BIOLOGY-1308 Exam 1-4

A cell that has just started interphase has four chromosomes. How would the same cell look when it is in metaphase? (Select the blue box next to the correct answer.)

4 x's that are horizontal

ACIDIC, NEUTRAL, OR BASIC

ACIDIC- pH of 3, Orange juice, H+ concentration of 10 5 NEUTRAL- Pure water, pH of 7 BASIC- 2:1 ratio of OH-, Soap

Match each of the descriptions, examples or images with proper domain of life

ARCHAEA- We are not members of this domain, but it's the one most closely related to our own domain. BACTERIA- All 3 domains arose from a common ancestor; this domain was the FIRST to appear. -This domain contains the most abundant and diverse organisms.

What product of cellular respiration is used to power the basic activities of cells, such as membrane transport, DNA and protein synthesis, and moving materials within the cell?

ATP

Which does not usually increase in overall abundance as a result of photosynthesis?

ATP

Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next through_______ asexual reproduction. DNA. All answers are correct. gametes. sexual reproduction.

asexual reproduction. DNA. ->All answers are correct. gametes. sexual reproduction.

What links photosystem II to photosystem I in the light reactions?

an electron transport chain

Alternate forms of the same gene

are alleles

Eukaryotic chromosomes become visible with a light microscope before cell division because they

become more tightly wound.

Potassium is a ______ An atom of the most common isotope of potassium has a nucleus composed of 19 ______and _____ The nucleus of a neutral potassium atom is surrounded by _____

bulk element, protons, neutrons, 19 electrons

Examples of photosynthetic accessory pigments are -chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. -chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus is referred to as the

chromatin

A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a

chromosome

The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell is the formation of a

cleavage furrow

In a "silent" mutation, the

codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.

A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to

codons of mRNA and amino acids

Label the components in this image showing transcription.

components in this image showing transcription in pic

Analyze the genotypes and phenotypes shown in the Punnett square below. Then, click on the term that describes the expression of the F gene. (Select the one correct answer.)

incomplete dominance

In an inherited form of high cholesterol, HH individuals have a blood cholesterol level greater than 500mg/dL, RH individuals are near 300mg/dL, and normal (RR) cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL. The H allele is ________ to the R allele.

incompletely dominant

Classify the following phrases as related to mitosis or meiosis. If it relates to both, then place the label in the "both" dock. Some labels may not be used. (Both mitosis and meiosis)

interphase precedes this process, this process begins with replicated chromosomes, ends with unreplicated chromosomes

Select the two main groups of chemical reactions in photosynthesis.

light reactions, carbon reactions

What organisms conduct photosynthesis? Select all that apply. many types of bacteria algae fungi terrestrial animals plants

many types of bacteria algae fungi plants

Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell's DNA ________ and then dividing ________.

once, once

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is - facilitated diffusion - active transport - osmosis

osmosis

At the end of cellular respiration, the electrons are transferred to a final electron acceptor. In aerobic cellular respiration, this molecule is

oxygen (O2).

Classify the following phrases as related to mitosis or meiosis. If it relates to both, then place the label in the "both" dock. Some labels may not be used. Mitosis

participates in growth, asexual reproduction uses this process, daughter cells have the same chromosome number as the parent

Fill in the diagram below to show the relationship between DNA and proteins.

pic, Transcription, pic, Translation, pic

A gene that produces a protein important in more than one biochemical pathway is

pleiotropic.

Because water is a ______molecule, it is a good _____ for hydrophilic molecules.

polar, solvent

Classify the following phrases as related to mitosis or meiosis. If it relates to both, then place the label in the "both" dock. Some labels may not be used. Meiosis

produces gametes, crossing over occurs during this process, daughter cells have half of the chromosome number of the parents

The cell images below were taken from an organism with a diploid number of 4. Drag and drop a label to identify the stage of mitosis or meiosis shown in each cell image.

prophase of mitosis, prophase I, metaphase II, metaphase I, metaphase of mitosis

In most cases, the chemical structure of enzymes represents a(an) -ion -protein -inorganic molecule

protein

Transcription and translation produce _______ using the information in _______. Some _______are chemical signals that regulate the cell cycle by stimulating cell division. When these _______ bind to _______ on a cell membrane, they initiate a cascade of reactions that results in _______. If the _______ encoding any of these _______ have mutations, then cells might receive improper signals to divide. Sometimes, loss of control over cell division results in a _______, an abnormal mass of tissue.

