Biology 122 Ch. 33 Homework

Which of the following groups of land plants first appeared in the fossil record most recently?

Angiosperms

Which of the following are possible reasons for the high level of angiosperm diversity? -None of the other answer options is correct. -Wind dispersal favors rare species, whereas insects are able to find common species. -Animal pollinators will often find rare individuals, facilitating reproduction.

Animal pollinators will often find rare individuals, facilitating reproduction.

True or False: Angiosperm-dominated tropical rainforests were very similar to the gymnosperm-dominated forests that preceded them.

False

True or False: Gnetophytes are more closely related to angiosperms than to other gymnosperms.

False

True or False: Land plants (not necessarily angiosperms) appeared in the fossil record approximately 200 million years ago, only slightly before the appearance of complex animals on Earth.

False

True or False: The first vascular plants had leaves.

False

True or False: Vascular cambia are observed in all lycophytes currently existing on Earth.

False

True or False: With the appearance of angiosperms on Earth, all other types of plants became extinct. The conifers, cycads, and ferns seen today are in no way related to plant species existing millions of years ago.

False

What type of chemical bonds allows water to be pulled through the xylem?

Hydrogen bonds

As a result of the diversification and rise to ecological dominance of angiosperms, tropical forests are thought to have become:

cooler, shadier, and more humid.

Which of the following plants were present on Earth 100 million years ago? -cycads -ferns and horsetails -conifers -angiosperms -All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following plants were first domesticated in North America? -cabbage -grapes -corn -chocolate -None of the answer options is correct.

Corn

Many dinosaur movies depict huge tree-sized plants with woody trunks. To what group would these trees most likely have belonged?

Cycads

Most conifers are _____, meaning that they retain their leaves throughout the year.

Evergreen

Which of the following plants are bryophytes? -angiosperms -gymnosperms -mosses -horsetails -ferns

Mosses

In most gymnosperms long-distance transport of the male gametophyte occurs:

Through the air

Which of the following plants were present on Earth 350 million years ago?

only lycophytes and ferns/horsetails

Fern leaves can be large, with their photosynthetic surfaces divided into smaller units called:

Pinnae

Which group of gymnosperms present today is thought to have diverged first?

Cycads

True or False: Of all the different types of angiosperms, monocots are best represented in the fossil record. This has long surprised scientists, given that monocots (and their ancestors) lack the woody stems that are typically seen in fossilized plants.

False

Which of the following correctly describes the "fern" we see when walking in the woods? -the diploid sporophyte -the haploid gametophyte -the diploid gametophyte -the haploid sporophyte

the diploid sporophyte

Gnetophytes are of great interest to plant biologists because they have many traits more typical of angiosperms, such as:

Double fertilization

Lycophytes, ferns, and horsetails disperse and establish new, independent individuals by means of:

Spores

Which of the following is a feature of land plants that is also found among the group of green algae from which land plants arose, and so may represent a "pre-adaptation" to life on land? -cuticle -multicellular diploid generation -sporopollenin -chloroplasts

Sporopollenin

Which of the following is not one of the ways we can study grass evolutionary history? -Study the organic compounds incorporated into the phytoliths in grass cells. -Study special compounds formed as a result of C4 photosynthesis. -Study the fossil record because grasses fossilize very well. -Study the high-crowned teeth that help mammals browse on grass.

Study the fossil record because grasses fossilize very well.

Bryophytes are small and simple. Some produce a flattened photosynthetic structure called a:

Thallus

True or False: Recent climate simulations suggest that angiosperms may have been necessary for the formation of tropical rainforests as we know them today.

True

True or False: The evolution of angiosperms increased the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems.

True

True or False: The multicellular gametophytes of bryophytes are haploid.

True

True or False: Vascular cambium (wood) evolved independently in several different groups of vascular plants.

True

Nikolai Vavilov's principle was that the places where the wild relatives of crop plants are most diverse are also likely to be: (Select all that apply.) -a source of cultivars that will produce higher yields than current commercial cultivars. -the best places to grow domesticated crops. -a source of genetic variation that may be useful for breeding programs. -the places where the crops were first domesticated.

a source of genetic variation that may be useful for breeding programs, and the places where the crops were first domesticated.

