Biol 1407 Test 2

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is A. Trichomonas vaginalis. B. Entamoeba histolytica. C. Plasmodium falciparum. D. Giardia intestinalis.

B

Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. infection. E. replication.

B

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi? A. Zygomycota B. Chytridiomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Glomeromycota

B

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT A. oral thrush. B. strep throat (pharyngitis). C. athlete's foot. D. ringworm.

B

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction? A. mushrooms B. ascocarps C. conidia D. gametangia

C

This question involves reading a cladogram, but I can't copy and paste the image. Please refer to the actual exam.

N/A

You are analyzing some material gathered from a bacterial cell. You find it tests positive for both polysaccharides and amino acids. What part of the bacterial cell did this sample come from? A. cell wall B. S-layer C. glycocalyx D. nucleoid E. cell membrane

A

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of A. green algae. B. dinoflagellates. C. ciliates. D. amoebozoans. E. apicomplexans.

B

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n) A. sporangiospore. B. conidiospore. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. zygospore.

C

All of the following are true about HIV EXCEPT A. HIV carries RNA as its genetic material. B. HIV contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. C. HIV must reproduce immediately upon entering a host cell because it cannot survive a latent period. D. cDNA precedes double-stranded DNA.

C

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the _____ are most closely related to land plants. A. Volvox B. Spirogyra C. Stoneworts D. Ulva E. Chlamydomonas

C

Dikaryotic cells of fungi A. are just another form of haploid cells. B. is just another name for diploid cells. C. contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time. D. are nonseptate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning. E. are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.

C

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen. A. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells. B. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic fungi would no longer be available for the cyanobacterial cells. C. The fungi would start to dry out due to the lack of water retention ability. D. There wouldn't be any type of impact to the lichen at all.

A

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because A. fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells. B. they "hide out" inside of cells, and have long latent periods where medications can not get to the organism. C. they mutate very rapidly and therefore become resistant to most medications. D. All of the answer choices are correct.

A

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _____, while asexual reproduction occurs in _____. A. mosquito; humans B. humans; mosquitoes C. tsetse fly; humans D. deer tick; deer

A

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are A. truffles. B. yeast. C. chytrids. D. ergot.

A

Prokaryotes that require high salt concentrations would be classified as A. archaeans. B. bacteria. C. cyanobacteria. D. viruses. E. thermoacidophiles.

A

Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by A. a membranous envelope. B. both DNA and RNA. C. either DNA or RNA. D. a protein capsid. E. a protein spore coat.

A

The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _____ cycle. A. lysogenic B. lysozyme C. lytic D. lysol E. lysosome

A

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is A. ergot. B. Penicillin. C. Rhizopus. D. Saccharomyces. E. Aspergillus.

A

The presence of _____ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe. A. lichens B. ergot C. yeast D. morels E. smuts

A

What are the two prokaryotic domains? A. Archaea & Bacteria B. Eukarya & Bacteria C. Archaea & Eukarya D. Protista & Archaea

A

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product? A. rusts and smuts—truffles B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae—beer and wine C. Penicillium—blue cheese D. Aspergillus—soy sauce

A

Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true? A. They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells. B. They are bacteria that decompose large organic molecules. C. Saprotrophs are also called decomposers. D. They are ecologically important in recycling matter.

A

Which of the following does NOT describe phylum Ascomycota? A. They are limited to only asexual reproduction. B. They use conidiospores during reproduction. C. Morel mushrooms are members of this phylum. D. The fruiting body is known as an ascocarp.

A

Which of the following is a mismatch? A. thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures B. methanogens - prefer anaerobic environments C. halophiles - live in high salt environments D. thermoacidophiles - live in high temperatures and acidic environments

A

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction? A. sporangiospores B. zygospores C. ascospores D. basidiospores

A

Which of the following statements describes mycorrhizae? A. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants. B. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants. C. A mycorrhiza is a parasitic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants. D. None of these statements describes a mycorrhiza.

A

In your analysis of a newly discovered bacterial species, you find the bacteria reduce carbon dioxide to organic compounds but do not produce oxygen. The nutritional mode of this new bacterial species is most likely A. oxygenic photoautotroph. B. anoxygenic chemoautotroph. C. anoxygenic photoautotroph. D. oxygenic chemoautotoph. E. anoxygenic chemoheterotoph.

C

Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year A. 1965. B. 2001. C. 1892. D. 1700. E. 1650.

C

Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning A. extremely small. B. non-living. C. poison. D. contagious. E. particle.

C

Protist reproduction A. is only asexual by binary fission. B. is only sexual by mitosis. C. is most commonly asexual by mitosis. D. is most commonly sexual by meiosis.

C

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true? A. Fungi may enter the cortex of plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells. B. Plants are harmed, while fungi benefit. C. The presence of the fungi gives plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals. D. A and C are correct. E. A, B, and C are correct.

D

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced? A. Ascomycota—conidiospores B. Zygomycota—sporangiospores C. Chytridiomycota—zoospores D. None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

D

Which statement is true about prokaryotes? A. They contain a nucleus. B. They lack ribosomes. C. They usually lack a cell wall. D. They do not divide by mitosis. E. They contain a long, linear strand of DNA as the genetic material.

D

Yeasts A. are members of Ascomycota. B. reproduce asexually by budding. C. are responsible for beer, wine, and bread production. D. All of the choices are correct.

D

Short, bristlelike fibers extending from the surface of a prokaryote are known as A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. villi.

C

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle. A. lysogenic B. lysozyme C. lytic D. lysol E. lysosome

C

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT A. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. B. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria. C. prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. D. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium.

C

Which disease is incorrectly matched with the causative agent? A. fish kills—dinoflagellate B. fish ick—a ciliate C. malaria—an amoebozoan D. African sleeping sickness—a trypanosome

C

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph? A. the presence of mitochondria within the cell B. the ability to synthesize organic compounds C. the presence of a light-trapping pigment D. the presence of cellulose in the cell wall E. the ability to synthesize inorganic compounds

C

Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that use hydrogen as an electron donor and sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors? A. Halophiles B. Methanogens C. Thermoacidophiles D. Cyanobacteria

C

Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals? A. They both possess a cell wall made of chitin. B. Both are heterotrophic. C. Molecular data shows a similarity in DNA/RNA base sequences. D. Some fungi and animals have flagella.

C

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoa? A. amoeboids and euglenoids B. plasmodial and water molds C. plasmodial and cellular slime molds D. cellular slime molds and radiolarians E. choanoflagellates and diplomonads

C

Which statement is NOT true about retroviruses? A. HIV is a retrovirus. B. They contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. C. They incorporate themselves into the host cell genome, but replicate independently of the host DNA. D. cDNA is used as a template to transcribe double- stranded DNA.

C

You recently discovered a new photosynthetic bacterial cell. Based on your knowledge of prokaryotes, what else should be present in the cell? A. mitochondria B. chloroplasts C. many infolds of the plasma membrane D. additional plasmids E. viral DNA

C

Halophiles A. require a high salt environment. B. increase the chloride level within their cells. C. may be chemoheterotrophs or photosynthetic. D. use bacteriorhodopsin to capture solar energy. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidium. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

E

Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include A. the same ribosomal proteins. B. similar tRNA. C. similar initiation of transcription. D. that they are more closely related to each other than to the bacteria. E. All of the choices are correct similarities.

E

Some enveloped animal viruses enters a host cell by A. injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell. B. fusion of their envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope. C. endocytosis. D. All of the above. E. Both B and C.

E

The difference between septate hyphae and aseptate hyphae is A. a difference in haploid and diploid cells. B. a distinction between saprotrophic fungi and parasitic or disease-causing fungi. C. a classification trait that separates basidiomycotes from ascomycotes. D. a distinction between plasmodial masses with many nuclei and nonliving zygospores. E. determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

E

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the A. stinkhorns. B. yeasts. C. truffles. D. lichens. E. rusts and smuts.

E

The members of the supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the A. diatoms. B. dinoflagellates. C. multicellular green algae. D. brown algae. E. red algae.

E

Which definition would best describe the mode of nutrition of Euglena? A. carnivorous B. decomposer C. heterotrophic D. photoautotrophic E. mixotrophic

E

Which of the following fungi/phylum associations is incorrect? A. button mushrooms / Basidiomycota B. morel mushroom / Ascomycota C. Chytriomyces / Chytridiomycota D. black bread mold / Zygomycota E. cup fungus / Glomeromycota

E

Which of these is the best description of a virus? A. a noncellular living organism B. the smallest bacteria known C. a member of the kingdom Virusae D. an invasive cell E. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

E

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to A. the kingdom Protista. B. five different supergroups. C. domain Archaea. D. domain Eubacteria

B

The opisthokonts include all of the following organisms EXCEPT A. animals. B. plants. C. fungi. D. choanoflagellates.

B

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. infection. E. replication.

A

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi? A. The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. B. The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. C. The vast majority of fungi are unicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. D. The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a single hyphae and multiple mycelium. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.

A

Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals? A. heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter B. heterotrophic & absorb food C. multicellular & saprotrophs D. saprotrophs & contain cell walls of cellulose E. saprotrophs & contain cell walls of chitin

A

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most protists? A. mitochondria and plastids B. chloroplasts and Golgi bodies C. mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondria and nucleus

A

Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals? A. The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist. B. The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived on the terrestrial environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist. C. The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a multicellular protist. D. The ancestor was a multicellular organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a flagellated protist.

A

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n) A. zygospore. B. conidiospore. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. sporangiospore.

B

Identify the correct sequence of events that occur during the reproduction of HIV. A. virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell B. virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell C. virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - mature viruses leave the host cell D. virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell

B

If a virus is latent, it A. cannot be a retrovirus. B. is not actively replicating. C. has not entered a lysogenic cycle. D. is gaining a new envelope via "budding." E. is easy to develop immunity against it.

