BIOL 336 Quiz 4

Which type of glia is the "immune system" of the CNS?

Microglia

What is the middle membrane is loosely tied to the inner membrane, leaving a subarachnoid space between the two layers? Dura Arachnoid Pia meter

Arachnoid

Which type of glia support cells, control extracellular environment of neurons?

Astrocytes

A Schwann cell only forms wraps around a single axon—a single axon can have as many as 500 different Schwann cells along its length. True or False?

True

Are the PNS and CNS composed of neurons and glial cells? True or False

True

Are the afferent neurons and efferent neurons part the peripheral nervous system? True and False

True

CSF creates a closely regulated extracellular environment for neurons. True or False?

True

Do neurons exhibit a diverse range of morphologies? True or False

True

What cells selectively pump sodium and other solutes from the plasma into the ventricles, creating an osmotic gradient that draws water along with the solutes?

Choroid Plexus

What consists of capillaries and a transporting epithelium derived from the ependyma?

Choroid Plexus

What is the specialized region on the walls of the ventricles, continuously secretes CSF?The salty solution that helps the brain float

Choroid plexus

Hydrophilic molecules can only cross the blood-brain barrier using specific transport proteins. True or false?

True

The CSF provides protective padding—when there is a blow to the head, the CSF must be compressed before the brain can hit the inside of the crainium. Is this a true or false statement? True False

True

The brain ventricles and subarachnoid space are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that is secreted by the choroid plexus. The CSF offers physical and chemical protection of the delicate neural tissue. Is this a true or false statement?

True

In the human brain, the most abundant cell type is the: A) motor neuron B) sensory neuron C) parasympathetic neuron D) glial cell E) sympathetic neuron

D) glial cell

The middle layer of the three meninges is the: A. Dura B. Pia mater C. Plasma membrane D. Arachnoid E. Plural membrane

D. Arachnoid

The cerebral cortex is arranged in ________ functionally distinct layers. The specific arrangement of layers varies, depending on the function of the particular cortical regions.

Six

The cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid compartments communicate with each other across the leaky junctions of the pial membrane and the _______________ cell layer lining the ventricles.

ependymal

A cluster of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS, the equivalent of a peripheral ganglion, is called a _______________.

nucleus

Does the neurons or glial make up ~90% of the cells in the nervous system?

Glial

The composition of the CSF is similar to that of plasma. The Na+ concentration in plasma and CSF are similar. However, CSF has two attributes that make it very distinct from Plasma ... what are they?

-CSF contains very little protein and no blood cells -The K+ concentration is lower in CSF

Within a neuronal cell, electrical information moves from: A) dendrite to cell body to axon. B) axon to cell body to dendrite. C) cell body to axon to dendrite. D) axon to dendrite to cell body. E) dendrite to axon to cell body.

A) dendrite to cell body to axon.

What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system? A) Oligodendrocyte C) Ependymal cell E) Astrocyte B) Schwann cell D) Microglia

A)Oligodendrocyte

The Blood-Brain Barrier forms a layer of protection between the ___________ ______ and the ____________. A.) Interstitial Fluid and Blood B.) Extracellular Fluid and Plasma C.) Interstitial Fluid and Extracellular Fluid D.) Intracellular fluid and Extracellular Fluid

A.) Interstitial Fluid and Blood

CSF exchanges solute with the _______________ __________ of the CNS and provide a route by which wastes can be removed. A.) Interstitial Fluid B.) Extracellular Fluid C.) Blood Plasma D.) Intracellular Fluid

A.) Interstitial fluid

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _____________. A.) Nodes of Ranvier B.) the synapse C.) axonal interstices D.) myelinoids

A.) Nodes of Ranvier

A young boy receives a sharp blow to the back of his head resulting in a loss of one of his senses. Which of the following pairings correctly matches the observation? A.) Occipital lobe and vision B.) Temproal lobe and taste C.) Occipital lobe and smell D.) Parietal lobe and vision E.) Frontal lobe and taste

A.) Occipital lobe and vision

What neurons convey information from the tissues and organs of the body toward the CNS?

Afferent neurons

What are the three functional classes that neurons can be divided into?

Afferent neurons Interneurons Efferent neurons

_________________ make up about half of all the cells in the brain, are highly branched, and have numerous functions including taking up and releasing chemicals, providing neurons with substrates for ATP production, maintaining homeostasis in the CNS extracellular fluid by taking up K+ and water, and promoting formation of the blood-brain barrier

Astrocytes

What are the four types of glia found in the CNS?

Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells

Structure of a neuron What is a long process, with a range in length from a few microns over a meter, that extends from the cell body and carries output to its target cells from the axon hilock where, in most neurons, the electrical signals are generated ? Dendrites Cell body Axon

Axon

The cerebral surface of the brain is highly folded. What is the purpose or benefits of this folding? A.) To decrease the distance between cortical areas for faster signaling B.) To increase the surface area of the cortex in a small cranial volume C.) To increase the number of cellular layers within the cortex D.) The grooves (sulci) separate different sensory areas E.) the ridges (gyri) contain the cell bodies of neurons

B.) To increase the surface area of the cortex in a small cranial volume

What is the name for the barrier that is necessary to isolate the body's main control center from potentially harmful substances such as toxins, fluctuations in hormones, ions, neuroactive substances such as neurotransmitters, and pathogens such as bacteria in the blood.

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the ventricles and in the space between the _____ ___________ and the __________________ _______________. A) Dura and pia mater B) Arachnoid and Dura C) Pia meter and arachnoid

C) Pia meter and arachnoid

A(n) _________ neuron transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). A) efferent B) inter C) afferent D) motor E) ganglion

C) afferent

A(n) _________ neuron carries information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscle in the periphery. A) afferent B) inter C) efferent D) sensory E) ganglion

C) efferent

Which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? A) oligodendrocytes and astrocytes B) satellite cells and ependymal cells C) satellite cells and Schwann cells D) microglia and astrocytes E) oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

C) satellite cells and Schwann cells

To help pay for medical school, you get a part-time job in the anatomy lab. In an examination of the respiratory control center found in the brainstem, you must separate the brainstem from the overlying forebrain for your students. In order to separate the brainstem from the forebrain, a cut must be made between the: A. medulla and pons B. pons and midbrain C. midbrain and diencephalon D. diencephalon and cerebrum E. pons and cerebellum

C. midbrain and diencephalon

The membrane closest to the brain is the __________________. A.) Dura Mater B.) Choroid Plexus C.) Pia Mater D.) Arachnoid Mater

C.) Pia Mater

Ependymomas are a rare type of CNS tumor primarily affecting children that arise in ependymal cells and result in loss of ependymal cell function. Which of the following would be directly affected in a child with an ependymoma? A.) phagocytosis of pathogenic bacterial cells B.) transmission of action potentials in neurons C.) production and filtration of cerebrospinal fluid D.) formation of the blood-brain barrier. E.) bringing nutrients to and removing wastes from around neurons.

C.) production and filtration of cerebrospinal fluid

Structure of a neuron What contains the nucleus and ribosomes-it has the genetic information and machinery necessary for protein synthesis? Dendrites Cell body Axon

Cell body

What is the outermost portion of the cerebrum, consisting of a thin, highly convoluted layer of gray matter?

Cerebral cortex

The extracellular fluid that helps cushion the delicate neural tissue is a final protective component of the CNS. The extracellular environment for neurons is formed by the __________________ fluid and ______________ fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid Interstitial fluid

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the blood-brain barrier? A. Hydrophobic drugs pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily than hydrophilic drugs. B. Endothelial cells of the capillaries supplying the brain form tight junctions that restrict the passage of hydrophilic molecules into the extracellular fluid of the brain. C. Hydrophilic substances can be moved from the blood into the brain extracellular fluid via carrier proteins expressed by capillary endothelial cells. D. The walls of the capillaries supplying the brain are made up of several layers of cells, that act as a barrier to the release of drugs into the brain.

D. The walls of the capillaries supplying the brain are made up of several layers of cells, that act as a barrier to the release of drugs into the brain.

