Biological Anthropology 13-15

Human variation varies on a clinal basis, as can be seen when looking at worldwide polymorphisms like... attached and detached earlobes. eye color. tongue rolling. ABO blood type.

ABO blood type.

Compared to many other species, humans as a whole are less homogeneous. True False

False

In order to estimate stature (height) anthropologists must have the complete skeleton. True False

False

Most humans experience an increase in the ability to digest lactose as they age. True False

False

Part of the role of a forensic anthropologist is to determine the cause and manner of death. True False

False

_________ in hot temperatures is when there is an expansion of the capillaries within the skin leading to a more effective transfer of heat from within the body to the exterior to occur. Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Sickling of the red blood cells Sweating

Vasoconstriction

The Phenice method is the most common method used to assess... Correct answer: sex. stature age. ancestry.

sex

All of the following are acclimatory adjustments to cold temperatures, EXCEPT... increasing basal metabolic rate. vasodilation. maintaining heat near the core of the body. vasodilation. shivering.

vasodilation.

When working with human remains it is important to... avoid picking up a skull by placing fingers in the eye orbits or through the cheekbones. (all answers are correct) Both A and B are correct. respect the individual whose skeleton you work with and their relatives. handle bones over padded surfaces.

(all answers are correct )

It is important for anthropologists to understand taphonomic processes in order to... (all answers are correct) understand environmental events that have occurred. understand more about how the body was placed and treated. estimate the relative amount of time that has passed.

(all answers are correct)

All human beings on Earth share _____ of their overall DNA. 80% 50% 100% 99.9%

99.9%

__________ adjustments occur only in individuals who spent their childhood and adolescence in a particular environment under specific stressors. Maturation Developmental Cultural Acclimatory

Developmental

This rule states that within the same species of mammals the more heavily pigmented individuals tend to be found near the equator, while lighter-pigmented members of the species will be found in regions further from the equator. Bergmann's Allen's Gloger's Meyers'

Gloger's

Which of the following is the best example of a pathology? broken bone Paget's disease of bone sun bleaching gunshot wounds

Paget's disease of bone

_________ results from a vitamin D deficiency in childhood and is characterized by a wide variety of bone changes including deformities of the skull, bowing of the long bones, and a smaller, thicker pelvis. Osteogenesis imperfecta Rickets Osteosarcoma Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)

Rickets

All humans have approximately the same number of melanocytes within the epidermis. True False

True

Analysis of the developmental stages of dentition is one of the most reliable aging methods. True False

True

Aristotle expressed the belief that certain people are inherently (or genetically) more instinctive rulers, while others are more natural fit for the life of a worker or slave. True False

True

Clues directly from the skeleton, like a tooth filling, may indicate whether human remains are archaeological or modern. True False

True

Due to the environmental stressors of cold-dry environments, individuals indigenous to such environments tend to have taller (longer) noses with a reduced nostril size. True False

True

Forensic anthropologists may be called to testify in a court of law and/or participate in criminal investigations involving human rights violations. True False

True

Genetic diversity is greater within-groups than between-groups. True False

True

Historically, malaria rates likely increased in areas where people began to clear the land and produce pools of water as part of swidden horticulture. True False

True

Over time, individuals living in hot, arid environments will develop more sensitive forms of sweat glands resulting in the production of more sweat. True False

True

Paul Broca claimed that internal skull capacities could be linked with skin color and cognitive ability. True False

True

All of the following are types of taphonomic processes EXCEPT... scavenging by animals. bleaching by the sun. disease. decomposition.

disease

This type of melanogenesis occurs in response to ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, specifically UV-B exposure, serving to protect the skin's innermost layer. Gloger's basal activated response

activated

In contrast to adjustments, adaptations are all of the following EXCEPT... a result of natural selection. genetic. affecting individuals, not whole populations. permanent. Results for item 33. 33

affecting individuals, not whole populations.

In contrast to adjustments, adaptations are all of the following EXCEPT... permanent. genetic. affecting individuals, not whole populations. a result of natural selection.

affecting individuals, not whole populations.

How do forensic anthropologists report the estimated height of an individual based on skeletal remains? Incorrect answer: as a single number (e.g. 5 feet, 4 inches) as a stature range they are not able to estimate in terms of place in a life cycle

as a stature range

How do forensic anthropologists report the estimated height of an individual based on skeletal remains? in terms of place in a life cycle they are not able to estimate height as a single number (e.g. 5 feet, 4 inches) as a stature range

as a stature range

Responsibilities of a forensic anthropologist may include all of the following EXCEPT... comparing before death and after death radiographs of bones. identification of human remains.: blood splatter analysis. helping with outdoor search-and-recovery efforts.

blood spatter analysis

Which of the following differentiate forensic anthropology from bioarchaeology? a. Forensic anthropologists are osteology specialists, whereas bioarchaeologists are not. b. Forensic anthropology looks at the archaeological context. c. Forensic anthropology applies to legal and criminal investigations. d. Forensic anthropology cases are older than bioarchaeology cases.

c. Forensic anthropology applies to legal and criminal investigations.

In Naturalis Historia Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder categorized people into three categories: citizens, paupers and slaves. civilized peoples, barbarians, and monstrous individuals. land owners, people of stature and peasants. men, women and children. Results for item 7.

civilized peoples, barbarians, and monstrous individuals

An example of ________ is when a warm body is surrounded by a cooler fluid (e.g. air or water) and heat is transferred from the warmer body to the cooler fluid. evaporation conduction convection radiation

conduction

The immediate area in which human remains were found, including the soil, other organic matter, objects, or artifacts surrounding the remains, are regarded as the... context. array burial. environment.

context

Linnaeus believed that Europeans are "white" and regulated by... belief. habit. instinct. custom.

custom

Naturalists like Comte de Buffon and Johann Blumenbach believed that... humans are not closely related to any living animal species. different groups of people had different origins. the differences between people are a result of their desire to improve or stay the same. differences in environment could lead to biological changes between different groups of people (i.e., races).

differences in environment could lead to biological changes between different groups of people (i.e., races).

Naturalists like Comte de Buffon and Johann Blumenbach believed that... the differences between people are a result of their desire to improve or stay the same. humans are not closely related to any living animal species. different groups of people had different origins. differences in environment could lead to biological changes between different groups of people (i.e., races).

differences in environment could lead to biological changes between different groups of people (i.e., races).

When taken altogether, genetic analyses of human diversity_________ 20th-century concepts of race. do not support support

do not support

The ends of bone that fuse to the shaft of the bone at the end of growth are the... diaphyses. medullary canals. metaphyses. epipheses.

epipheses

The attempt to formalize the social scientific study of "fitness" and "superiority" among members of 19th-century Europe is known as... physical anthropology. race. eugenics. population genetics.

eugenics

Sweating is an example of ________, which occurs when a liquid, such as the water within our bodies, is converted to a gas. conduction radiation evaporation convection

evaporation

Average genetic heterogeneity decreases in populations ________ the African continent in accordance with the migratory history of anatomically modern Homo sapiens. closer to further away from

further away from

Two neutral microevolutionary processes that may produce a cline in a human allele or trait are... founder effect and gene flow. sexual selection and natural selection. mutations and Hardy-Weinberg processes. gene flow and genetic drift.

gene flow and genetic drift

Among the global human population, genetic distances are correlated with _______ . intelligence. intensity of UV radiation. skin color geographic distances.

geographic distances.

People who are born and grow up in high-altitudes tend to exhibit all of the following traits relative to their low altitude counterparts, EXCEPT... have an increased heart capacity. be more efficient at diffusing oxygen from the bloodstream. grow more quickly and physically mature earlier. have an increased lung capacity.

grow more quickly and physically mature earlier.

Methods available to forensic anthropologists to help identify individualizing traits for positive identifications include all of the following, EXCEPT... identification of surgical implants. comparative medical radiography. hair color analysis. comparative dental radiography.

hair color analysis.

This is maintaining normal functions in cells, tissues, and organs even in response to internal and external stressors. persistence homeostasis plasticity radiation

homeostasiss

Group differences involving variation in biology, physiology, body chemistry, behavior, and culture are known as... genetic determinism. human variation. human homogeneity. evolution or natural selection.

human variation

Humans have significantly ____ genetic diversity than other primates and mammals around the world. more less

less

The minimum estimate for the number of individuals that contributed to the sample is known as the... number of grave plots (NGP). minimum number of individuals (MNI). number of assembled graves (NAG). number of individuals present (NIP).

minimum number of individuals (MNI).

One reason humans cannot be divided into discrete "races" is because... most human traits vary on a continuous basis with no clear lines of demarcation. humans are not able to accurately categorize other humans. the term is problematic as it has been used to discriminate against some people and privilege others. humans are more genetically diverse than most other closely related species.

most human traits vary on a continuous basis with no clear lines of demarcation.

Most human traits are ____, meaning they vary and are inherited independently of each other. concordant multicordant discordant non-concordant

non-concordant

All of the following help distinguish human bone from nonhuman bone, EXCEPT... the compact layer of nonhuman bone is very thick with little spongy bone visible. distinguishing features of bone, like muscle attachments the shape of human bone. nonhuman bones are often larger than human bones.

nonhuman bones are often larger than human bones.

The two parts of the skeleton that are most commonly used for sex estimation are the... pelvis and clavicle. skull and clavicle. femur and skull pelvis and skull.

pelvis and skull

Biological profiles and scene context narrow the list of _________ identifications, whereas traits unique to the individual can provide positive identifications. confirmative presumptive biological negative

presumptive

Biological profiles and scene context narrow the list of _________ identifications, whereas traits unique to the individual can provide positive identifications. negative confirmative biological presumptive

presumptive

All of the following are true, EXCEPT that melanin... is produced by cells called keratinocytes. comes in two types, eumelanin and pheomelanin. production is influenced by external (e.g. UV radiation exposure) factors. production is influenced by inherited (genetic) factors.

production is influenced by external (e.g. UV radiation exposure) factors.

All of the following are true, EXCEPT that melanin... production is influenced by external (e.g. UV radiation exposure) factors. production is influenced by inherited (genetic) factors. is produced by cells called keratinocytes. comes in two types, eumelanin and pheomelanin.

production is influenced by external (e.g. UV radiation exposure) factors.

The most commonly used method for estimating the age of adult skeletons looks at the degenerative changes of the... iIschiopubic ramus obturator foramen. teeth pubic symphysis.

pubic symphysis

The most commonly used method for estimating the age of adult skeletons looks at the degenerative changes of the... teeth. obturator foramen. iIschiopubic ramus. pubic symphysis.

public symphysis

Sets of parallel grooves on bone may indicate... weathering. root etching. rodent gnawing. carnivore gnawing.

rodent gnawing

One easily visible example of a clinal distribution seen worldwide is the patterning of human variation in ________. skin color. blood types. sickle cell anemia. lactose tolerance.

skin color

Traits like ________ are the product of many millennia of natural selective pressures from the external environment influencing human biology. tongue rolling and facial shape cranial shape and dexterity eye color and hair texture skin color and lactase persistence

skin color and lactase persistence

One easily visible example of a clinal distribution seen worldwide is the patterning of human variation in ________. lactose tolerance. skin color. blood types. sickle cell anemia.

skin color.

The inner layer of bone that has a porous or honeycomb-like structure is known as... the periosteum. the diaphysis. spongy or trabecular bone. compact or cortical bone. Results for item 32.

spongy or trabecular bone

Human genetic diversity is highest in... sub-Saharan Africa. Southeast Asia. North America. Europe.

sub-Saharan Africa

The study of what happens to skeletal remains after death is known as... taphonomy. forensic anthropology. trauma. pathology.

taphonomy

he Ancient Egyptians believed there were four groups of people in the world: the Aamu (Asiatics), the Nehesu (Nubians), the Reth (Egyptians), and the Themehu (Libyans). white, black, red and yellow. tall, short, stout and slender. the Romanu (Romans), the Reth (Egyptians), the Nebu (Nubians) and the Themehu (North Africans).

the Aamu (Asiatics), the Nehesu (Nubians), the Reth (Egyptians), and the Themehu (Libyans).

The idea developed by Ancient Greek philosophers that all objects, plants, animals, humans, and celestial bodies can be mapped in an overall hierarchy like a ladder is called... the Great Chain of Being. binomial nomenclature. cladistics. unilineal evolution.

the Great Chain of Being

The Inuit people of Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and Denmark have a darker skin tone than would not be anticipated at that northern latitude. This darker skin tone likely reflects... Incorrect answer: their recent ancestry from people in southern regions. their consumption of vitamin D-rich foods. the low amount of UV light in the area. that they are cold adapted.

their consumption of vitamin D-rich foods.

A biological profile is an individual's identifying characteristics and includes all of the following, EXCEPT... time of death. age. ancestry. sex.

time of death

Rickets is characterized by inadequately calcified bones that are softer and more flexible than normal. Individuals with rickets may not have received enough ________ during their growth and development. vitamin B folate iodine vitamin D

vitamin D