BIOL 2170 Exam 2

enzymes changes the ____ of a chemical reaction

activation energy

A protein that forms an ion channel is most likely to be ______.

an transmembrane protein

In absence of O2, fermentation

regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate

where do autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from?

CO2

which of the following molecules would most likely require a transport protein to cross the plasma membrane of the red blood cell?

C5H12O2

what most accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein as it is synthesized and released from the cell?

Cytosol -> ER -> vesicle ->golgi ->vesicle ->plasma membrane ->external environment

starch and glycogen are different in that?

Glycogen has more branching and is less dense.

Following the citric acid cycle but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is found in:

NADH

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used:

an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

if delta G of a chemical is negative and the charge in entropy is positive, you can conclude that the reaction is?

exergonic

When fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA. That means that fats bypass the reactions of _____ and enter the respiratory pathway at _____.

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle

the chemical modification of proteins that are destined to leave the cell occurs in the ______.

golgi appparatus

in a chemical reaction transition state intermediates has free energy that is?

higher than that of either the reactant or the product

When a protein is broken down into individual amino acids the entropy ______.

increases

defects in what structure are responsible for a condition called "exercise intolerance"

mitochondiron

the plasma membrane of animals contains carbohydrates, where?

on the outer side of the membrane, protruding to the environment

The difference between osmosis and diffusion

osmosis refers specifically to the movement of water. diffusion refers to the movement of many types of molecules

binding of substrate to the active site of an enzyme is:

reversible

the energy of activation of a reaction is

the energy input needed to reach the transition state

some drugs are now being delivered into cells through liposomes where the drug is surrounded by a lipid layer. How do the drugs enter into the cell

the liposome fuses with the phospholipid bilayer of the cell

at the end of translation, a stop codon on the mRNA binds to?

the release factor protein

how is the translation process initiated in eukaryotes?

the small subunit of the ribosome, a long with the initial binds to the 5' end

how does the second law of thermodynamics apply to organisms

to maintain order, life requires a constant input of energy

a chemical reaction involving the synthesis of DNA is happening at a slow rate during your experiment. What can you do to speed up the reaction?

Add more reactants

A polycistic mRNA with 6 protein coding genes would have ______.

6 start codons and 6 stop codons

anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that _______.

build complex molecules from simple ones

which would be found in cell of a blade of grass but not in the cells of an insect feeding on that grass

chloroplast

which inhibitor can be overcome completely by the addition of more substrate

competitive