What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? The CSF: A. reduces pressure at the base of the brain. B. cushions the brain to prevent damage caused by a blow to the head. C. provides a carefully regulated environment to support the electrical activity of neuronal cells. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Which is a FALSE statement about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? The CSF: A. acts as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal cord. B. is secreted by cells lining the ventricles of the brain. C. circulates within brain ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord. D. has the same composition as blood plasma.

D. has the same composition as blood plasma.

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A. cell bodies B. dendrites C. unmyelinated axons D. myelinated axons

D. myelinated axons

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? The BBB: A. protects the peripheral nervous system. B. transmits potentially hazardous chemicals into the brain safely. C. provides additional layers of cerebrospinal fluid to the nervous system. D. prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain. E. none of the above.

D. prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain.

What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? The CSF: A.) Cushions the brain to prevent damage caused by a blow to the head. B.) Reduces pressure at the base of the brain C.) Provides a carefully regulated environment to support the electrical activity of neuronal cells. D.) All of these responses are correct

D.) All of these responses are correct

Cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system exist within: A.) Nuclei B.) White Matter C.) Grey Matter D.) Ganglia

D.) Ganglia

Which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? A.) Satellite cells and Ependymal cells B.) Oligodendrocytes and schwann cells C.) Microglia and Astrocytes D.) Satellite cells and Schwann cells E.) Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

D.) Satellite cells and Schwann cells

Which of the following about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is FALSE? A.) All of these statements about the CSF are true. B.) CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord C.) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus D.) The total volume of CSF is replaced twice weekly E.) The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF

D.) The total volume of CSF is replaced twice weekly

Structure of a neuron What is the highly branched outgrowths of the cell body that receive most of the inputs from other neurons ? Dendrites Cell body Axon

Dendrites

What is the thickest of the three membranes and is associated with veins that drain blood from the brain through vessels or cavities called sinuses? Dura Arachnoid Pia Meter

Dura

What type of central nervous system (CNS) glial cell is "star-shaped" and involved in formation of the blood-brain barrier? A) Schwann cells B) Microglia C) Oligodendrocytes D) Ependymal cells E) Astrocytes

E) Astrocytes

Which of the following best describes afferent neurons? A) The cell body is located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. B) They are the most abundant class of neurons. C) They transmit information from the CNS to the periphery. D) They transmit information between neurons in the CNS. E) They transmit information from the periphery to the CNS.

E) They transmit information from the periphery to the CNS

What conveys information from the tissues and organs of the body away from the CNS?

Efferent neurons

Which type of glia are ciliated cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer, the ependyma, that separates the CNS fluid compartments?

Ependymal cells

Is the following statement True or False? "A myelinated axon is shielded from direct contact with the extracellular fluid all along its length." A) True B) False

False

______________ are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

Glia

TYpical capillaries Hydro__________ molecules diffuse through relatively large gaps (pores) between the endothelial cells.

Hydrophilic/Lipophobic

Typical capillaries Hydro____________ molecules diffuse across the membranes of the endothelial cells.

Hydrophobic/Lipophilic

What connects neurons within the CNS and are the most numerous neuronal cell in the body?

Interneurons

The brain and spinal cord float in the thin layer of fluid between the membranes. The buoyancy of CSF reduces the weight of the brain nearly 30-fold. Lighter weight translates into (more/less) pressure on blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS.

Less

Do schwann cells wrap around the axon once or many times?

Many times

What is the name for the three layers of membrane between the bones and tissues of the CNS called?

Meninges

The long axons of both afferent and efferent neurons are bundled together with connective tissue into _____________.

Nerves

______________ are cells in the nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals.

Neurons

• Tiny gaps between Schwann cells, called _________________, leave tiny sections of axon membrane in direct contact with the extracellular fluid—these are important in electrical signal transmission.

Nodes of Ranvier

Functions of CNS glial cells ______________________ in the CNS support and insulate axons by forming myelin-an insulating substance that surrounds axons and speeds up their signal transduction.

Oligodendrocytes

Which type of glia forms the insulating material, myelin?

Oligodendrocytes

Where is the interstitial fluid? Dura Pia Meter Dura

Pia Meter

What is the thin membrane that adheres to the brain and spinal cord---arteries that supply blood to the brain are associated with this layer? Dura Arachnoid Pia meter

Pia mater

Which of the following has a much lower concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in cerebral capillary blood? A. Na+ B. Protein C. Cl- D. Ca2+ E. None of the above (that is, the concentration for all of these molecules is higher in the CSF than in the capillary blood).

