Biology 101 Midterm
U1Q1: Convert 0.25 liters to ml. 2500 250 0.0025 2.5
.0025
U1Q1: Convert 500 mg to g. 50 5000 0.05 0.5
.5
U1Q1: Convert 0.75 mg to g. 0.075 75 7.5 0.00075
0.00075
U2Q2: What feature enables the paramecium to move? cilia contractile vacuole nucleus pseudopodia flagella
Cilia
U3Q2: The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation. True False
False
U3Q1: What are all possible gametes that can be produced by an individual with the following genotype: FFGg? FF Fg, fG Fg, FG FG, Fg, fG, fg Fg
Fg, FG
U1Q1: Which unit would be best to measure the length of a car? inches centimeters meters kilometers
Meters
U2Q2:The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages. molds lichens mycorrhizal fungi yeasts chytrids
yeasts
U2Q1: Prokaryotes belong to ________ Domain Eukarya. Kingdom Animalia. Kingdom Plantae. Kingdom Protista. Domain Archaea.
Domain Archaea
U3Q2: Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance? incomplete dominance multiple allele systems polygenic simple Mendelian inheritance codominance
Polygenic
U2Q1: Which of the following classification categories for humans is not correct? Animalia; kingdom Homo; genus Domain; Eukarya Homo sapiens; binomial name Sapiens; family
Sapiens; family
U2Q2: ________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves. Phloem Endosperm Hypha Corolla Xylem
Xylem
U4Q1: A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found only among the members of the ingroup. only in the two most recent ancestors. only in the most distant ancestor. in two of the outgroups. in both the outgroup and the ingroup
in both the outgroup and the ingroup
U4Q1: Two species are said to be closely related if they possess a common ancestor. have a shared gene pool. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. can interbreed but not produce fertile offspring. are reproductively isolated from each other.
possess a common ancestor.
U1Q1: Scientists were studying temperature selection among pregnant big brown bats. What would the test group be in this experiment? pregnant bats male bats juvenile female bats female bats that were not pregnant juvenile male bats
pregnant bats
U2Q2: Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? protection of the embryo evolution of microphylls evolution of vascular tissue evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators evolution of seeds
protection of the embryo
U3Q2: Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection? different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc. different types of tomatoes: roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc. different breeds of dogs: poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc. different breeds of cats: Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc. different varieties of roses: yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc.
... different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc.
U3Q1: A homozygous red-eyed female Drosophila mates with a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring will have white eyes? 25% 0% 75% 50% 100%
0%
U1Q1: Convert 1750 ml to liters. 1.750 .1750 17.50 1750
1.750
U1Q1: How many millimeters (mm) are in 2.5 cm? 250 2.5 25 .25
25
U1Q1: Convert 2.5 kg to g. 25 250 2500 0.025
2500
U1Q1: Convert 5000 g to kg. 500 50 0.5 5
5
U3Q1: A red-eyed male Drosophila mates with a red-eyed female Drosophila. One of the female's parents had white eyes. What proportion of the male offspring will have white eyes? 75% 50% 100% 25% 0%
50%
U1Q1: Convert 0.539 g to mg. 539 5390 5.39 53.90
539
U1Q1: Convert 0.75 g to mg. 7500 750 75 7.5
750
U4Q1: Which event was not involved in the Permian mass extinction? dramatic environmental change shifting ocean currents a large meteor impact a decrease in the amount of shallow marine habitat shifting wind patterns
A large meteor impact
U2Q2: Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo? all plants bryophytes only lycophytes only gymnosperms only angiosperms only
All plants
U4Q1: Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms? Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Archaea Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea
U3Q2: What characteristic is common of both a genetic bottleneck and a founder effect? Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity. Both are a type of natural selection. Both involve a portion of a population becoming isolated. Both encounter a population crash. Both affect the entire population.
Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity.
U3Q1: The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to mRNA to protein DNA to DNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein
DNA to mRNA to protein
U2Q2: You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant? Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos. Test for the presence of chlorophylls <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. Determine if the organism protects its zygotes. Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose. See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch.
Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos.
U3Q1: Which of the following is not true with regard to the law of segregation? Each individual has two factors for each trait. Genes segregate during gamete formation. Each gamete contains two genes for each trait. During fertilization, each new individual obtains two genes for each trait. Gametes contain only one gene from each pair.
Each gamete contains two genes for each trait.