B

In order to infect a cell, a virus must A. inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. B. have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell. C. actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus. D. produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell.

B

Species of _____ are known to decompose jet fuel and wall paint. A. club fungi B. sac fungi C. AM fungi D. chytrids

B

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by A. amoebozoans. B. foraminiferans. C. ciliates. D. diatoms. E. dinoflagellates.

B

The innermost portion of a virus's structure is made up of A. a membranous envelope. B. either DNA or RNA. C. both DNA and RNA. D. a protein capsid. E. microtubules.

B

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as A. a simple cooperative mutualism between normally free-living strains. B. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association. C. an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells. D. a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level. E. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi, but the fungi do not benefit from the association.

B

When conditions are unfavorable, some bacteria form A. pili. B. endospores. C. galls. D. capsules. E. thylakoids.

B

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? A. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from anaerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from aerobic bacterium. B. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. C. Eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. D. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria.

B

Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its RNA genome into DNA? A. DNA helicase B. reverse transcriptase C. DNA ligase D. reverse helicase

B

Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans? A. heterotrophic B. multicellular C. usually motile D. eukaryotic

B

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? A. Chlamydomonas—unicellular B. Volvox—filamentous C. Ulva—multicellular D. Chara—multicellular

B

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavata? A. euglenids, amoeboids, and cellular slime molds B. diplomonads, euglenids, and parabasalids C. diplomonads, euglenids, and diatoms D. foraminiferans, radiolarians, and fungi

B

Which protistan structure is NOT correctly matched with its function? A. pseudopodia—movement and feeding B. cyst—a reproductive structure C. trichocyst—defense and capture of prey D. pyrenoid—synthesis of starch

B

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion while fungi are heterotrophic by absorption. B. Plants have cell walls of cellulose; fungi have cell walls of chitin. C. The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen. D. Fungal spores develop into haploid hyphae; in animals, haploid gametes combine to form a diploid organism.

C

In your analysis of a new bacterial species, you gram stained the bacteria and observed them under the microscope. The bacteria appear to have a round shape and a pink color. Based on this information, you would classify these bacteria as A. Gram-negative bacilli. B. Gram-positive spirilla. C. Gram-negative cocci. D. Gram-positive bacilli. E. Gram-positive cocci.

C

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is A. Plasmodium. B. Giardia. C. Entamoeba. D. Trichomonas. E. Paramecium.

D

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidium. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

D

All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT A. conjugation. B. transformation. C. transduction. D. crossing over.

D

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) A. the bite of a mosquito. B. the bite of a tsetse fly. C. having sex with an infected partner. D. ingesting contaminated water or food.

D

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of A. rusts and smuts. B. mushrooms. C. yeasts. D. lichens. E. mycorrhizae.

D

If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide," which of the following actions would they take? A. place a ban on eating shellfish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catanella B. decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem C. ban swimming and other recreational activities in the area D. All of these actions would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide."

D

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have a chance of success? A. spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos B. developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the host's bloodstream C. devising an insect repellant that would prevent the Anopheles mosquito from biting a human host Incorrect D. All of these scenarios would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

D

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as H5N1 or H2N2. If they are both flu viruses, why do they differ in their H and N numbers? A. The H and N numbers indicate the geographical region in which the virus was discovered. B. The H and N numbers indicate the order in which the virus was discovered. C. The H and N numbers indicate the toxicity of the virus to humans and nonhumans. D. The H and N numbers indicate the type of glycoprotein spikes found in the viral envelope.

D

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT A. muscarine and muscardine. B. psilocybin, a structural analog of LSD and mescaline. C. ergot alkaloids. D. digitoxin.

D

Prokaryotes generally range in size from A. 10-400 nm. B. 20-300 mm. C. 10-100 µm. D. 1-10 µm. E. 50-100 nm.

D

Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT A. size and shape. B. their type of nucleic acid. C. the presence or absence of an envelope. D. their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.

D

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction? A. penetration, attachment, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, release B. endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release C. attachment, fusion, biosynthesis, maturation, and release D. attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

D

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be A. mycelia. B. sporangiospores. C. hyphae. D. basidiospores. E. conidiospores.

D

Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria? A. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. B. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. C. It is composed of a thick inner layer of peptidoglycan and a double layer of plasma membrane on the outside. D. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. E. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of cellulose.

D

Which of the following protists is incorrectly matched with its form of locomotion? A. amoeboids—pseudopodia B. ciliates—cilia C. zooflagellates—flagella D. sporozoan—pellicle

D

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? A. Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness B. Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis C. Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery D. Giardia lamblia—malaria

D

All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT A. they produce methane from CO2 and H2. B. they live in the intestinal tracts of cows, humans, and termites. C. they live in swamps and marshes. D. their biogas may contribute to global warming. E. they require hot, acidic environments for methanogenesis.

E

Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound? A. hydrogen gas B. hydrogen sulfide C. ammonia D. nitrites E. All of the above.

E

This question has a diagram of the lytic/lysogenic cycles. Need to be able to identify which cycle is represented.

See test for this question