Which of the following did NOT represent a challenge that plants faced in colonizing land from the ocean? (Select all that apply.) -mechanical support -avoidance of herbivores -protection from ultraviolet radiation -dispersal of sperm and offspring -hydration

avoidance of herbivores

In vascular plants the _____ is larger than the _____.

diploid sporophyte; haploid gametophyte

Which of the vascular plants have swimming sperm and rely on liquid water in the environment to achieve fertilization? -lycophytes and gymnosperms -ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes -gymnosperms and lycophytes -ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

The gymnosperm gnetophytes are known to have diversified alongside early angiosperms in Cretaceous tropical forests. The presence of what general features may account for the fact that tropical forests are dominated (in terms of both ecological importance and diversity) by eudicots and monocots and not gnetophytes today? (Select all that apply.) -herbaceous growth forms -reduced apical dominance -tightly coevolved reproductive structures and animal pollinators -xylem with vessels -double fertilization

herbaceous growth forms, reduced apical dominance, tightly coevolved reproductive structures

Which of the following probably did not contribute to the diversification or ecological dominance of angiosperms in the Cretaceous period? -double fertilization -animal pollination -xylem consisting of vessels and fibers -more efficient forms of rubisco

more efficient forms of rubisco

The growth of what tissue layer is responsible for most of the increase in diameter during secondary growth?

secondary xylem

Vascular plants can be divided into ____ groups according to the unit of dispersal that results in the establishment of independent individuals.

2

The reason that opening stomata requires energy is that:

ATP must be used to transport solutes into guard cells.

Which of the following statements is true? -All mosses have leaf-like photosynthetic structures. -A thallus is a thin stem that supports the leaves of bryophytes. -Thalloid and leafy species are found in all groups of bryophytes. -All hornworts have leaf-like photosynthetic structures. -Bryophytes have true leaves similar to those found in gymnosperms.

All mosses have leaf-like photosynthetic structures.

Which of the following statements is true regarding angiosperms? -They are some of the earliest known plants to have existed on Earth, and appeared alongside lycophytes around 400 million years ago. -Although the appearance of angiosperms coincided with a decrease in the overall diversity of other groups of plants, their appearance also influenced the evolution of new species of non-angiosperm plants. -Angiosperms are the second-most diverse group of plants (the first being gymnosperms). -The appearance of angiosperms on Earth did not affect the atmosphere or landscape; Earth's landscape has changed very little over the last 400 million years. -Over 400 million years ago on Earth, the landscape was dominated by angiosperm trees and shrubs.

Although the appearance of angiosperms coincided with a decrease in the overall diversity of other groups of plants, their appearance also influenced the evolution of new species of non-angiosperm plants.

A botanist discovers a new seed-forming plant. She notices that this plant lacks a vascular cambium and appears to continuously form new roots along its stem. What would be the MOST likely placement of this plant? (Select all that apply.) -among angiosperms -among cycads -among monocots -among eudicots -among conifers

Amount angiosperms, and among monocots

Nearly all of the foods we eat come from which group of plants?

Angiosperms

Angiosperms possess many adaptations. Which of the following statements is false about angiosperms relative to other groups of plants? -Angiosperms can support greater rates of photosynthesis and transpiration than other groups of plants. -Angiosperms have much higher rates of CO2 uptake than other groups of plants. -Angiosperms increased the total plant diversity supported by terrestrial ecosystems. -Angiosperms rely entirely on tracheid xylem. -Angiosperms have xylem vessels.

Angiosperms rely entirely on tracheid xylem.

Based on the fossil record of the Rhynie cherts, what structures were present in the earliest vascular plants? (Select all that apply.) -cuticles -extensive root systems -multi-veined leaves -stomata -sporangia

Cuticles, Stomata, and Sporangia

Which of the following gymnosperms are characterized by male and female cones and stems composed of a scant amount of xylem and a large volume of unlignified cells? -cycads. -ginkgos. -gnetophytes. -conifers.

Cycads

What is the function of endosperm?

Endosperm is a nutritive tissue that supports the growth of the embryo

Plants that grow on other plants for structural support, but do not consume nutrients or energy from them, are called:

Epiphytes

True or False: Bryophytes possess lignin in their xylem.

False

Fern leaves emerge as tightly coiled structures called:

Fiddleheads

Which of the four major groups of gymnosperms currently has only a single species?

Ginkgos

In mosses, the green, leafy portion represents which generation in the alternation of generations?

Haploid gametophyte

Which of the following statements is true of Azolla? -It is an aquatic fern with a larger and more persistent gametophyte generation. -It is an aquatic angiosperm with a larger and more persistent sporophyte generation. -It can be a net source of nitrogen in rice paddies, increasing rice yields. -It has a symbiosis with cyanobacteria, producing toxins that may accumulate in rice.

It can be a net source of nitrogen in rice paddies, increasing rice yields.

At least two-thirds of human caloric intake is accounted for by a few species in which group?

Monocots

Which taxonomic group of angiosperms contributes most to the global food supply for human societies? -monocots -eudicots -vegetables and fruits -grasses and fruits

Monocots

You are walking along and you see a plant that is small, green, and growing close to the ground. When you look more closely, you see it has a very flexible stem and leaf-like structures that lack veins. You are most likely observing a(n):

Moss

Which of the following traits were likely present in the last common ancestor of bryophytes? -vascular tissues -photosynthetic sporophytes -roots -stomata -multicellular sporophytes

Multicellular sporophytes

What causes water to flow into the phloem in leaves and other sources?

