Biol 2402 Chapter 22

the sequence of events and the products of the ovarian cycle

primordial follicle, primary follicle, preantral follicle, mature antral follicle, ovulation, corpus luteam

process of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prostate gland

a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.

ductus deferens

a thin, white cord that carries sperm out from the epididymis; originates at the lower end of the epididymis and ends behind the urinary bladder

what is a chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

corpus luteum

a yellowish mass of cells that forms in the ovary after an egg is released during ovulation

uterine tubes

Tubes that carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tubes or oviducts.

lobules of the testes

contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules which will produce sperm

fimbriae

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

The ______ secretes GnRH, which in turn stimulates the ______ to release gonadotropin FSH and LH.

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland

what are nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Ciliary action and peristaltic contractions in the ______ help to transport the secondary oocyte toward the uterus.

ovary

Throughout a woman's reproductive years, primordial follicles first mature into ______.

primary folliocles

uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Where does a corpus luteum form?

From a follicle that ovulated an oocyte

corona radiata

Outer layer of cells surrounding the oocyte. These cells are secreted by follicle cells.

What is the function of the epididymides?

site of sperm maturation

dartos muscle

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to body

Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system.

spermatogenesis secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics

process of meiosis

1) Genetic information duplicates and the chromosomes form pairs 2) In the first division, the chromosome pairs line up in the centre of the cell 3) The pairs are pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome 4) In the second division, the chromosomes line up again in the centre of the cell and the arms of the chromosomes are pulled apart 5) Four gametes are formed, each with only a single set of chromosomes in it - each gamete is genetically different from the others

3 male accessory glands

1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate gland 3. bulburethral glands ** ALL produce male accessory gland fluid

haploid cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

What occurs in the ovary during the first week or two of the reproductive cycle?

A follicle develops a fluid-filled cavity and fully matures.

progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

bulbourethral glands

A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands

zona pellucida

A thick, transpartent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte.

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive 4 different chromatic cells in sexually reproducing organisms; results in the formation of haploid cells with one set of genetic instructions carried on 23 chromosomes

What are spermatogonia?

Cells with 46 chromosomes that will become sperm cells.

The ______ contracts when it is cold, and the scrotum becomes taut and wrinkled, holding the testes snugly against the body.

Dartos muscle

During which time in the reproductive cycle does the follicle mature into a antral follicle?

Day 0-12

what are alleles

Different forms of a gene

Which hormone, released in large amounts near the fourteenth day of follicular development, stimulates meiosis of the primary oocyte and release of the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube?

LH

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

what are homozygous chromosomes

Non-Identical chromosomes with the same genes in the same sequence but not necessarily the same alleles

male urinary bladder

The base of the urinary bladder is between the rectum and the symphysis pubis

female urinary bladder

The base of the urinary bladder is inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina

semen

The fluid that the urethra conveys to the outside during male ejaculation; It contains secretions from the prostate gland and is an alkaline fluid containing nutrients.

dominant follicle

The follicle that enlarges and matures to eventually release an ovum during ovulation

FSH

The hormone that stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles is

cortex

The outermost region or layer of the ovary where the oocytes develop

Which two events are responses to a surge in LH that occurs near the fourteenth day of follicular development?

The primary oocyte completes meiosis I, giving rise to the secondary oocyte and first polar body. The secondary oocyte and follicular fluid are sent out of the ovary into the uterine tube.

proliferative stage

The proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle is also known as the follicular phase. During this phase, the endometrium (lining of the uterus) thickens due to an increase in estrogen levels 1. The follicular phase is the longest phase of the menstrual cycle, lasting from 14 to 21 days

what is ovulation

The release of an egg from the ovary

perimetrium

The serous layer of the uterus

ciia

Tiny hairlike extensions that can move together in a sweeping motion

The female reproductive cycle is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the endometrium that usually begin ______ and continue until ______.

around age thirteen; around the early fifties

Where is the perimetrium located?

around the outside of the uterus

What is located in the medulla of the ovary?

blood vessels and nerves

ovarian medulla

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves of the ovary

what are monomers

building blocks of polymers

spermatic cord

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes; results in the formation of diploid cells with two sets of 23 chromosomes.

what is a protein

chain of amino acids

List three components of the vulva.

clitoris, labia majora, labia minora

The ejaculatory duct

duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; its fluid is carried into the urethra

Increasing concentrations of estrogens during the proliferative phase of the reproductive cycle causes thickening of the ______.

endometrium

The degenerating corpus luteum secretes lower amounts of the hormones _______________________________ , causing vasoconstriction of the endometrial blood vessels.

estrogen and progesterone

The cells of the corpus luteum secrete abundant amounts of the hormones ______ and ______ during the secretory half of the monthly cycle.

estrogen; progesterone

Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system.

facilitate the development of the offspring produce and maintain female sex cells produce female sex hormones

oocytes

immature eggs found in each ovary.

where are the bulbourethral glands

inferior to the prostate gland

Each testes is divided by septa into a smaller units called ______.

lobules

what are amino acids

monomers of proteins (building blocks)

the 3 layers of the uterine wall

myometrium endometrium perimetrium

what are homologous chromosomes

paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order

where are the seminal vesicles

posterior surface of the bladder

vagina functions

provides a passageway for the fetus to exit the body during birth conveys uterine secretions to the outside of the body receives the erect penis during sexual intercourse

corpus albicans

regressed form of the corpus luteum

fundus

rounded upper portion of the uterus

Which two cells are released from the mature antral follicle during ovulation?

secondary oocyte First polar body

what is a gene

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

sperm moves from

seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> epididymis --> ductus deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra

what is crossing-over

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

infundibulum

the expanded end of the uterine tube that partially encircles the ovary

vaginal orifice

the exterior opening of the vagina

menarch

the first menstrual period

oogenesis

the process that results in formation of the female gametes by meiosis?

spermatogonia

the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.

hymen

thin fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina

T/F The male gonads initially develop near the kidneys in the fetus.

true

fallopian tubes

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

seminal vesicles

two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move

Normally, where does fertilization occur?

uterine tube

Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube

female accessory organs

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina