Biology 114- Chapter 10 Learnsmart

Polysaccharides

Proteins are a major component of the extracellular matrix in animals. What is the other major molecular component? _____

Proteins

Proteoglycans are produced when glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linked to:

1. Form a rigid exoskeleton in some invertebrate animals 2. Prevent compression of cells

Select all of the functions of polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix. (Check ALL that apply)

1. Cellulose 2. Glycans 3. Pectins

Select all of the major components of the primary cell wall in plants. (Check ALL that apply)

Stomata

The pores in leaves that permit gas exchange are known as _____.

The timing of synthesis; the primary cell wall is synthesized first

The primary and secondary cell walls surrounding plant cells are named based upon:

The amino acid sequence

The structure of the different types of collagen proteins and resulting collagen fibers is affected by:

Genes

The synthesis of many different types of collagen in animals requires the presence of many different _____ in the genome to encode them.

1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular

The three general types of tissue found in plants are (1)_____, (2)_____, and (3)_____ tissues.

1. Xylem 2. Phloem

The two types of vascular tissue are called (1)_____ and (2)_____.

Sclerenchyma

The type of ground tissue in the plant that provides structural support particularly to the regions that are NO LONGER growing is the _____.

Collenchyma

The type of ground tissue in the plant that provides structural support, particularly to the growing regions, is the _____.

Conducts water and nutrients in a plant

The vascular tissue

Nervous

This figure depicts _____ tissue. (The picture shows a brain and a nerve)

Connective

This figure shows examples of ______ tissue. (The picture shows cartilage and bone)

Animals have many different genes that encode collagen polypeptides

What allows animals to synthesize many different types of collagen proteins?

1. Structure 2. Function

A tissue is a group of cells having a similar (1)_____ and (2)_____.

Organ

A collection of two or more tissues that perform a specific function is called a(n) _____.

Lignins

A phenolic compound called _____ is found in the woody parts of plants. It is very hard and imparts considerable strength to the secondary cell wall structure.

1. Are able to prevent osmotic lysis 2. Are thicker 3. Are more rigid

Although they both provide tensile strength and resistance to compression, the extracellular martix of animals and cell walls of plants differ because the cell walls of plants: (Check ALL that apply)

1. Epithelial tissue: Forms the lining of internal and external surfaces 2. Connective tissue: Provides support for the body and joins different tissues to each other 3. Nervous tissue: Receives, generates, and conducts electrical signals throughout the body 4. Muscle tissue: Generates force to move the body or to move materials through the body

Animals contain four general types of tissue that are specialized for different functions. Match each tissue type with its function.

1. Plasma Membrane 2. Secondary cell wall 3. Primary cell wall

Arrange these structures from closet to the inside of the cell to farthest, beginning at the top with the layer closest to the inside of the cell.

Collagen

As we age, the synthesis of a certain protein decreases, causing a loosening of the fibers and resulting in wrinkles and sagging of the skin. What is the name of this protein?

Linear; Branched

Cellulose and hemicellulose are both _____ polysaccharides, while glycans are ______ polysaccharides.

A large amount of extracellular matrix

Connective tissue is characterized by:

Collagen

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which is characterized by elastic skin and hyperflexible joints, is caused by mutations in genes that encode _____.

Water

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans form a gel-like component in the extracellular matrix because their negative charges attract:

Connective

In animals, _____ tissue is largely composed of extracellular matrix and contains relatively few cells.

1. Differentiation 2. Apoptosis 3. Migration 4. Cell growth

In animals, the formation of tissues and organs involves: (Check ALL that apply)

Organ

In animals, the heart is an example of a(n)

1. Hydrogen 2. Bonding

In cellulose, the glucose polymers associate with one another via (1)_____ (2)_____ to form microfibrils that provide great tensile strength to the primary cell wall of plants.

Ground

In plants, _____ tissue has a variety of functions, including photosynthesis and structural support.

Complex

In plants, _____ tissues defined as tissues that are composed of two or more cell types.

1. Cell 2. Wall

In plants, the (1)_____ (2)_____ provides mechanical support, maintains cell shape, and prevents osmotic lysis.

Polysaccharides

In the extracellular matrix of animal cells, two functions of _____, such as GAGs and chitin, are to resist compression of cells and to contribute to the formation of the rigid exoskeleton found in some invertebrate animals.

Xylem; phloem

In vascular plants, the _____ transports water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant, and the _____ distributes the products of photosynthesis and other nutrients throughout the plant.

Glycosaminoglycans

In vertebrate animals, the most abundant polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix are:

1. Dermal tissue: Covers the surfaces of leaves, stems, and roots 2. Ground tissue: Carries out photosynthesis, stores carbohydrates, and provides structural support 3. Vascular tissue: Transports water and nutrients

Match each type of plant tissue with its function

1. Heart (Cardiac) 2. Smooth

Muscle contraction plays a role in the movement of materials throughout the body. For example, contraction of (1)_____ muscle propels blood through your body, and contraction of (2)_____ muscles moves food through the digestive system.

Cuticle

Surfaces of leaves are usually covered with a waxy _____ to prevent water loss.

Epidermis

The _____ refers to the newly made tissue on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and roots.

1. Primary 2. Secondary

The cell wall of plants is composed of two parts: a flexible layer called the (1)_____ cell wall that is synthesized first, and a thicker layer called the (2)_____ cell wall that consists of successive layers.

Lacunae

The chondrocytes are found in small cavities within the cartilage called _____.

1. Proteoglycans 2. Collagen 3. Glycosaminoglycans

The chondrocytes found in cartilage synthesize: (Check ALL that apply)

Dermal

The epithelial tissue in animals is most closely comparable in function to the _____ tissue of plants.

Chitin

The exoskeleton of many invertebrates is composed of a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide called

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle

The four general types of tissue found in animals are (1)_____ tissue, (2)______ tissue, (3)_____ tissue, and (4)_____ tissue.

1. Division 2. Growth

The growth of tissues, organs, and organisms depends on cell (1)_____ and cell (2)_____.

Cellulose

The main macromolecule of the plant cell wall is the polysaccharide _____.

Smooth

The movement of food through the digestive system is facilitated by the contraction of _____ muscles.

Epidermis

The newly made tissue on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and roots is called the:

False

True or false: All three alpha chains are identical in all types of collagen.

False

True or false: Animal cells make only one type of collagen fiber.

True

True or false: Nervous tissue receives, generates, and conducts electrical signals throughout the body.

False

True or false: The extracellular matrix of animals tends to be thicker, stronger, and more rigid than the cell walls of plants.

False

True or false: The root epidermis contains a waxy cuticle.

False

True or false: The secondary cell wall structure is relatively similar in nearly all cell types and species, whereas the structure of the primary cell wall is more variable.

1. It maintains cell shape 2. It provides mechanical support 3. It prevents osmotic lysis 4. It helps to determine the direction of cell growth

What are the functions of the plant cell wall? (Check ALL that apply)

1. Sclerenchyma 2. Parenchyma 3. Collenchyma

What are the three types of ground tissue in plants? (Check ALL that apply)

To provide resistance to compression

What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans in the extrcellular matrix?

The absorption of water and nutrients

What is the primary function of the root epidermis?

Gene Regulation

What process enables cells to differentiate into specialized cell types?

Mesophyll cells

What type of plant cells carry out photosynthesis?

Dermal tissue

What type of tissue forms coverings on various parts of plants?

Muscle

What type of tissue is directly needed for bodily movements, as well as the movement of materials throughout the body?

Between two newly made daughter cells during cell division

Where does the primary cell wall develop?

1. Cartilage 2. Blood 3. Bone

Which of the following are examples of connective tissue? (Check ALL that apply)

1. Lining of the digestive tract 2. Skin

Which of the following are examples of epithelial tissue? (Check ALL that apply)

1. Hyaluronic acid 2. Chondroitin sulfate

Which of the following are examples of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in the human body? (Check ALL that apply)

1. Structural support 2. Photosynthesis 3. Sugar storage

Which of the following are functions of the ground tissue in plants? (Check ALL that apply)

Multicellular

Which of the following best describes an organism that is composed of two or more cells?

1. Intestines 2. Lungs

Which of the following body parts contains collagen fibers with loosely bound alpha chains? (Check ALL that apply)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Which of the following diseases is caused by mutations in a collagen gene?

Continuous sheets of cells joined by tight junctions

Which of the following is the best description of epithelial tissue?

Apoptosis

Which of the following is the term used to describe programmed cell death?

A linear polysaccharide made of repeatin molecules of glucose attached end to end

Which of the following most accurately describes the structure of cellulose?

1. It forms conducting vessels for water and nutrients 2. It is a complex tissue 3. It consists of two subtypes: xylem and phloem

Which of the following statements about vascular tissue are correct? (Check ALL that apply)

1. Phloem transports nutrients throughout the plant 2. Both xylem and phloem are complex tissues

Which of the following statements about xylem and phloem are correct? (Check ALL that apply)

It has the ability to stretch

Which of the following statements bout collenchyma is true?

1. Wood 2. Cotton 3. Paper

Which of the following substances contain large amounts of cellulose? (Check ALL that apply)

Parenchyma tissue cells

You examine a leaf cross section under a microscope and find cells with numerous chloroplasts and relatively thin cell walls. What cells are these?

Connective

_____ tissue is often rich in extracellular matrix. It provides support to the body and helps to attach different tissues to one another.