proteins, genes proteins proteins, receptors, cell division genes, proteins tumor

During the light reactions, chemical reactions are occurring simultaneously at photosystem I and photosystem II.On the left, put the reactions starting at photosystem II in order from first to last. Then, on the right, put the reactions starting at photosystem I in order from first to last.

see pic

Label each arrow in the figure below. Some labels may be used more than once.

see pic

Match each compound with the step of cellular respiration that produces it. Some answers may be used more than once. Some may not be used at all.

see pic

The image below shows the carbon reactions. Some parts have been removed. Fill in the empty boxes using the labels on the left. Not all labels will be used.

see pic

Label the figure to describe how DNA folds into a visible chromosome.

see pic visible chromosome

Place the following stages of translation in order.

see translation pic

In the presence of parasites, a hermaphroditic roundworm will reproduce

sexually, producing varied offspring

If a diploid sperm fertilizes a diploid egg it will produce a ____ zygote.

tetraploid

The "central dogma" of molecular biology described by Watson and Crick describes

the directional flow of genetic information in cells.

In a "frameshift" mutation

the mutation is caused by an addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides.

What prevents plant cells from bursting when they are placed in hypotonic surroundings? - the plant cell wall -photosynthesis - the presence of chlorophyll

the plant cell wall

If human gametes were diploid

the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents.

In a chemical equation - the reactants are on the left of the yields arrow - the reactants are on the right of the yields arrow - the proucts are on the left of the yields arrow

the reactants are on the left of the yields arrow

If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude

the yellow parent was homozygous for the dominant allele.

Is transcription or translation shown in the image below?

transcription

Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main steps in

transcription and translation

What process converts the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids?

translation

Label the components in the image, which shows translation.

translation pic

Four ATP molecules are made in the second step in glycolysis. However, the net production of ATP is two because

two molecules of ATP are needed to "activate" glucose.

Consider the image below, which shows a cell nucleus with one pair of homologous chromosomes. Then, click on all of the true statements.

-Chromatid A will separate from chromatid B during anaphase II. -Chromosome AB will line up next to chromosome CD during metaphase I. -Chromosome AB will separate from chromosome CD during meiosis I.

Mutations may be caused by -exposure to radiation -errors in prokaryotic replication -exposure to chemicals -errors in eukaryotic replication

-exposure to radiation -errors in prokaryotic replication -exposure to chemicals -errors in eukaryotic replication all are correct

When a female that is heterozygous for a gene is crossed with a male that is heterozygous for a gene, what proportion of their offspring are predicted to be heterozygous for the same gene? (Hint: Create a Punnett square.)

.5

The Punnett square below represents a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for the F gene. The parents have already had three offspring. The first had genotype FF and the second and third had genotype Ff. What is the probability that the fourth child has genotype ff? (Click on the one correct answer.)

0.25

1)This enzyme adds nucleotides to the daughter strand____ 2) This is where DNA replication begins __ 3) This enzyme forms covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments. 4) This strand is synthesized during DNA replication__

1- DNA polymerase 2-Origin of replication 3-Ligase 4- Daughter strand

After the completion of meiosis in human males, a diploid germ cell has produced cells with half the original chromosome number, generating __________ haploid cells.

4

1.The electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers located in the _____of mitochondria. 2 Each carrier is alternately _____and oxidized, passing electrons down the chain . 3 High-energy electrons _____the chain, while low-energy electrons _____ the chain. 4 As oxidation-reduction occurs, _____ is released that is used to make ATP. 5 The final electron acceptor in the chain, and thus a very important player, is _____

1. inner membrane 2. reduced 3. enter, leave 4. energy 5. oxygen

A tobacco plant is heterozygous for the genes for long stems (Ss), large leaves (Ll), and fibrous roots (Rr). It is crossed with another tobacco plant with genotype ss ll rr. How many of the 80 offspring of this mating will be heterozygous for all three genes? These genes are not linked. Hint: create three separate Punnett squares and use the product rule (section 10.4C).

10 Explanation: The product rule allows you to separate the three genes into their own Punnett squares. You'll notice that in each Punnett square, 1/2 of the offspring are heterozygous. Multiple 1/2 by 1/2 by 1/2 (because the desired genotype in all three Punnett squares is heterozygous) to get 1/8. Of the 80 offspring, 1/8 of them will be heterozygous for all three genes. 1/8 × 80 = 10.

