either. Your best clue to identify the plants as a monocot or a eudicot is to

Euglena

______ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes.

An example of a pheromone in humans is

a chemical released by males that reduces premenstrual tension in women.

All the populations of all the different species interacting with one another in the same environment is called

a community

At one time it was thought to be impossible to operate within the body cavities. Then the Canadian doctor, William Beaumont, operated on a patient with a gunshot wound to the stomach. A few decades later came breakthroughs in heart operations and transplants. The 1990s was called the decade of the brain because of the extensive research being done on how the brain functions. Name the body cavities associated with these breakthroughs in order.

abdominal-thoracic-dorsal.

The formation of simple organic monomers, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotide bases, from inorganic molecules is

abiotic synthesis.

In the water cycle, most of the evaporated equatorial water that rises and does not immediately rain back down proceeds to

about 30° north or south and then cools and condenses, supporting a band of moist vegetation.

Altruism is

actions of an animal that immediately benefit others rather than itself.

Several species of Caribbean Anoline lizards have evolved from a single ancestral species. The species occupies a wide variety of ecological niches, such as tree trunks and the ground, or tree trunks only, or tree trunks and the crown of trees, etc. This type of allopatric speciation is called

adaptive radiation.

The biological species concept is limited, and may not be applied to

all of the answers

Reproductive isolation

all the answers

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs?

all the answers

When discussing population features, a cohort is described as

all the individuals in a population born at the same time.

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California. As they migrate southward, populations are separated by the Central Valley. With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley, genetic differences accumulate. What type of speciation occurs under these conditions?

allopatric speciation

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier?

allopatric speciation

Adaptive behavior has probably been selected by evolutionary processes because it

allows the animal to produce the largest number of viable offspring.

Energy flow in an ecosystem begins with

autotrophs

Flukes are divided into the groups Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers, while Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians. Digenea have at least two hosts, and are named for having two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase).an endoparasite and Digenean.

an endoparasite and Digenean.

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT

an evolutionary "family tree" is used to identify species based on a common ancestor.

MacArthur discovered that five species of warblers coexisted on spruce trees by foraging on the same caterpillar, but in different places of the tree canopy. This is

an example of resource partitioning.

In your analysis of a newly discovered bacterial species, you find the bacteria reduce carbon dioxide to organic compounds but do not produce oxygen. The nutritional mode of this new bacterial species is most likely

anoxygenic photoautotroph

Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support one rabbit?

approximately 100 plants

Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support a family of hawks (Mom, dad, and juvenile. Assume each hawk needs the same number of calories per day.)?

approximately 1800 clover plants

Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many rabbits, per day, does it take to support the hawk?

approximately 6

Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support one hawk?

approximately 600 clover plants

Researchers have discovered that there is a small remnant population of endangered bluegrass left in a small prairie plot outside of Kansas City. If there are approximately 850 individuals in the cohort, how many individuals can the researchers expect to find alive at the end of the summer, 6 months later?

approximately 700

Characteristics of birds include all of the following EXCEPT

aquatic reproduction.

Prokaryotes that require high salt concentrations would be classified as

archaeans.

Ocean currents

are generated by friction between winds and ocean surfaces.

Opportunistic species

are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats.

Mutations that result in resistance to specific antibiotics in bacterial organisms occur

at any time, even when the bacteria are not exposed to the drug.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

The first cells gave rise to

bacteria and archaea.

A thin layer of protein, within epithelial tissue, that anchors the epithelium to the extracellular matrix is the

basement membrane.

Which association between zone and description is NOT correct?

bathypelagic - sunlit portion of the ocean

If you were using cladistics to construct a phylogenetic tree of birds, what is the best outgroup?

bats

Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to

be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by their flash pattern, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of

behavioral isolation.

The portion of a lake or stream that harbors worms, clams, and other organisms is the

benthic zone.

Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography, are called

biomes

The maximum rate of natural increase of a population that occurs under ideal conditions is the

biotic potential.

All of the following statements concerning birds are true EXCEPT

birds have small, relatively under-developed brains.

Which is NOT a structure seen in compact bone?

bony bars and plates with irregular spaces between them

Which of the following features are found in the lobe-finned fish but are not present in the cartilaginous fish?

bony skeletons and lungs

Dinosaurs were the dominant group during the Mesozoic Era and many scientists believe that they were

both endothermic and ectothermic. Some scientists believe that certain dinosaurs were endothermic while others believe that certain dinosaurs were ectothermic.

