Biology 111 Chapter 3

lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature.

Beta pleated sheet

secondary structure found in proteins in which "pleats" are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

glycogen

the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is comprised of monomers of glucose.

polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Biological macromolecules

large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major biological macromolecule classes (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

phosphodiester

linkage covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides3

Fatty acid

long chain of hydrocarbons to which a hydroxyl group is attached

Polysaccharides

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. The chain may be branched or unbranched, and it may contain different types of monosaccharides.

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

Dissacharides

A sugar containing two monosaccharides. Example: sucrose which is fructose + glucose.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars: most common is glucose

C

What is removed during the formation of nucleic acid polymers? a. carbon b. hydroxyl groups c. phosphates d. amino acids

carbohydrate

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1

nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, phosphate group

components of nucleotides

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

D

What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? a. Sharing of electrons between monomers occurs in both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. b. The sharing of electrons between monomers occurs in hydrolysis only. c. H+ and OH− ions share electrons with the respective monomers in dehydration synthesis. d. H+ and OH− ions share electrons with the respective monomers in hydrolysis.