Biology 1001-Ch.4

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection -A bacterium's capsule has a protective role.

How are the jobs of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast related?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both convert energy from some other form into ATP.

Which statement best describes the relationship between RNA and DNA?

RNA is a copy of DNA that is used to make proteins.

What activity occurs in the nucleolus?

Ribosomes are created in the nucleolus.

Which of the following is most likely to receive a fabricated organ made from his own cells?

bladder cancer patient

If a fabricated windpipe is not receiving proper oxygen and nutrients, which of the following failed to properly regenerate?

blood vessels

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

lipid manufacture

Which of the components of the cytoskeleton is much more important to animal cells than to plant cells?

microfilaments

What is the smallest living thing in the following list:

bacteria

The correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the cell.

-Plant cell wall - strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils -Central Vacuole - regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds -Chloroplast - makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy -mitochondrion - convert chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell -Golgi apparatus - modifies and packages proteins

What is similar about exporting proteins from a cell and digesting food particles within a cell?

Both processes involve the formation of vesicles.

Drag the correct label under each cell structure to identify whether it is found only in animal cells, only in plant cells, or in both types of cells. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Cell Wall-found in PLANT cells but not animal cells Nucleus-found in both PLANT and ANIMAL cells chloroplast-found in PLANT cells but not animal cells rough endoplasmic reticulum-found in both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes -Central vacuoles are found only in plant cells. Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

Cilia are much shorter than flagella. -In most other ways, cilia and flagella are identical.

What is the exact function of DNA?

DNA provides the blueprints for making proteins. -The proteins constructed from this blueprint then carry out the functions of the cell.

Diatoms, photosynthetic protists that live in the ocean, possess strange chloroplasts with four membranes instead of two. The leading hypothesis explaining this is that the chloroplasts in diatoms actually represent eukaryotic cells that formed symbiosis with the diatoms. The inner two membranes represent the membranes of the regular chloroplasts contained in this symbiotic cell. The outer two membranes represent the plasma membrane of the symbiotic cell and the food vacuole it was trapped in. Which of the conclusions below is supported by this new information?

Diatoms acquired photosynthesis after the evolution of the chloroplast.

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus -The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.

The movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell.

Manufacturing-rough ER Transport-vesicle from ER Processing-Golgi apparatus Transport-Vesicle from Golgi Secretion-Plasma membrane

What is the purpose of mitochondria?

Mitochondria produce ATP using the energy in food. -Mitochondria don't simply produce energy in a raw form. They take the energy from food and convert it into a more useful form, ATP.

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion -In both plant and animal cells, it's the mitochondria that convert chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell

Think of all the structures that prokaryotic cells possess and those that they lack. What is the common feature of most of the missing structures?

Most of the missing structures are enclosed by a membrane.

The correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the cell.

Nucleus-stores genetic information of the cell lysosomes-breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes mitochondrion-convert chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell ribosome-works with mRNA to synthesize proteins smooth ER- site of lipid synthesis

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Pili -Pili enable bacterial cells to stick to a surface.

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell -One of the functions of the central vacuole is to store compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy. -The chloroplast makes food for the plant cell by converting light energy to chemical energy

What is the difference between cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic fluid?

The cytoplasm includes the cytoplasmic fluid and also some structures. -The cytoplasm includes things like organelles and the cytoskeleton. The cytoplasmic fluid only includes substances dissolved in the liquid portion of the cytoplasm.

Why is the nucleus considered the control center for the cell?

The nucleus controls which proteins are made and when. -Proteins do most of the work in a cell. Since the nucleus controls protein production, it controls all the work a cell does.

Where do scientists obtain adult stem cells?

bone marrow

We usually compare all eukaryotic cells as a group to all prokaryotic cells. However, some types of eukaryotic cells have characteristics that are found in prokaryotic cells, but not found in other eukaryotic cells. What feature do plant cells share with prokaryotic cells, but not animal cells?

cell wall

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall -The cell wall is a rigid supporting structure.

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton -The cytoskeleton is the structural framework in a cell ("cyto" refers to cell and "skeleton" refers to a structural framework).

In which of these cell types would you expect to find a membrane-enclosed nucleus?

fungal cell

During what time period was the cell theory developed?

in the middle 1800's -serious work on the cell theory occurred between 1838 and 1855, when it was finalized

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. -The cell wall is a structure that protects the plant cell and is made of cellulose fibrils

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome -The prefix "lyso-" means decomposition

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes -Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down worn-out organelles.

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA -The "m" in mRNA stands for "messenger"; mRNA is the messenger that carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules -Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules.

Which of the components of cytoskeleton are used directly for movement?

microtubules and microfilaments -Both of these are used in moving cell components like DNA and organelles. Microfilaments are also used to make muscular movements.

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria -ATP is made in mitochondria.

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region -Bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region.

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus -DNA is the genetic information of the cell, and it is stored in the nucleus.

The process of creating and exporting a protein requires many organelles. Which of the following lists these organelles in order?

nucleus, rough ER, vesicle, golgi apparatus, vesicle

Even though prokaryotic cells lack a cytoskeleton, many of the functions of a cytoskeleton are performed by other parts of the cell. Which of the functions of a cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells?

organelle movement

You find a population of strange cells in a sample of pond water. You wish to determine first whether they are eukaryotic or prokaryotic. You look for a membrane-enclosed nucleus and don't see one, but sometimes the nucleus is hard to spot without staining. What else could you look for to determine which cell type this is?

organelles -Organelles are also membrane-enclosed structures that are not present in prokaryotic cells.

Which of these gives the plasma membrane the ability to block most ions and polar compounds from crossing?

phospholipids -The bilayer of non-polar tails on these molecules blocks polar compounds and charged ions from moving through.

Which type of cell is capable of harnessing energy from sunlight?

photosynthetic cells -Photosynthesis is the process of harnessing energy from the sun.

Which cellular structure has the most in common with the nuclear envelope?

plasma membrane

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane -The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane -The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Which of the following is a function of the golgi apparatus?

protein modification -The golgi apparatus has many functions, including the addition of carbohydrates to proteins

Which of the following biological molecules accomplishes work within the cell?

proteins

Which of the functions of a plasma membrane are accomplished by proteins in the membrane?

regulating the flow of materials and allowing interactions with other cells

Which of the following is present inside a prokaryotic cell?

ribosomes

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes -Ribosomes dock on the rough ER, and proteins are completed inside the rough ER.

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes -Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -The smooth ER makes lipids

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

support and protection -Plasma membranes are not stiff and cannot resist gravity or puncturing. Stiff cell walls can provide these functions.

In order to best eliminate the chance for rejection, a tissue or organ should be made from cells obtained from which of the following?

the patient

Which of these processes is absolutely necessary for all of the others to function?

vesicle transport within the cell -All of these processes require vesicles to move between organelles and other cellular structures.