An ecosystem contains

both the biotic and the abiotic components of the local environment.

Two communities may have exactly the same number of species, yet one might be measured as having a greater species diversity. What defines species diversity?

both the number of species and the evenness or relative abundance of individuals of the different species

The northern elephant seal was hunted almost to extinction during the 18th and 19th centuries. Less than 100 seals were left to contribute to the gene pool of their future generations. Since the early 20th century, the elephant seals have been protected by law in both the U.S. and Mexico. Over 100,000 seals now inhabit the western shores of North America, all related to the small population that survived the slaughter of hunters.Scientists fear the elephant seals may be more susceptible to disease and pollution due to

bottleneck effect.

Besides humans, _____ have one of the most complex languages in the animal kingdom.

bottlenose dolphins

The Gulf Stream

brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe.

The temperature is nearly uniform throughout a lake

by the end of the fall and spring overturn.

What is the correct sequence of organisms if a community is going through secondary succession? a. grasses establish themselves in the community b. shrubs establish themselves in the community c. soil formation occurs d. trees establish themselves in the community

c - a - b - d

It was during the ______ period within the ______ era that chordates made their first appearance.

cambrian; paleozoic

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

carbon monoxide

What type of tissue is striated, contains cells with one nucleus, and is not under voluntary control?

cardiac muscle

Which organ system does NOT play a role in acquiring materials and energy?

cardiovascular

Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?

cardiovascular system

Placental mammals that are predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are

carnivores

Placental mammals that are predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are

carnivores.

Population size levels off at the _____ of an environment.

carrying capacity

Which of the following features are shared by all of the jawed fish?

cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, gills and scales

You are analyzing some material gathered from a bacterial cell. You find it tests positive for both polysaccharides and amino acids. What part of the bacterial cell did this sample come from?

cell wall

The correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity is

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Which of the following communication methods would be most effective for a species that lives in the tropical rainforest and is active at night?

chemical

Which form of communication is used by social insects to modify the behavior of the colony?

chemical communication

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

There are tubeworms and clams that live at the bottom of the ocean near thermal vents that do not have direct access to sunlight so they derive their energy from

chemosynthetic bacteria.

The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens, ducks, and humans. Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks, and 13 differences between chickens and humans. Based on this information, one can conclude that

chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans.

Pavlov's well-known experiment of a dog salivating at the sound of a bell ring is an example of

classical conditioning.

The amphibians' common receptacle for the urinary, genital, and digestive canals is the

cloaca

The amphibians' common receptacle for the urinary, genital, and digestive canals is the

cloaca.

Identify the correct sequence that freshwater will flow through.

clouds - streams - river - wetlands - delta - ocean

The frequent change in HIV surface proteins is a type of

coevolution

What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues?

collagen

A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries a bad-tasting organism on its back, which is contrary to its normal behavior. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten. There is no apparent benefit or harm in this relationship for the "backpack" organism. This is probably a case of

commensalism.

A(n) _____ consists of all the populations of multiple species interacting in a designated region.

community

What occurs when two species with very similar niches live in an overlapping range?

competitive exclusion

Which of the following biomes will receive migratory animals, such as caribou, from the tundra?

coniferous forest

What tissue type is characterized by being a transport medium for nutrients and also includes blood and adipose tissues?

connective tissue

What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?

connective tissue

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT

constant body temperature.

The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early Earth means that the atmosphere

contained little or no free oxygen.

All of the following statements concerning the theory of continental drift are true EXCEPT

continental drift has ceased.

Energy flow in an ecosystem is NOT cyclic because energy is

converted to heat, which is no longer useful.

All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT

crossing over.

The population growth rate is negative when

death rate is greater than birthrate.

The only heterotrophs required in an ecosystem are

decomposers.

The sequence of decreased death rate followed by a decrease in birthrate is called

demographic transition.

As the carrying capacity of an environment is approached by a population,

density-dependent environmental resistance increases.

Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

derived

A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the

desert

Which of the following pairings of organisms and their method of obtaining nutrients is incorrect?

detritivores - inorganic matter

The morphological species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called _____, to distinguish one species from another.

diagnostic traits

Kansas and Pennsylvania are approximately at the same latitude. Yet why are the potential natural communities in Kansas mostly grassland and in Pennsylvania mostly temperate forest?

different levels of moisture

At the beginning of a research project on egg laying in seagulls, a researcher noted that the birds laid an average of 7-9 eggs per clutch. After studying the population for 15 generations, the researcher noted that the birds were now laying 3-4 eggs per clutch. What type of natural selection is occurring in the population of gulls?

directional

Over the course of millions of years various environments have changed. As grasslands slowly took the place of forests the inhabitants were forced to adapt or they went extinct. During this time period the horse gradually evolved from a small cat sized creature to the size of the modern horses we see today. This is an example of which type of natural selection?

directional

A rain shadow is the region where heavy condensation precipitates out, as warm, moist air rises and then cools on the windward side of mountain ranges.

false

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

directional selection

The duckbill platypus is different than most mammals because it

doesn't give birth, but lays eggs.

What is the correct order of the Linnaean system of classification, starting with the most general category?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class

Human tapeworm infections occur by

eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.

Periodically shedding their outer covering is a feature unique to the

ecdysozoans.

A pond represents a(n) _____, while the minnows represent a(n) _____.

ecosystem; population

The innermost portion of a virus's structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA.

It is likely that the protocell was

either heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic.

Scientific discoveries have provided evidence that the _____ systems are involved in behavior.

endocrine and nervous

When conditions are unfavorable, some bacteria form

endospores

White blood cells fight infection by

engulfing infectious pathogens and making antibodies.

Which of the following is a proximal cause that will stimulate birds to migrate?

environmental stimuli such as changes in temperature

In what order do these layers occur in deep lakes in the temperate zone during the summer?

epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion

Which of the following correctly pair ocean and lake zones?

epipelagic - limnetic

Exocrine glands that secrete products onto the surface of the skin through ducts are classified as _____ tissue.

epithelial

What type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces?

epithelial tissue

Which region of the Earth would have the greatest solar exposure during the vernal equinox?

equatorial regions

Which of the following is NOT strictly a freshwater community?

estuaries

Due to its high productivity and biological diversity, this biome is considered the "nursery" of the sea.

estuary

Single-celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains?

eukarya

The _____ was proposed to help explain speciation that appears in the fossil record.

evolutionary species concept

All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT

exoskeletons

All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT

exoskeletons.

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms

exploit a variety of new environments.

Some genes can bring about radical changes in body shape and organs. The Pax6 gene is one such gene and is involved in

eye formation in all animals.

A Gram-negative bacteria will have a peptidoglycan layer that is sandwiched between two plasma membranes and will stain purple.

false

A community that contains a low species diversity will often have a high species richness.

false

A population of organisms that reproduce asexually will display more variation than a population that reproduces sexually.

false

Compared with the numbers of grasshoppers or deer, there are not as many mountain lions. The reason that large top-level carnivores are more rare in an ecosystem is because

food chains are only 10 to 20% efficient at each step, and top carnivores are therefore limited by the availability of food in their range.

Ecologist Robert MacArthur observed that five species of similar warblers coexisted on spruce trees because they

foraged in different places of the tree canopy.

Sea stars are unique in their ability to regenerate body parts. If part of an arm and part of the central disk become detached from the "parent" sea star, it can grow into a new sea star. This process is called

fragmentation

All of the abiotic conditions under which a species can survive when adverse biotic conditions are absent is known as its

fundamental niche.

Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are saprotrophic by absorption?

fungi

In _____, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg.

gametic isolation

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is known as a

gene mutation.

Scientists have discovered gene products, including the hormone ELH, that control all components of egg-laying behavior in Aplysia slugs. This discovery confirms that

genes can control endocrine gland secretions that control behavior.

The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canis represents the species'

genus name

In which model of evolution are many transitional forms predicted?

gradualistic

Which of the following biomes is characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores?

grasslands

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as

habitat isolation.

The particular place where an organism lives is its

habitat.

Which of the following structures begins in the dermis and extends to the surface of the epidermis?

hair follicles

The time that it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to change into another stable element is its

half-life

Fossils from the Paleozoic are plentiful because

hard body parts evolved in plants and animals.

Skeletal muscle

has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpendicular to the length of the cell that produce contractions.

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.

Marine annelids (polychaetes) are different than earthworms in that polychaetes

have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have.

If there is gene flow between two adjacent populations of the same species, then the two populations will

have similar gene pools.

The major body parts of an insect include:

head, thorax, and abdomen.

