Biological Psychology

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Visual field

area of the world that we can see at anytime

Fovea

each cone in the ____ has a direct line to the brain registering exact location of input

Receptive field

part of the visual field where any neuron responds

Di-chromats

people that see 2 colors

Mono-chromats

people that see black and white

Opponent process theory

proposed by Ewald Hering to explain negative color afterimage

Fovea

A tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot, aka detailed vision

Which neurons are active

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:

relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

Fovea

Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision.

Cones

Cones are utilized in color vision, daytime vision, and detail vision.

Retinex theory

Edward Land proposed the...

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

In modern terms, activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of information to the brain is known as...

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Johannes Muller wrote "whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve" aka...

all-trans-retinol

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to...

Lens & Cornea

Light is focused as it enters through which structures

details of shape

Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:

medial superior temporal cortex

One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its background in the...

Lateral inhibition

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to:

Facial recognition

The fusiform gyrus would be most excited in...

Visual receptors

The retina contains two types of specialized neurons, the rods and the cones and are considered...

Dorsal stream

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:

Ventral stream

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the:

bar in a particular orientation

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds

Complex

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus

opponent-process theory

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages

Inhibition

While light is striking a visual receptor, light begins also to strike the receptor next to it. What effect will this additional light have on the response of the first cell

opsins; photopigments

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light

Background

a certain wavelength of light can appear as several different colors depending on the...

Visual agnosia

a person is unable to recognize visual objects

Color constancy

ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

Blind spot phenomenon

ability to respond to visual info not seen

Retina stimulation

according to Purves "visual perception requires a reasoning process, not just...

Encoding

after sensory info reaches the nervous system, conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory is called...

Shapes

are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision

Damage to Ventral Pathway

cannot fully describe what they see also impairs visual imagination & memory, see where but not what

Damage to Dorsal Pathway

cant reach out & grasp objects, can see what but dont remember how & where

Horizontal cell

combines all info & always send inhibitory not exititory nerve impulses

The brain

compares the color of 1 object with color of another subtracting a fixed amount of green from each

Retinex theory

concept that when info from various parts of the retina reaches the cortex, which compares each of the inputs to determine the color perception in each area

Primary visual cortex

damage to this area people report no conscious vision, visual imagery & no visual images in their dreams

Perception of the color green

decreased activity in the bi-polar cells will cause...

Perception

depends on frequency of firing, but its the frequency of 1 cell relative to the frequency of another cell

The nervous system

determines the color & brightness of lite by comparison the responses of different types of cones

Cortex

different parts of your ____ process, different aspects of vision can lose 1 while sparing others

Young-Helmholtz theory

emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones?

Complex cells

found in both V1 & V2 don't respond to exact location of a stimulus but to a pattern of light in a particular orientation (i.e. vertical bar), responds equally throughout a large area

Photopigments

found in both cones & rods are chemical proteins that release energy when struck by light (transduction)

Parvocellular

ganglion cells transmit information about an object's color.

Why CVD people can't distinguish red from green

gene causing this deficiency on the X chromosome, 8% male & 1% female

Simple cells

has receptive field with fixed excitatory & inhibitory zones > light in excitatory zone = > cell response. > light in inhibitory zone = < cell response. Found in V1 only

Function of lateral inhibition

heighten contrasts e.g. when light falls on a surface bipolars inside the border are > excited while o/s are < excited

Approximately 6 million

how many cones are located in the retina

Approximately 120 million

how many rods are located in the retina

Perception

how we interpret sensation is also based on expectation is known as...

Daylight operation

increase cones to rods ratio equals...

Perception of the color red

increased activity in the bi-polar cells will cause...

Magnocellular neurons

larger cell bodies & receptive fields distributed evenly throughout retina

Magnocellular neurons

larger receptive fields, not color sensitive responds to moving stimuli, large patterns but not details. Included in the periphery explains why we see movement & not color (rods)

Rods

located at the outer edges of the retina are adapted for vision in dim light. Species that are active at night have few cones but many ____, giving them particularly good night vision.

Why CVD people can't distinguish red from green

long & medium wavelength cones have the same photo-pigment

Horizontal cells

make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells, which in turn make synapses onto amacrine & ganglion cells

Retina rods & cones

make synapses with horizontal & bi polar cells

Red from green

most common form of CVD (color vision deficiency) people have trouble distinguishing..

Primary visual cortex

most visual info from the lateral geniculate goes to the...

Rod & cone distribution

reason why we have good color vision in the fovea but not the periphery

Visual receptors

receptors in the back of your eye that absorb light and transduce it into an electrochemical pattern in the brain

Lateral inhibition

reduction of activity in 1 neuron by activity in another

Amacrine cells

refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features

End stopped or hyper complex cells

resemble complex cells with the exception of strong inhibitory are at 1 end of its bar shaped receptive field to respond to bar shaped patterns of light.

Negative color afterimage

result of prolonged staring at a colored display then looking at a white surface to which 1 sees green where the display had been red, red were had been green & yellow where had been blue

Cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Temporal cortex

shape, movement & color brightness pathways all lead to the...

Human visual system

shortest visual wavelength 350nm-700nm violet to red

Parvocellular neurons

small cell bodies & receptive fields near fovea

Koniocellular neurons

small cell bodies occurring throughout the retina some are color sensitive & respond to varied but not yet fully described stimuli

Predatory birds

species has two foveas per eye, 1 pointing straight ahead and 1 Pointing to the side enabling perception of detail in the periphery

Optic nerve

starts with ganglion cells in the retina

Blind Spot

the ganglion cell axons from the optic nerve exits through the back of the eye, point of which leave a ___ _____ because there are no receptors

Optic nerve axons end at

the lateral geniculate, some @ hypothalamus, superior colliculus & elsewhere

Bipolar cells

the light sensitive cells in the retina

Lateral inhibition

the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.

Ventral or Parvocellular pathway

the what pathway for object recognition & color (not motion)

Dorsal or Magnocellular pathway

the where or how pathway specialized for motion, location & brightness (not color)

Trichromatic

theory we perceive color through relative rates of response by 3 kinds of cones maximally sensitive to differing sets of wavelengths are sufficient to account for human color vision

Fovea

this receptor connects to a single bipolar connected to a single ganglion cell having an axon to the brain

Red, green, & blue (RGB)

three fovea cone colors

Transduction

transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

Cant explain color constancy

trichromatic & opponent process theory...

Opponent process theory

we perceive color in terms of opposites; brain has a mechanism perceives color on a continuum from red-green, another from yellow-blue & another from white-black

Perpendicularly

we see only those rays that strike the retina...

Parvocellular neurons

well suited to detect visual details, respond to color being excited by small wavelengths & inhibited by others being close to the fovea (cones)

Long & medium wave length cones

what are more abundant than short (blue) cones, short are evenly distributed across the retina while the other 2 are spread haphazardly

Dorsal stream damage

what would cause an inability to reach out & grasp an object

White or gray

when all three cones are active we see the colors...

Transduction

when our eyes respond to light it is called

Occipital Cortex

where is the primary visual cortex (aka striate) located

CVD people

who are the only exception to the trichromatic theory

Complex cells

will respond to specific stimulus anywhere in their large receptive field


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