U2Q1: Which of the following is the most encompassing level of organization? ecosystem cells population species class
Ecosystem
U4Q1: Which of the following cannot be determined from the fossil record? Geologic uplift has occurred. Evidence of every species that ever existed. Transitional fossils exist. Evidence of prior natural disasters/catastrophes exist. Diversity has changed through time.
Evidence of every species that ever existed.
U4Q1: Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry. True False
False
U4Q1: Members of two different species are never capable of mating. True False
False
U4Q1: Shared derived traits are found in all members of the ingroup of a clade. True False
False
U2Q1: The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria. False because some prokaryotes are multicellular. True because all eukaryotes are multicellular. False because all single-celled organisms are prokaryotes. True because prokaryotes are the simplest cell form. False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.
False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.
U3Q1: Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype. True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent. True, because both parents have the dominant allele. True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent. False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele. False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.
False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.
U3Q2: Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has not played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve? There is geographic isolation from mainland species. Multiple islands exist. Each island has its own unique environment. Food is plentiful and diverse on every island. The islands are small compared to the South American mainland.
Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.
U3Q1: Red-green color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. If a female is red-green color-blind, which of the following is true? Both her parents must be color-blind. Both her parents are carriers of the recessive allele. Her mother must be color-blind. Women cannot exhibit red-green color blindness because they have two X chromosomes. Her father must be color-blind.
Her father must be color-blind.
U2Q1: Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals? Most animal phyla are invertebrates. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors. Invertebrates lack a nervous system.
Invertebrates lack a nervous system.
U2Q2: How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus? It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture. It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus. It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation. It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores. It provides a strong anchor for the fungus.
It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture.
U2Q2: Which similarity is not shared between algae and plants? Most algae have some form of locomotion. Algae are producers. Algae are eukaryotes. Algae were once classified as plants. Algae are photoautotrophs.
Most algae have some form of locomotion.
U3Q2: If the survivors of an original population survived due to specific phenotypes that they possessed, then this event is an example of genetic drift. industrial melanism. founder effect. gene flow. natural selection.
Natural Selection
U1Q1: Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. Experiments need to be repeatable. Observations are used to form a hypothesis. The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable. Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis.
Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.
U3Q2: Which of the following is not a step in the process of natural selection? People select which individuals breed and which ones do not. Members of a population possess heritable variations. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such traits. The population produces more offspring than the environment can support. Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred.
People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.
U2Q2: Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom? The green algae use chlorophyll <i>a</i>, while plants use chlorophyll <i>b</i>. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose. All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.
Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.
U1Q1: Robert, an aspiring scientist in a biology class, wanted to conduct a study on the effects of cigarette smoke on the web-building ability of spiders. Which of the following statements is an incorrect use of terms pertaining to the scientific method? -As a <i>control</i>, Robert had a group of spiders that were never exposed to cigarette smoke. -Robert examined the webs from both the control group and the test group and the <i>data</i> were recorded in a table. -Robert made the <i>observation</i> that spiders weave webs. -Robert <i>concluded</i> that there was no significant difference in the ability to weave a web under conditions of cigarette smoke compared to spiders that were not exposed. -Robert wanted to see if his <i>theory</i> was true that cigarette smoke will influence web-building in spiders.
Robert wanted to see if his <i>theory</i> was true that cigarette smoke will influence web-building in spiders.
U4Q1: What do transitional fossils illustrate? Convergent evolution occurred in the ancient past. All transitional links are now extinct. Natural selection happened long ago just as it does today. All life is related. Shared ancestral traits. 
Shared ancestral traits. 
U3Q2: Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? The organisms on the islands varied from island to island. The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. The multiple islands all had an identical environment. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America.
The multiple islands all had an identical environment.
U3Q2: If a population recovers to its original population size after experiencing a bottleneck, which statement is correct regarding this population? The bottleneck subjected the population to directional selection. The recovered population is more likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population is as likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population shows more genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck.
The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck.
U1Q1: Which of the following statements is NOT true with respect to scientific theory? Theories are accepted explanations for how the world works. Theories can help scientists generate new testable hypotheses. Theories are possible explanations for natural events. The theory of evolution is considered the unifying concept in biology. Theories are supported by many observations and experiments.
Theories are possible explanations for natural events.
U3Q2:In random mating there is no factor influencing mate choice. breeding occurs between two different subspecies. breeding occurs between two different species. fertile offspring are not produced. individuals choose the most attractive mate.
There is no factor influencing mate choice.