Which of the following statements concerning homeostasis in body temperature is NOT true? The body reacts to

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

herbivore - eats producers and performs photosynthesis

The recessive allele for sickle cell anemia is more prevalent in regions of Africa where malaria is prevalent, than it is in regions where there is no malaria. This is due to

heterozygous advantage.

Which genotype is most likely to survive in a region of the world that contains malaria?

heterozygous for hemoglobin shape

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of

hybrid inviability.

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur when

hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species.

Learned behavior that causes a family of baby ducks to follow their mother is called

imprinting.

Altruistic behaviors between closely related animals

increase the inclusive fitness of the altruist.

Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods are _____ fossils.

index

Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does not apply well to human populations because

individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population.

A type II survivorship curve, drawn by plotting the number of individuals in a given population alive at the beginning of each age interval, is characterized by

individuals dying at a constant rate throughout time.

The "hardwired" or inherited set response patterns that are described for a male cheetah spraying a pheromone to mark its territory, a bee performing a waggle dance, or a cricket singing to sort out mates, are

inherited systems that are evolutionarily adaptive.

The type of learning that is associated with an organism solving a problem without any prior experiences with the situation is called

insight learning.

Generally the respiratory system in birds

is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.

If a virus is latent, it

is not actively replicating.

All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it

is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

In a population, the allele frequency for red flower color remained at 0.7 and the allele frequency for white flower remained at 0.3 for six generations. This _____ an example of a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in that _____.

is; evolution did not occur

Which of the following groups had made their appearance during the Ordovician period?

jawless and jawed fish

The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have

jaws

The vertebrates without jaws include

lampreys

The vertebrates without jaws include

lampreys.

Amongst the chordates, which features are unique to the tunicates?

leathery outer covering and an excurrent siphon

All of the following are terrestrial biomes EXCEPT

lentic systems.

The sunlit portion of a lake where rooted plants are not found is the

limnetic zone.

All of the following are functions of connective tissue EXCEPT to

line body cavities and cover surfaces.

Which aquatic zone will provide a habitat for invertebrates and many small fish?

littoral zone

Amphibians evolved from

lobe-finned fishes with lungs.

Which of the listed organisms do not possess the necessary features to be classified as a member of phylum Mollusca?

lobsters

Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the _____ life cycle.

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _____ cycle.

lysogenic

Study the life cycle diagram. Label A is the _____ life cycle.

lytic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

lytic

The history of life on Earth can be studied by looking at

macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level is referred to as _____, whereas evolutionary change below the species level is known as _____.

macroevolution; microevolution

Homeostasis is the

maintenance of normal internal conditions by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

There are several species of grain beetles that live on dry meal and do considerable damage to stored grain. In an experiment, a dozen jars of dry meal are set up and fifty individuals of each species, both males and females, are added to each jar. The food supply is not quite sufficient to last for six months and the size of the jar is adequate so that wastes do not become toxic. Most likely, examination of the jars in six months will find

only one species per jar.

The Jones family has a plan to encourage good behavior in their children. When a child completes daily chores, that child receives a gold star. The earning of fourteen gold stars allows the child to choose between a visit to the movie theatre or the park. This is an example of

operant conditioning.

Which event and date is mismatched?

origin of life—4.8 billion years ago

Which of these is a bivalve?

oyster

In order to train an individual through classical conditioning, the researcher must

pair the presentation of two different stimuli together.

The scientific study of fossils and what they reveal about prehistoric life in relation to ancient climates and environments is

paleontology.

During fertilization in humans, sperm reach the egg by traveling through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In which body cavity does the sperm locate the egg ?

pelvic cavity

The number of growing seasons that a plant survives is determined by two flower-inducing genes, LEAFY and Apetala 1. If scientists were to block these genes resulting in an annual plant to survive multiple growing seasons, how would this plant now be described?

perennial

Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they

periodically shed their outer covering.

The four defining characteristics of chordates are

pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.

In some chordates, the _______ is (are) replaced by ________.

pharyngeal pouches; gills

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

placenta

The easiest method of preventing sea stars from moving is to

plug their madreporite.

Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning

poison

Sympatric speciation in plants, as a result of _____, is well documented.

polyploidy

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area at the same time are known as a

population

Bangladesh has 2,596 persons per square mile, while the United States has 780 persons per square mile and Canada has 9 persons per square mile. These statistics compare the _____ of these countries.

population densities

How is environmental impact measured in a population?

population size and resource consumption

In lactation, the more a baby suckles his mother's breast to obtain milk, the more milk is produced. This is an example of a

positive feedback loop.

