BIOL-L112 Exam 3 week 3
What happens during diastole?
-blood fills the atria and passively flows into the ventricles -the elastic recoil of the arteries maintains hydrostatic pressure on the blood -semilunar valves are closed but the atrioventricular valves are open
Be able to label the mammalian circulatory system (p.308 student study guide)
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View graphs and charts in MB week 12
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be able to label a diagram of the human heart and draw arrows to trace where the blood flows (p314 student study guide)
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be able to trace the path of a molecule of O2 from its inhalation into the nasal cavity to its delivery to the kidney (p314 Student study guide)
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In a system with double circulation blood is pumped to _______ and returning blood is then pumped to the ____________
1. gas-exchange organ 2. systemic circuit
How much of vertebrate blood is plasma and how much is cellular elements?
55%- plasma 45%- cellular elements
which node initiates ventricular systole ?
AV (atrioventricular) node
Why is more O2 unloaded from hemoglobin in an actively metabolizing tissue than in a resting tissue, even at the same PO2.
At the lower pH of an actively metabolizing tissue, hemoglobin has a lower affinity for O2.
What is the function of a circulatory system?
It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body
What is the function of the left ventricle?
It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.
Which event occurs first during diastole?
The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?
The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?
The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
Which of the following changes would you expect following an increase in the concentration of blood proteins? -the swelling of body tissues - the swelling of lymph glands -an increase in the outward movement of fluid at the arterial end of capillaries - a decrease in lymph flow through the lymphatic system
a decrease in lymph flow through the lymphatic system
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.
acidic
Most gas exchange with blood vessels occurs across the walls of the structure
alveoli ??
Blood pressure is highest in the _____.
aorta
in which vessel is blood pressure the highest?
aorta
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.
as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
The valve between the atrium and ventricle is _________
atrioventricular valve
platelets function in _______.
blood clotting
what are ions of inorganic salts?
blood electrolytes
The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.
bronchiole
What do plasma proteins include and function as?
buffers, osmotic factors, lipid escorts, antibodies, clotting factors
The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.
capillaries
Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.
capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
Blood flows more slowly in arterioles than in arteries because arterioles
collectively have a larger cross-sectional area than do arteries
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.
combined with hemoglobin
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____.
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
What do phagocytes do?
engulf pathogens, debris
What are packed with hemoglobin?
erythrocytes (RBC)
What are the 2 cellular elements cells?
erythrocytes (rbc) and leukocytes (wbc)
True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
false
If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____.
fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues
Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____.
higher PO2
What do lymphocytes function in?
immunity
Some leukocytes are _______ and ________.
lymphocytes and phagocytes
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
nasal cavity
What does plasma transport?
nutrients, wastes, respiratory gasses, hormones
What do blood electrolytes function in?
osmotic balance, buffering, muscle and nerve functioning
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____.
pH
Cellular element pieces are_______.
platelets
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
posterior vena cava
in which vessel is the velocity of blood flow the lowest?
pulmonary capillaries
Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
pulmonary veins
From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
right atrium
an atrioventricular valve prevents the back flow or leakage of blood from the _____
right ventricle into the right atrium
name the valve between the ventricle and the aorta or pulmonary artery
semilunar valve
what do the cilia in the trachea and bronchi do?
sweep mucus containing trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract
what is edema and how does it happen?
swelling resulting from the accumulation of fluid in body tissues --can result from blockages that interfere with lymph flow or severe dietary protein deficiency
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? diastole of the right ventricle systole of the left atrium systole of the left ventricle diastole of the right atrium
systole of the left ventricle
The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?
the pulmonary and jugular vein
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. the right atrium an alveolus the trachea the pulmonary vein
the pulmonary vein
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
what is the function of erythrocytes?
transport O2; help transport CO2
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? - Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. -Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. - During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. - As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
valves prevent the back flow of blood into the atria and ventricles
correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle-> pulmonary artery
What 3 elements does plasma contain?
water, blood electrolytes, and plasma proteins
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
as a general rule, blood leaving the right ventricle of a mammal's heart will pass through how many capillary beds before it returns to the right ventricle?
2
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____.
2 capillary beds
A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.
4,900 mL/minute
Select the correct statement about capillary beds. -Capillary beds join arteries and veins. -Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries. -Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? - Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. -In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. -Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria. -When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. - Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles.
In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.
which node initiates atrial systole?
SA (sinoatrial) node
Explain how edema might also result from a severe dietary protein deficiency
a protein deficiency could result in a decrease in the production of blood plasma proteins. Blood pressure forces fluid out of capillaries by bulk flow. The osmotic pressure due to the proteins that remain within the capillary tends to counter this fluid movement out of the capillary. A reduction in plasma proteins would reduce this counterbalancing force and result in an increased loss of fluid from capillaries and fluid accumulation in body tissues.
Arteries carry blood _____.
away from the heart only
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____.
increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen
Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
larynx
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
left atrium
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
left atrium
which has the thickest muscle layer?
left ventricle