U4Q1: Cladograms show the sequence of evolution of the characters in a clade. True False
True
U4Q1: Given the comparative study of embryology, it is concluded that genes controlling embryonic development are essentially the same. True False
True
U4Q1: The similarity of the fossil glyptodont to the living, modern armadillo is an example of comparative anatomy. True False
True
U4Q1: Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera. True False
True
U4Q1: A clade includes which of the following? an ancestor and all its descendant species, and taxa with shared derived characters an ingroup only a common ancestor and all its descendant species one taxon with shared derived characters an outgroup and an ingroup
a common ancestor and all its descendant species
U2Q1: Many insects do not see into the red color range, and as a result, many insect-pollinated flowers are colors other than red (e.g., purple and yellow). This flower coloration would be considered a(n) adaptation. competition. mistake mutation selection.
adaptation
U3Q1: The filled-in squares of a Punnett square represent the gametes from both parents. the gametes from one parent. an exact ratio that must always occur when the same parents have four offspring. all possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents. examples of some of the offspring that can arise from a one-trait cross.
all possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents.
U3Q1: Alleles are two versions of the same trait. recessive traits. exact copies of the same trait. dominant traits. alternate versions of the same trait.
alternate versions of the same trait
U4Q1: Similarity due to convergent evolution is called phylogeny. taxonomy. cladistics. homology. analogy.
analogy
U4Q1: Shared derived traits are shared by all organisms on the cladogram. are homologies found between the ingroup and the outgroup. are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup. are shared only by common ancestors. are found within members of the outgroup.
are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup.
U4Q1: Homologous structures have fully divergent functions. are shared by organisms of the same genus. are also called analogous structures. have identical functions. are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent.
are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent.
U2Q1: Animals are not motile. multicellular. heterotrophic. autotrophic. eukaryotic.
autotrophic
U4Q1: The fact that DNA is the molecule containing the genetic code for all life on Earth is a part of biogeographical evidence. comparative embryological evidence. comparative anatomical evidence. biochemical evidence. evidence of artificial selection.
biochemical evidence.
U2Q1: Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? mammals bony fishes cartilaginous fishes lancelets reptiles
bony fish
U2Q1: The smallest unit of life is a(n) cell. species. organ. tissue. organism.
cell
U2Q1: Which of these is a bivalve? octopus clam squid snail conch
clam
U4Q1: When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tails are evidence of common ancestry. convergent evolution. artificial selection. biogeography. analogy.
common ancestry.
U4Q1: Which of the following lists the levels of taxonomic classification in order from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order family - order - class - phylum - kingdom phylum - order - class - family - species genus - family - order - class - phylum genus - order - family - class - phylum
domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order
U1Q1: In science, a theory encompasses many hypotheses. is tested by an experiment. is more narrow in scope than a hypothesis. is held to be an absolutely correct answer to a question. cannot be tested.
encompasses many hypotheses.
U3Q1: Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil, it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of polygenetic inheritance. incomplete dominance. codominance. environmental effects. monohybrid inheritance.
environmental effects
U4Q1: Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive? period - epoch - era epoch - era - period era - period - epoch epoch - period - era era - epoch - period
era - period - epoch
U4Q1: Which geological timescale contains the greatest number of years? decades centuries eras epochs periods
eras
U4Q1: What characteristics of Archaeopteryx tell us that it is a link to reptiles and birds? feathers and teeth teeth and a tail with vertebrae feathers tail with vertebrae teeth
feathers and teeth
U1Q1: Scientists were studying temperature selection amongst pregnant big brown bats. What would be the best control group for this study? juvenile male bats juvenile female bats pregnant bats female bats that were not pregnant male bats
female bats that were not pregnant
U2Q2: Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms? flower seed vascular tissue leaf megaphyll
flower
U1Q1: The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to prove the prediction. for comparison to the other test groups. for comparison to the results of other experiments. to prove the hypothesis. to control the dependent variable.
for comparison to the other test groups.