Is it possible that the carbon atoms in your body may have once made up the living tissues of another person or animal in earlier times? This is

possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere.

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Which type of succession would occur after a volcanic eruption?

primary

In a grazing food chain,

primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms.

The part of a body of water where light does not penetrate is the

profundal zone.

The segments of a tapeworm that contain female and male sex organs are called

proglottids.

Which hypothesis states that the synthesis of DNA or RNA from the small molecules in the ocean would have come after the evolution of the plasma membrane and enzymes?

protein-first hypothesis

Scientists developed the _____ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.

punctuated equilibrium

If the members of a population are small in size, mature early, and have high parity and fecundity, they are

r-strategists.

Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate?

radial symmetry

A unique species of snail has been discovered in the Negev Desert. At night, these snails use a toothlike rasping organ in their head to scrape up porous limestone; they then digest the algae that lived in the rock pores. This scraping organ is the

radula.

Which of the following conditions is necessary to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

random mating

The actual conditions under which an organism exists in nature constitute its

realized niche.

The making of a short-term reproductive sacrifice in order to maximize future reproductive potential is called

reciprocal altruism.

The most common source of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms is

recombination of alleles through meiosis and fertilization

Reinforcement would eventually

reduce the formation of hybrids.

The process in which natural selection favors the continual development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms is called

reinforcement.

If a person is trying to use operant conditioning on their child, they would need to

repeatedly encourage the child to perform a behavior and then reward the good behavior so the child associates the behavior with the reward.

The biological species concept relies mainly on _____ to define a species.

reproductive isolation

The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT

reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.

Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its RNA genome into DNA?

reverse transcriptase

Name one of the smallest, if not the smallest, animals that are sometimes referred to as "wheel animalcules."

rotifers

The tropical grassland in Africa is called the

savanna

Identify the organisms that belong to the phylum that are included in the Deuterostomia.

sea stars and crocodiles

If you wash your skin and hair several times a day, you will soon have dry skin that easily cracks and bleeds because the oils you have removed are necessary to keep the skin supple. This oil is

sebum secreted by sebaceous glands.

The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was

separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation.

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?

sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing upward

What is the most plausible explanation for why the male of most bird species have elaborate plumage and mating rituals?

sexual selection

An increase in fitness due to competition among males and mate choice by females is a result of

sexual selection.

A(n) _____ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group.

shared ancestral character

Hair is a character shared by all mammals, but not found in their ancestral lineage. Hair is therefore considered to be a(n)

shared derived character (trait).

In cladistics, _____ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms.

shared, derived traits

Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

small population

Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings

suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.

Wetlands are generally classified by their vegetation. Wetlands dominated by trees and shrubs are _____ and wetlands dominated by grasses and sedges are _____.

swamps; marshes

Which feature is found in the bony fish but not in the cartilaginous fish?

swim bladder

A person working in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by

swimming or wading in infected water, where the cercariae enter the skin.

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term

sympatric

A male leopard nuzzles the female's neck to calm her and to stimulate her willingness to mate. This is an example of _____ communication.

tactile

Primate grooming and honeybee waggle-dancing share which of these forms of communication?

tactile communication

A forest found in a broad belt in northern Eurasia and North America, with conifers and swamps, is called the

taiga

What type of scientist classifies organisms into groups?

taxonomist

Which biome is characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and quickly blooming plants?

temperate deserts

If the mean annual precipitation of a region, currently characterized by grasslands, was to increase by 50 cm. per year, what type of biome(s) would evolve in that region?

temperate forests

The ranges of the red-legged frog and the yellow-legged frog overlap in California. The red-legged frog (Rana aurora, left) breeding season lasts from January to March. The closely related yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii, right) breeds from late March through May. What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is mainly responsible for keeping these two species separate?

temporal isolation

Dogs scent-mark by defecating and urinating in an area, while cats scent-mark by rubbing against objects. Both of these increase the animals level of fitness and are examples of

territoriality

The Carboniferous Period is extremely significant to our current society because

the Carboniferous forests turned into the coal that fuels modern society.

Sponges feed differently than comb jellies because a sponge feeds by

the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.

