BIOL&160 - SmartBook Assignment Chapter 11. DNA Technology

What technique is being demonstrated in this diagram?

development of a transgenic organism

DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to

determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.

In cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer, the DNA from a(n) differentiated cell directs the development of an egg into a clone of the organism that provided the DNA.

differentiated

Step 3 of the image depicts a stage of DNA sequencing called electrophoresis, in which DNA fragments are separated by size.

electrophoresis

What technique separates DNA fragments by size?

electrophoresis

A type of animal stem cell called a(n) embryonic stem cell can give rise to any type of cell in the body.

embryonic

In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person's cells to supplement the function of a faulty disease-causing gene?

gene therapy

What type of DNA is exclusively passed from mother to offspring and can sometimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?

mitochondrial DNA

The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called

polymerase chain reaction.

Select all of the following that are required for the polymerase chain reaction.

primers DNA polymerase regular nucleotides DNA sequence to be replicated

Recombinant DNA is genetic material

spliced together from multiple sources.

Below are a list of steps used to create a transgenic organism. Place them in order from first at the top to last at the bottom.

1 Acquire source DNA and cloning vector. 2 Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme. 3 Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together. 4 Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells.

Below are a list of steps used to create a transgenic organism. Place them in order from first at the top to last at the bottom. Instructions

1 Acquire source DNA and cloning vector. 2 Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme. 3 Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together. 4 Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells.

DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about 1.5% of the human genome encodes protein.

1.5%

Match each letter in the diagram of somatic cell nuclear transfer with its correct label.

A donor of somatic nucleus B egg donor C donor nucleus D denucleated egg E fusion of nucleus and egg F mitosis to produce embryo G implant embryo for growth and development inside surrogate mother H clone of nucleus donor

Adult stem cells are more differentiated and produce a limited number of cell types.

Adult

What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?

CRISPR-Cas9

PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of DNA to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.

DNA

What type of technology can be used to detect the presence of a disease allele in a strand of DNA?

DNA probe

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

DNA profiling.

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

DNA sequencing.

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called

DNA technology.

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA pseudogenes transposons repetitive sequences enhancers

If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria?

Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove.

Order the steps in DNA profiling, beginning with the first step at the top.

Extract source DNA. Amplify STR sites of DNA with PCR incorporating a fluorescent label. Use electrophoresis and fluorescence imaging to determine number of repeats at each STR site. Use statistical analysis to compare source DNA to other DNA to determine any matches.

therapy is the process of adding a healthy gene that supplements the function of a faulty gene in a person's cells.

Gene or gene

List the steps that the researchers used to make transgenic rice that express high amounts of a "booster gene" that allows them to survive herbicide treatment. Refer to the Investigating Life feature.

Isolate rice DNA Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the gene of interest Attach the gene to a promoter that makes the gene "always on" Insert the gene and promoter into a plasmid Use Agrobacterium to transfer the plasmid to rice cells

Select all the reasons why Taq polymerase is required for the polymerase chain reaction.

Taq polymerase is produced by a hot springs bacterium and is therefore heat-tolerant. The high temperatures produced by the thermal cycler denature most DNA polymerase enzymes.

Order the steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a clone of an adult mammal, beginning with the first step at the top.

Obtain nucleus from somatic cell of donor individual. Insert a somatic nucleus into renucleated egg cell. Cell divides by mitosis to form an embryo. Implant an embryo into a surrogate mother. Embryo undergoes development and is born.

How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA?

Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns.

Select all the potential ethical issues in using genetic testing.

PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy. Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos. Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression.

Review the Investigating Life essay in this chapter. How did the seed germination rate and the number of seeds per plant compare between normal weeds and transgenic weeds that received a "booster gene" from some types of transgenic crops?

Seed germination rate and number of seeds were both higher for transgenic weeds.

Order the steps for using a DNA probe to indicate the presence of a disease allele, beginning with the first step at the top.