Use the drop-down menus to answer the following questions about chromosomes. For all questions, assume that individuals of this species typically have 24 chromosomes in diploid cells. Individuals have _____ chromosomes in haploid cells. When two haploid gametes combine, a zygote with _____ chromosomes forms. Suppose an error in meiosis produced diploid gametes. After fertilization, each offspring would have _____ chromosomes in its diploid cells.

12 24 48

A pea plant is heterozygous for the genes for seed form (Rr) and seed color (Gg). It is crossed with a pea plant of the genotype rrgg. How many of the 60 offspring of this mating are predicted to show the dominant trait for both genes? (The genes are not linked.)

15

The DNA sequence 5' ATGCATGC 3' will pair with which of the following RNA strands?

3' UACGUACG 5'

The image below shows a normally functioning mitochondrial electron transport chain. The alternative pathway seen in flowers of Philodendron solimosense diverts electrons away from the transport chain before they reach the third and fourth membrane proteins. What are the consequences of diverting these electrons from the transport chain? (Select all that apply.)

ATP synthase generates fewer ATP per unit time. More energy is lost as heat. The chance of pollination is increased.

Many toxins are known to kill organisms by interfering with cellular respiration. Which poison blocks the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the formation of acetyl-coA?

Arsenic

Suppose these two chromosomes are found in a cell nucleus during prophase. What is the relationship between chromatids A, B, C, and D? Select all that apply.

C is identical to D A is identical to B

Given the sequence of DNA below, what would be the sequence of bases on the daughter strand after DNA replication?GGCCGGCTACCA

CCGGCCGATGGT

Match each label to the correct cell it describes. Chromosomes condense. Chromosomes align at the equator. Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles. Nuclear envelope is formed.

Chromosomes condense. Chromosomes align at the equator. Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles. Nuclear envelope is formed.

Which of the following will occur in meiosis but not in mitosis?

Crossing Over

Drag the missing components of the general equation of aerobic respiration to their correct locations, then fill in the missing numbers to balance the equation. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 36 ATP

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer," what did the researchers conclude?

Declining dose therapy led to the smallest tumors.

Consider how the image of a replicated chromosome below relates to DNA replication. Then, select the one true statement.

Each chromatid has a daughter strand and a parental strand of DNA.

What might happen if a substance that is not a substrate molecule binds to an enzyme's active site? Click the correct box.

Enzyme activity will slow down.

Genetic variability will not occur among offspring if crossing over does not occur during prophase I of meiosis. True or False

FALSE

If a human zygote has either 45 or 47 chromosomes it was caused by random fertilization. T or F

False

Mitosis and meiosis II are similar, except that cells undergoing meiosis II are diploid and cells undergoing mitosis are haploid. T or F

False

The amino acid that starts every protein and that is encoded by ACG is methionine. True or False

False

The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele.

False

Classify each of the following phrases as descriptions for either ionic or covalent bonds.

IONIC- These bonds result from an electrical attraction between opposite charges, the electronegativity difference is always high between atoms of this bond type.

Consider the image below, which shows a cell nucleus with one pair of homologous chromosomes that has not undergone crossing over. Then, click on all of the true statements.

If this cell undergoes meiosis, the daughter cells will each contain 1 chromosome. This could be a homologous pair of autosomes. Chromatids C and D carry the same alleles. If this cell undergoes mitosis, the daughter cells will each contain 2 chromosomes.

Select all of the following that correctly describe plant cell membranes.

In plant cells, membrane proteins can have carboydrate markers attached. Plant cell membranes contain the molecule cholesterol that adds fluidity.

If you were grading a set of exams dealing with the scientific method, which statement would lead to a student losing points?

It does not apply to problems encountered in everyday life.

What is the role of oxygen (O2) in aerobic respiration?

It is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.

In theory, yeast cells conducting alcoholic fermentation produce about 1 kg of ethanol for every 2 kg of glucose. Where does the extra kilogram of mass go?

It is released as carbon dioxide gas.

Classify the following as domains, kingdoms, or neither.

KINGDOM- Fungi, Animalia DOMAIN- Eukarya, The most inclusive taxonomic category, Taxonomic group containing all bacteria NEITHER- Prokaryotes, Taxonomic group containing all life on Earth

Label the image below. Not all labels will be used. (picture starts with Homologous pair of chromosomes)

Left to right Top- Homologous pair of chromosomes, site of crossing over, parental chromatid, Middle- Meiosis I Bottom- Sister chromatids, Recombinant chromatid

Classify each of the following sentences as relating to binary fission, mitosis, or both.

MITOSIS- