BIOL 1610 Mitosis & Meiosis Quiz

why does meiosis result in more genetic variation than can be explained by mutation alone?

because of the random alignment of maternal and paternal homologues during metaphase a meiosis one. And because of crossing over between homologues during prophase one.

How do bacteria reproduce?

binary fission

The alignment of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis two is most similar to the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase of mitosis

True

meiosis is thought to have appeared early in evolution because most eukaryotes perform meiosis and the meiosis are the same in all eukaryotes.

True

A cell in prophase one of meiosis has _______ as many chromosomes as each of the daughter cells following cytokinesis of meiosis 2

Twice

A skin cell in G2 of interphase has __________ as much DNA as it had in G1

Twice

M phase checkpoint

-Are chromosomes attached to the spindle? -Have chromosomes segregated?

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

-Contractile ring forms

G2 checkpoint

-Have chromosomes replicated? -Is DNA undamaged?

Prometaphase in Mitosis

-Nuclear envelop breaks down -Spindles attach to chromosomes at the centromere

G1 checkpoint

-Is cell but enough? -Are there enough nutrients? -Are social signals present?

Mitotic cell division

-asexual reproduction -growth -cell replacement -healing

Prophase in Mitosis

-chromosomes condense -spindles form -centrosomes migrate to opposite poles

Anaphase (Mitosis)

-sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles -centromere splits

Gene

A distinct sequence of DNA

what type of protein is being activated by the G1/S cyclin-CDK complex to promote the expression of histone genes?

A transcription factor

Allele

A variation of a gene

A graduate student is planning an experiment to evaluate the expression of PDGF-related genes and her cell population of interest. As a control, she hopes to confirm the expression of genes that are present in all dividing cells. For her controls, she should evaluate the expression of

CDKs

what cellular processes are responsible for the increase in protein content associated with the gap phases of the cell cycle?

Both transcription and translation

which of the cells most likely came from a culture treated with emetine or aphidicolin?

Cell A because it only has one cell

which of the cells came from a culture treated with cytochalasin?

Cell B because it has two cells that have been replicated

which of the cells came from a culture treated with colchicine?

Cell C because there are many chromosomes

Metaphase (mitosis)

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Nonsister chromatids are

Copies of homologs but not fully identical chromosomes

The amount of ______ is fairly constant throughout the cell but the amount of ________ varries .

Cyclin-dependent kinases; cyclins

Many of the specific functions that are triggered when a cell passes one of the cell cycle checkpoints result from activation of the enzymes and other proteins. A common mechanism for this activation is

Phosphorylation of specific proteins

when the DNA is at its lowest point, what phase is the cell in?

G1

when nutrients are sub optimal for cell growth and division, the cell cycle arrests. At which stage of the cell cycle/checkpoint would you predict this arrest to occur?

G1 checkpoint

The correct sequence of steps in the eukaryotic cell cycle is

G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

in which checkpoint does the cell assess whether DNA has been replicated correctly?

G2

when the DNA has reached its peak, it is at what phase?

G2

Meiosis

Halves the number of chromosomes in cells

an organism that has two different alleles of a given gene has a ______ genotype

Heterozygous

which one of the statements regarding the S cyclin CDK complex is true?

It ensures the DNA is not replicating multiple times

One of the most common chromosomal disorders is ________ in which a baby has _____

Trisomy 21; three of chromosome 21

when the DNA starts to decrease, the cell is in what phase?

M phase

Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate during

Meiosis 1

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

Mitosis and meiosis

A reproductive cell or gamete has

One allele of each gene

which of the following is not a function of mitotic cell division in animals?

Production of gametes

What are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

A researcher is studying phases of the cell cycle in a population of cells during which there is an increase in the DNA content. This stage is most likely

S phase

At which phase of the cell cycle do sister chromatids form?

S phase

cell replication occurs during what phase?

S phase

during meiosis two

Sister chromatids are separated

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

Random fertilization

The random chance of any one sperm and egg coming together

which of these events includes a checkpoint in the cell cycle?

The transition from G1 to S phase

which one of the choices is capable of phosphorylating key proteins involved in regulating the cell cycle?

cyclin-CDK complex

which checkpoint would a cell become arrested if a chromosome was not properly aligned in the spindle?

at a checkpoint early in the mitotic phase

how does meiosis generate genetic diversity?

both crossing over at prophase one and random alignment of homologues at metaphase one

which of the choices is a characteristic of meiotic cell division?

cell division results in the production of gametes

The second meiotic division resembles mitosis because

chromosomes decondense during telophase two. Spindle microtubules attached from opposite directions to the centromere of each sister chromatid pair. Sister chromatids are separated during anaphase two to become the chromosomes of the daughter cell. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.

Crossing over

create new combinations of alleles

Which stages of mitosis are correctly matched with the events that occur in the stage?

cytokinesis; a contractile ring of Actin filaments forms at the cell equator. Metaphase; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

predict what would happen if crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurred as part of mitosis

daughter cells would not be genetically identical

Independent Assortment

describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

which of the following does not lead to genetic variability?

division of chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis mutation

what accounts for the small differences between a few of the homologous chromosomes?

each homologues chromosome in a parent is from a different parent

The fox P2 gene is thought to be involved in language in humans. At prophase one, how many copies of fox P2 gene are present in a cell?

for copies, one on each sister chromatid and a pair of homologous chromosomes

Meiosis

gamete production in gonads

Mitosis

growth of body cells

prophase of meiosis one has some important differences from prophase of mitosis. These differences include _______ pair, and ________ occurs

homologous chromosomes; crossing over

what properties are associated with malignant cancer?

it is metastatic. It is fast growing. It invaded surrounding tissue.

why would a compound that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis be useful for treating a bacterial infection?

it would limit growth of the bacterial population through cell division

homologous chromosomes separate from each other in

meiosis 1

during meiosis, genetic variability is introduced during which phase

metaphase 1

which choices accurately match each of the cellular processes to the stage of meiosis in which it occurs?

microtubules attach to kinetochores at the centromere of each homolog in prometaphase 1. chromosomes condense to thicken structures that are visible under the microscope in prophase one. The nuclear envelope disappears in prophase one.

which of the options correctly match the type of cell division with cellular events or results characteristic of that type of cell division?

mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces genetically unique daughter cells. In meiosis the original cell undergoes two rounds of cell division.

Telophase (mitosis)

nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense

In meiosis, recombination occurs:

only during prophase one and involves exchange between chromatids and homologous chromosomes

Cell cycle checkpoints

provide opportunities to check if the cell has carried out steps necessary for the subdivision. Act as a break on cell division if something is not right. Can be blocked by protein P53.

A researcher is evaluating the expression of P 53 in cells she is culturing in the laboratory. She notices that in a group of cells, high levels of phosphorylated P 53 occur in the nuclei. What can she do deduce about these cells?

these cells likely contain damage to DNA