Protein

What are the two types of glial cells in the PNS?

Schwann and satellite cells

A single oligodendrocyte can extend its processes to up to 50 axons, which distinguishes them from _______________.

Schwann cells

Which nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord ?

The central nervous system

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Which nervous system is composed of the nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body's muscles, glands, and sense organs?

The peripheral nervous system

The composition of the extracellular fluid of the CNS differs from that of the plasma because the choroid plexus is selective about what substances are transported into the ventricles. Is this a true or false statement?

True

Transcytosis does not occur across capillary endothelial cells in the CNS. True or false?

True The movement of hydrophilic molecules across capillary walls is restricted by the tight junctions that eliminate the capillary pores. Hydrophilic substances cross the plasma membranes of endothetial cells by active transport via specialized carrier proteins. Transport proteins for glucose and amino acids are present in endothelial cell membranes allowing these molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier. Catecholamines, inorganic ions, and certain drugs cannot penetrate the barrier

CSF flows from the _________________ into the subarachnoid space

Ventricles

The brain is encased in a bony skull (or cranium) and the spinal cord runs through a canal in the _______________ _____________

Vertebral column

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood at fingerlike projections of the arachnoid membrane called ____________ ____ ("shaggy hair"). These also prevent the build up of CSF in the subarachnoid space and return CSF into the blood plasma.

arachnoid villi

Tight junction formation is stimulated by paracrine signals from adjacent __________________ whose foot processes surround the capillary.

astrocytes

All four ventricles contain strands of highly convoluted and vascular membranous material called______________ that secretes most of the CSF. However, the third and fourth ventricle produce the most CSF.

choroid plexus

The _______________ allow for a greater volume of the cerebral cortex to be accommodated within a given cranial volume.

convolutions

The cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes, named after the overlying skull bones covering the brain: the __________, _____________, ______________, and __________________.

frontal parietal occipital temporal

Satellite cells are non-myelinating PNS glial cells that form protective capsules around nerve cell bodies located in ________________.

ganglia

A _______________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS and appear as knots or swellings along a nerve

ganglion

The cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, an outer shell of _____ _______________ composed primarily of cell bodies that give the area a gray appearance, and an inner layer of ________ ____________, composed primarily of myelinated fiber tracts.

gray matter white matter

The cerebral cortex carries out the (highest/lowest) level of neural processing. Note that sensory information does not enter the cortex directly.

highest

The fiber tracts consist of the many axons that bring information ______ the cerebrum, carry information ________, and connect areas ___________ a hemisphere.

into, out, and within

Typical capillaries (contain/lack) tight junctions resulting in relatively "leaky" capillary walls

lack

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are separated by a _________________ ___________, and connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the ________________ ____________________.

longitudinal fissure corpus callosum.

The basal nuclei, including the caudate nuclei and putamen, examples of subcortical nuclei and are notable for their role in modifying _________________.

movement

The CSF surrounds the entire brain and ________________, flowing around the neural tissue.

spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are part of ... the forebrain the brainstem the cerebellum

the brainstem

The cerebrum, diencephalon, thalamus, and hypothalamus (pituitary gland) are part of ... the forebrain the brainstem the cerebellum

the forebrain

The brain consists of three main parts: ................ Name them pleaseeeeeeeee

the forebrain, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.

The rate of fluid flow through the CNS is sufficient to replenish the entire volume of CSF about ________ times a day.

three

In brain capillaries, the endothelial cells form _________ ____________________________ that prevent solute movement between cells.

tight junctions

Typical capillaries Cells and macromolecules such as proteins, however, are too large to move through these gaps. Certain macromolecules can instead be actively transported across the endothelial cells by _________________—the movement of a molecule across an endothelial cell by endocytosis into the cell followed by exocytosis out of the cell.

transcytosis

The cerebrum consists of the right and left cerebral hemispheres as well as deep subcortical nuclei on the _______________ of the brain.

underside