The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is monitored by nerve tissue. If you exercise strenuously, the increase in cellular respiration consumes oxygen from the blood and produces surplus carbon dioxide removed in the blood. Since this physical exertion requires faster breathing to replenish oxygen supplies and carry away carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide sensors result in signals from the brain to increase breathing rate. After you have rested, and carbon dioxide levels are back to normal, your breathing rate decreases too. This is an example of

the dynamic interplay between events that tend to change the internal environment and events that tend to keep it the same.

If the small groups of Viking explorers in Greenland and North America had survived and given rise to new populations, such a scenario would be an example of

the founder effect.

During the course of fish evolution, two of the gill arches evolved into ________.

the jaw

red algae

the members of the supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the

five different supergroups

the most widely accepted formal classification assigns them to

Plants

the opisthokonts include all of the following organisms EXCEPT

n the logistic growth curve formula, when N is very large, (K-N)/N is almost equal to 0, which results in

the population growth slowing to zero.

In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they occupy

the same habitat but different niches.

Farmers sprayed litchi trees to suppress populations of scale insects. However, the spray also killed populations of a predatory lacewing that controlled the scales. Soon the spraying did no good, and the damage to the leechi from the scales was greater than before spraying had occurred. Few predatory lacewings exist in the trees now because

the scale insect was r-selected and the high number of young included a resistant strain; the predator was K-selected and will take longer to produce a resistant variety.

Which of the following best represents analogous structures?

the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT

their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.

The mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals were the

therapsids.

A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep, hot, acidic biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface. What type of organisms would most likely be found in this deep biosphere?

thermoacidophilic archaea

Which of the following is a mismatch?

thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures

The position of mammals in evolution is best described as

they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Jurassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.

All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT

they require hot, acidic environments for methanogenesis.

Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves

time for development of the soil.

Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called

transduction

The place where two plates meet and scrape past one another, creating stress that results in earthquakes, is a(n)

transform boundary.

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called

transformation.

Which of the following does NOT characterize tundra?

trees

What is the correct order of biome distribution starting at the lowest elevation and moving to higher elevations?

tropical forest - deciduous forest - montane coniferous forest - alpine tundra

What biome has a mean annual precipitation over 250 cm. with relatively little seasonal variation, and warm temperatures over 20°C?

tropical rain forest

A biome with complex structure, warm weather, plentiful rainfall, and diverse species is a

tropical rain forest.

As the average global temperature continues to increase, which type of biome(s) will take over the regions currently inhabited by temperate forests?

tropical seasonal forests

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can metabolize effectively in the presence or absence of oxygen.

true

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi.

true

The bottleneck effect is thought to be responsible for the loss of genetic variability in certain populations.

true

The cephalochordates possess an atrium that is used to filter microscopic food particles out of the water.

true

The distribution of mammalian fossils on Australia, South America, and Africa help support the idea of continental drift.

true

The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle could be thought of as a taxonomist since he sorted organisms into groups based on a set of shared traits.

true

The first species to begin secondary succession are called pioneer species, or colonizers.

true

The formation of the ozone shield during the Precambrian era helped to create favorable conditions for the evolution of terrestrial life forms.

true

The founder effect is an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population.

true

The lack of oxygen in the ancient Earth's atmosphere was beneficial because oxygen combines with organic molecules to prevent them from forming polymers.

true

The structure that directs food into the body of a rotifer is called the corona.

true

The three processes that are commonplace throughout the evolutionary history of a species and illustrate that macroevolution is not goal-directed are speciation, diversification, and extinction.

true

Wegener first presented the idea of continental drift in 1920 and this theory was confirmed in 1960.

true

When creating a molecular clock, investigators often use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) because it mutates much more quickly than nuclear DNA.

true

You have been studying a newly discovered species of lemur. You have established that sexual selection has been a powerful force in the evolution of this species and it is clear that female choice plays an important role in determining which males procure mates. After many hours of observation and data collection, you find that females prefer males that are more proficient at collecting sap and fruit. You should conclude that your data strongly supports the good genes hypothesis.

true

Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that it would have been possible only after the development of

true cells

A treeless region with little rainfall in the far north is the

tundra

Which of the following biomes is characterized by little rainfall, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0°C?

tundra

Based on molecular data and skull features, what reptile(s) has an independent lineage from all other reptiles?

turtles

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians?

two-chambered heart

Consider the life of the praying mantis. The large, predatory female lays several hundred eggs in a foam mass in the fall. The young are most vulnerable when they emerge in the spring, but the few that survive spread out over the countryside and, if they find a mate, lay eggs the following fall. Which type of survivorship curve does this represent?

type III