Synthesize a probe, a single-stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to part of a disease allele. Label the probe with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag. Immobilize the single-stranded source DNA and expose it to the probe. The probe will bind to any complementary strands in the immobilized source DNA. Areas that exhibit radioactivity or fluorescence indicate the presence of the disease allele in the source DNA.

Select potential disadvantages of creating genetically modified organisms.

The costs of producing and testing transgenic seeds are high. Genes are combined in ways that don't occur in nature.

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

They are genetically variable.

What is a cloning vector?

a genetic structure that is used to carry source DNA into a recipient cell

Select applications of the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

amplify DNA samples for criminal investigations identify human remains establish family relationships

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.

animal

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.

animal bacterium plant

DNA technology is especially useful in detecting and treating human diseases that are

caused by mutations of a single gene.

A cloning vector is a self-replicating genetic structure that will carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

cloning vector

Plasmids and viruses are common types of

cloning vectors.

Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.

cystic fibrosis hemophilia Tay-Sachs disease sickle cell disease

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.

enhancers sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA

Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

enzyme that cuts DNA guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence

Select applications of the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

establish family relationships amplify DNA samples for criminal investigations identify human remains

Select ways that PCR is used as a research tool.

examine evolutionary relationships using DNA from fossils identify disease-causing genes amplify nucleic acids of pathogenic microorganisms

The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a(n) gene from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

gene, DNA, DNA strand, or genetic material

The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a(n) gene, DNA, DNA strand, or genetic material from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

gene, DNA, DNA strand, or genetic material

As determined by the Human Genome Project, the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding

genes

As determined by the Human Genome Project, the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding genes.

genes

The possible termination of embryos or fetuses with mild conditions or certain traits is a moral and ethical dilemma associated with

genetic testing.

In PCR, what is the role of the thermal cycler?

heat and cool the reaction mixture

One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of introns from an mRNA molecule.

introns

The same gene is able to code for different proteins depending on the combinations of introns removed from a(n) mRNA molecule.

mRNA

When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the most variable regions of DNA for comparison.

most variable

A common type of cloning vector is a(n) plasmid, which is a small circle of double-stranded DNA separate from the cell's chromosome.

plasmid

Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.

plasmids viruses

What DNA technology is illustrated in this picture?

polymerase chain reaction

About 1.5% of the human genome consists of

protein-encoding sequences.

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

pseudogenes DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA enhancers

Modern scientists can splice DNA from different species together to produce what is referred to as recombinant DNA.

recombinant

DNA profiling often focuses on STRs, which are

repeated sequences of a few nucleotides.

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

repetitive sequences enhancers transposons pseudogenes DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA

Select all of the following that are ethical concerns associated with the use of transgenic organisms.

replacement of wild species by transgenics new protein combinations could trigger allergies

A(n) restriction enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.

restriction

What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA?

restriction enzymes

What enzyme is used to make cDNA, an intron-free DNA copy of mRNA?

reverse transcriptase

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.

sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA enhancers

In DNA profiling, what indicates the probability that two DNA samples are from the same person?

statistical analysis

An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) stem cell.

stem

An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) stemcell.

stem

Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary sticky ends that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.

sticky ends

The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to

synthesize or extract source DNA.

Short tandem repeats are variable DNA sequences that are useful in DNA profiling.

tandem

Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA

technology.

What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?

transgenic

A transgenic organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain recombinant DNA.

transgenic; recombinant

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

transposons pseudogenes repetitive sequences enhancers DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA

Stem cells are said to be undifferentiated , which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.

undifferentiated

How do researchers prepare an intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene for use in creating transgenic bacteria?

use reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from mature mRNA

Select ways that scientists create transgenic animals.

using viruses to carry recombinant DNA into a gamete or egg cell injecting DNA into a fertilized egg using a tiny needle

To create a transgenic organism, researchers must use a cloning vector, such as a plasmid, to carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

vector

Select applications of DNA profiling using mitochondrial DNA.

verifying relationships between woman and child revealing patterns of human evolution

In creating transgenic animals, what cloning vector is often used to transfer recombinant DNA?

viruses

Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.

viruses plasmids