Osmosis

The presence of seeds and pollen set gymnosperms apart from earlier groups of land plants. Which of the following statements concerning these features is TRUE? -Seeds transport the female gametophyte and the plant embryo. -Pollen grains contain the male gametes of gymnosperms, and seeds contain the female gametes called ovules. -Sperm and ovule are transported together in a seed, so that fertilization can occur when the seed lands on a suitable substrate. -Seeds transport unfertilized female gametophytes and male gametes.

Seeds transport the female gametophyte and the plant embryo.

Which of the following statements about resin is false? -Some pine resins can be boiled down to produce a sweet syrup. -Some conifer resins are used to produce chemotherapy agents. -Resins deter insects and fungi. -Resins are produced by many species of conifers. -Many resins are distilled to produce turpentine and other solvents.

Some pine resins can be boiled down to produce a sweet syrup.

Which of the following are characteristics of all bryophytes? (Select all that apply.) -swimming sperm -a thallus, or flattened body -desiccation tolerance -sporophyte and gametophyte generations -stomata

Swimming sperm, desiccation tolerance, sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Which of the following statements is false about early plant evolution, as evidenced by the Rhynie cherts? -Fossils indicate that the roots and leaves of lycophytes evolved independently from those of ferns, horsetails, and seed plants. -Some of the early plants have a branched sporophyte, but no evidence of vascular tissue. -The stems of early vascular plants lacked a cuticle or stomata. -Early vascular plants were small, up to 15 cm tall. -Early vascular plants branched repeatedly and contained sporangia at their tips.

The stems of early vascular plants lacked a cuticle or stomata.

As the number of angiosperm species rose, what happened to the number of species of most other groups of land plants?

They decreased.

Which of the following statements is true of horsetails? -They do not form roots. -The fossil record indicates that they were always very small -They have photosynthetic stems without leaves. -They produce tiny leaves arranged in whorls. -Their stems are solid with densely packed photosynthetic cells.

They produce tiny leaves arranged in whorls.

True or False: Sphagnum moss plays an important role in the global carbon cycle because it stores large amounts of organic carbon.

True

Ferns occupy diverse habitats and have unique adaptations. Which of the following statements regarding fern adaptations is false? -Approximately 40 percent of living ferns are epiphytes. -Azolla is a tiny aquatic fern that has been used for centuries as a biofertilizer of rice. -Tiny aquatic ferns, such as Salvinia, float on the surface of the water. -Unlike many other groups of plants, ferns have not been found to have symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. -Tree ferns hold their stems upright by forming a rigid matrix of roots that grows down from the leaves.

Unlike many other groups of plants, ferns have not been found to have symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

The earliest diverging angiosperm still extant today, Amborella trichopoda, lacks which of these characteristic features of angiosperms? -seeds -tracheids -vessels -flowers

Vessels

Which of the following types of plants would not be classified as gymnosperms? -conifers -cycads -ginkgos -gnetophytes -water lillies

Water lillies

Without the higher rates of transpiration exhibited by angiosperms many tropical regions would:

have higher temperatures and lower rainfall.

The persistent and photosynthetic generation of bryophytes is in general constrained to be close to the ground:

in order to successfully disperse gametes.

Which of the following are living representatives of the first plant groups to diverge after plants moved onto land?

liverworts

CO2 enters leaves through stomata, diffuses through intercellular spaces, and from there diffuses into what cell type?

mesophyll cells

Which of the following groups both have short-lived sporophytes? -hornworts and liverworts -mosses and liverworts -mosses and hornworts

mosses and liverworts

Examples of convergent evolution of bryophytes and vascular plants include:

mosses that attract insects that then transport their spores.

Which of the following occurrences is thought to be directly associated with the establishment of modern rainforests? -the increase in photosynthetic oxygen production by vascular plants -the formation in the forest understory of dense mats of mosses and extensive beds of ferns -the evolution of the ability of angiosperms to support high transpiration rates -the increase in water uptake by vascular plants

the evolution of the ability of angiosperms to support high transpiration rates

Approximately 40% of living ferns are tropical epiphytes, a fact that supports the hypothesis that:

the origin and eventual domination of angiosperms in tropical forests both displaced and created new opportunities for other plant lineages

Angiosperms have a much higher water-transport capacity than that found in tracheid-only plants because:

the specialization of cells into vessel elements and fibers allows transport and support to become separate functions.

Which of the following spore-dispersing vascular plants is not properly matched to its description? -tree-sized lycophytes: possess a vascular cambium; found today in tropical forests in Africa -quillworts (isoetes): possess a vascular cambium; live along the margins of lakes and streams -polypods: the most recently radiated group of ferns that includes many epiphytes -tree ferns: tropical understory "trees" whose trunk is supported in part by roots descending from leaves.

tree-sized lycophytes: possess a vascular cambium; found today in tropical forests in Africa