U3Q1: A blue-eyed, left-handed woman marries a brown-eyed, right-handed man who is heterozygous for both of his traits. If blue eyes and left-handedness are recessive, how many different phenotypes are possible in their children? five four two one three
four
U2Q1: Which of the following is matched incorrectly? brain - organ skin - organ gene - organelle osteocyte - cell neuron - cell
gene - organelle
U3Q2: All of the genes and all of their associated alleles within a population represent the population's gene pool. genotype. genome. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. gene flow.
gene pool
U4Q1: Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the binomial name. genus. specific epithet. family name. order name.
genus
U2Q2: If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) gymnosperm. angiosperm. bryophyte. fern. lycophyte.
gymnosperm
U2Q2: Conifers such as pine trees are classified as lycophytes. gymnosperms. angiosperms. bryophytes. charophytes.
gymnosperms
U2Q2: Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall? No plants can reproduce except during rainy weather. ferns bryophytes gymnosperms lycophytes
gymnosperms
U2Q1: Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? extraembryonic membranes cephalization hair endothermic four-chambered heart
hair
U2Q1: A(n) _____ is an individual animal that possesses both male and female sex organs. deuterostome hermaphrodite cephalopod larva acoelomate
hermaphrodite
U4Q1: A phylogenetic tree indicates the organism's taxon. includes the organism's order and class. indicates common ancestors for each family. uses only derived characters. indicates common ancestors.
indicates common ancestors
U2Q1: Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? arachnids crustaceans insects centipedes millipedes
insects
U3Q2: Wings of insects and birds are results of convergent evolution. This means that these organisms have different adaptations to different environments. the insects and birds must be related to possess such similar qualities. these organisms share a recent common ancestor and so have similar adaptations. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways. insects must have evolved from birds.
insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.
U2Q2: Pollen grains are male gametophytes. encapsulated ovules. female gametophytes. embryonic sporophytes. megaspores.
male gametophytes
U4Q1: Evolutionary relationships between organisms are determined by molecular evidence and anatomical homologies. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records. molecular evidence, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. molecular evidence and fossil records.
molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records.
U2Q2: Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? ferns only mosses only mosses and ferns but not lycophytes mosses, ferns, and lycophytes lycophytes only
mosses, ferns, and lycophytes
U3Q2: If the survivors of an original population survived due to specific phenotypes that they possessed, then this event is an example of founder effect. natural selection. genetic drift. gene flow. industrial melanism.
natural selection
U1Q1: Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order? hypothesis, observation, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory conclusion, hypothesis, observation, experiment, scientific theory observation, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, scientific theory scientific theory, conclusion, hypothesis, experiment, observation observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory
U2Q1: The circulatory system of a whale is considered an organ system because it is composed of different hearts. organs. cells. molecules. tissues.
organs
U3Q1: Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit? genotype sex rate of genetic mutations phenotype alleles
phenotype
U2Q2: Cyanobacteria are important producers, more specifically called saproautotrophs. chemoautotrophs. photoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. saprotrophs.
photoautotrophs
U2Q1: The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy. metabolism photosynthesis respiration homeostasis reproduction
photosynthesis
U3Q1: Skin color is coded for by several different genes which results in a range of skin colors from very dark to very light. This is an example of pleiotropy. codominance. polygenic inheritance. incomplete dominance. a multifactorial trait.
polygenic inheritance
U4Q1: Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history? habitat loss meteorite impacts punctuated equilibrium continental drift plate tectonics
punctuated equilibrium
U3Q2: Fitness refers to the physical health of an individual. mutations that benefit an organism's survival. the physical health of a population. the variation in traits within the population. reproductive success.
reproductive success
U2Q1: Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from least to most inclusive? -species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain -phylum, species, genus, kingdom, domain, order, class, family -domain, kingdom, class, order, family, phylum, genus, species -species, genus, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom -kingdom, phylum, domain, class, order family, genus, species
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
U4Q1: The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. only after older species disappear from the fossil record. suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change. gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways.
suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.
U3Q1: Linked genes are found on homologous chromosomes. never cross over during prophase I. tend to be close together on a single chromosome. undergo crossing-over of sister chromatids at a high rate. always assort independently.
tend to be close together on a single chromosome.
U3Q1: During meiosis, each pair of alleles on the homologous chromosomes sorts independently from all other pairs of alleles. This statement corresponds to the law of probability. gene theory. the law of independent assortment. the law of segregation. the rule of multiplication
the law of independent assortment.
U4Q1: When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain. very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain. marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted. shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains.
the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.
U4Q1: The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because the vestigial organ is unique to one species. the vestigial organs represent variation in a species. the vestigial organ could not have been passed down from an ancestor. both the vestigial organ and the functional organ perform the same function. the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor.
the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor.
U2Q2: African sleeping sickness is caused by a prion. trypanosome. sporozoan. virus. bacterium.
trypanosome
U2Q2: Protists can be unicellular or colonial, but not multicellular. colonial only. unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. unicellular only. colonial or multicellular, but not unicellular.
unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.
