BioL 160 - ch 8/9/10/12 pearson questions

What is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome? A chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome, whereas a chromosome consists of DNA wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner. A chromatid always consists of a double-stranded DNA molecule, whereas a chromosome always consists of a single-stranded DNA molecule. Chromatids consist only of DNA, whereas chromosomes consist only of proteins. Chromosomes are always replicated, whereas chromatids are not.

A chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome, whereas a chromosome consists of DNA wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner.

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? ADP sugar ATP glucose as spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy

ATP

At the end of cellular respiration, protons flow through a protein called ATP synthase, which drives the formation of __________________. acetyl-CoA cytochrome C ADP from ATP and inorganic phosphate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

The noncyclic electron flow of photosystem II and I splits water to donate electrons and produce a proton gradient (motive force). The electrons are accepted by NAD+ to make NADPH. The proton gradient is used to make ______ through the _______. ATP; carbon dioxide water; oxygen NADH; oxygen ATP; ATP synthase

ATP; ATP synthase

A conformational shape change is necessary for enzymes to do what? Allow for catabolic reactions to occur Allow for allosteric regulation Allow for anabolic reactions to occur All of the above answers are possible outcomes of conformational shape change of an enzyme.

All of the above answers are possible outcomes of conformational shape change of an enzyme.

Which of the following can change the shape of an enzyme? Temperature pH All of the listed responses are correct. Phosphorylation

All of the listed responses are correct.

When electrons in photopigments become excited, what is the result of the energy input? They can cause fluorescence or heat emission. The energy can be transferred to a nearby pigment. All the above are possible outcomes. The energy can be used in a redox reaction.

All the above are possible outcomes.

Which is true of the metabolic pathway shown here? A → enzyme 1 → B → enzyme 2 → C → enzyme 3 → D C is the substrate of enzyme 2 and the product of enzyme 3. B is the product of enzyme 1 and the substrate for enzyme 2. Molecule A is both a substrate and a product. Molecule D is both a substrate and a product

B is the product of enzyme 1 and the substrate for enzyme 2.

Which of the below is the general reaction for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + Energy 6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

What two types of defects does a cancerous cell possess? Cancerous cells possess defects that make proteins required for cell growth inactive and tumor suppressor genes active. Cancerous cells are prevented from dividing and have inhibited growth patterns. Cancerous cells lack the ability to carry out cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cancerous cells possess defects that make proteins required for cell growth active and tumor suppressor genes inactive.

Cancerous cells possess defects that make proteins required for cell growth active and tumor suppressor genes inactive.

What molecule is produced in the citric acid cycle as a by-product of glucose oxidation and is considered a waste product? Carbon dioxide ATP FADH2 NADH

Carbon dioxide

What is occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle? DNA is synthesized. Cells monitor DNA to ensure that proper replication has been completed. Replicated chromosomes are compacted and distributed to produce two daughter cells. Cells begin to synthesize new materials after having completed a round of cytokinesis.

DNA is synthesized.

During which checkpoint would damaged or improperly replicated DNA halt progression through the cell cycle? M phase G1 S G2

G2

What is the correct sequence of steps in cellular respiration, starting with glucose? Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, fermentation Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pyruvate processing, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation

Plant leaves contain openings called stomata, which allow the diffusion of _______. O2 and CO2 H2O, CO2, and O2 O2 CO2

H2O, CO2, and O2

H+ ions / ATP

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, ______ are pumped across a lipid bilayer to create a proton gradient. ATP synthase then uses the potential energy stored in this proton gradient to drive synthesis of ________.

NADPH / NADH

In photosynthesis, _____ transfers electrons from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle. In cellular respiration, ________ shuttles electrons from glucose oxidation to the electron transport chain.

H2O

In photosynthesis, this molecule donates electrons to photosystem II. In cellular respiration, it is a waste product that contains the electrons that left the electron transport chain.

CO2

In photosynthesis, this molecule is a required input for the Calvin cycle. In cellular respiration, it is released as a waste product from glucose oxidation.

Glucose

In photosynthesis, this molecule is produced by the Calvin Cycle. In cellular respiration, it is oxidized through a series of reactions to extract electrons for their use in the electron transport chain.

O2

In photosynthesis, this molecule is released as a waste product from photosystem II. In cellular respiration, it is the final electron acceptor required by the electron transport chain.

During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell actively participating in the functions of a multicellular organism as well as undergoing all the preparation for cell division? G2 Interphase S phase G1

Interphase

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP. It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction.

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.

Pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, is processed into acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule. What happened to the missing carbon? The carbon is added to ADP to make ATP. It is added to NAD+. It is lost as carbon dioxide (CO2) It is lost as water vapor.

It is lost as carbon dioxide (CO2)

What purpose does fermentation serve? It regenerates NAD+ from NADH to keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen. It produces an abundance of ATP when oxygen is present. It allows for the production of NADH, which keeps the electron transport chain going. Under aerobic conditions, it drives the formation of acetyl-CoA, which then feeds into the citric acid cycle.

It regenerates NAD+ from NADH to keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen.

Malignant tumor cells possess the ability to cause metastatic tumors a great distance from the primary tumor site. How do tumor cells cause this to happen? Each location grows its own individual tumor that arose on its own. Malignant cells break free of the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. A malignant tumor secretes hormones that trigger tumors in other organs. Tumor cells travel by amoeboid action.

Malignant cells break free of the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

Plants are considered primary producers because they convert light energy into chemical energy. Animals are considered consumers because they must eat to receive sufficient energy from their environment. How does the Big Picture illustrate these different modes of obtaining energy? Through photosynthesis, plant cells produce enough ATP to eliminate the need for cellular respiration. Plants can break down their own glucose through cellular respiration to fuel cellular work. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to produce glucose. Animals that consume starch can metabolize this plant-derived glucose through cellular respiration to fuel cellular work. Mitochondria convert light energy into chemical energy.

Plants can break down their own glucose through cellular respiration to fuel cellular work. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to produce glucose. Animals that consume starch can metabolize this plant-derived glucose through cellular respiration to fuel cellular work.

A newly developed insecticide compound steals high-energy electrons from FADH2 and NADH before they can bind to the electron transport chain. Why does this kill insects? Citric acid cycle oxidation of glucose cannot proceed. Glycolysis reactions are blocked. The fermentation pathway will be switched on, supplying insufficient ATP to maintain the insect. The electron transport chain cannot establish a proton gradient to drive chemiosmotic production of ATP.

The electron transport chain cannot establish a proton gradient to drive chemiosmotic production of ATP.

Which covalent bond has the greatest potential energy? The longest bonds with equally shared electrons like those between carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Long unequally shared bonds like those between nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H) All covalent bonds have the same potential energy. Polar bonds such as those between oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H)

The longest bonds with equally shared electrons like those between carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

NADPH and ATP are two molecules produced during the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis. What are these molecules used for later in photosynthesis in the Calvin cycle? They are used to convert glucose and oxygen into CO2. They are used to convert oxygen into water. They are used to convert carbon dioxide into sugar in the Calvin cycle. They are used to convert carbon dioxide and oxygen into ATP.

They are used to convert carbon dioxide into sugar in the Calvin cycle.

During the citric acid cycle FADH2 and NADH are produced. What purpose do these molecules serve in the electron transport chain (ETC)? They serve as electron donors in the ETC. They act as phosphate donors. They are not used in the ETC. They serve as electron acceptors in the ETC

They serve as electron donors in the ETC.

The breakdown of large macromolecules as a source for energy and carbon is a(n) _______. an anabolic pathway bioremediation a catabolic pathway feedback inhibition

a catabolic pathway

An enzyme inhibitor that binds at a location besides the active site is termed a(n) _____ inhibitor. catalytic allosteric activator competitive

allosteric

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. interphase telophase pro-metaphase anaphase metaphase

anaphase

MPF, or mitosis-promoting factor, consists of two important cell-cycle regulatory proteins called _____. tubulin and actin actin and myosin cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) rubisco and ATP synthase

cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis is called _____. cytokinesis meiosis interphase telophase

cytokinesis

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by ____. decreasing the free energy change ∆G increasing the free energy change ∆G increasing the temperature of the cell decreasing the activation energy

decreasing the activation energy

Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of _____. protons phosphate neutrons electrons

electrons

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. endergonic exergonic hydrolysis chemical spontaneous

endergonic

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? exergonic hydrolysis ATP --> ADP + P catabolic endergonic

endergonic

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. exergonic anabolic endergonic kinetic chemical

exergonic

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. glucose + glucose --> maltose anabolic ADP + P --> ATP exergonic synthesis

exergonic

The following reactionA --> B + C + heat is a(n) _____ reaction. dehydration synthesis exergonic exchange anabolic endergonic

exergonic

Select the INCORRECT association. exergonic ... spontaneous potential energy ... positional energy enzyme ... protein exergonic ... uphill kinetic energy ... motion

exergonic ... uphill

When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate, _____. a redox reaction has occurred free energy is required free energy is released there is no change in free energy

free energy is released

Plant cells only

have chloroplasts, perform photosynthesis

In eukaryotes, the components of citric acid cycling and the electron transport chain are located in the ____. plasma membrane inner mitochondrial membrane mitochondrial matrix outer mitochondrial membrane

inner mitochondrial membrane

During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. S cytokinesis G1 interphase mitosis

interphase

Nucleoli are present during _____. pro-metaphase metaphase interphase prophase anaphase

interphase

Both plant and animal cells

perform cellular respiration, have mitochondria

The molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light energy from the sun to begin the photosynthetic reactions are called _____. pigments chloroplasts oxygen stroma

pigments

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. telophase anaphase interphase metaphase pro-metaphase

pro-metaphase

Chromosomes become visible during _____. interphase anaphase pro-metaphase metaphase prophase

prophase

In which mitotic phase do the chromosomes condense and does the mitotic spindle begin to form? Prophase Telophase Anaphase Metaphase

prophase

During the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is _____ to drive the formation of sugars. reduced oxidized produced recycled

reduced

The enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is _____. carbon dioxidase rubisco chlorophyll ATP synthase

rubisco

During photosynthesis, the light energy from the sun is captured and stored in the bonds of _____. water hemoglobin sugars oxygen

sugars

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. interphase pro-metaphase telophase anaphase metaphase

telophase

During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. G2 S G1 the mitotic phase mitosis

the mitotic phase

In this reaction ____ (Reactants AB+CD --> AC+BD, exergonic reaction) A) entropy has decreased B) AC is a reactant C) CD is a product D) the products have less potential energy than the reactants E) the products have been rearranged to form reactants

the products have less potential energy than the reactants

What is energy coupling? the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P a barrier to the initiation of a reaction the use of an enzyme to reduce EA

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

For each molecule of glucose processed during glycolysis, the net yield is ____. two molecules of NAD+, four of ATP, and two of pyruvate two molecules of NADH, four of ATP, and two of pyruvate two molecules of NAD+, two of ATP, and two of pyruvate two molecules of NADH, two of ATP, and two of pyruvate

two molecules of NADH, two of ATP, and two of pyruvate

What molecule is split in the oxygen-releasing light reactions of photosynthesis? NADPH Carbon dioxide Chlorophyll Water

water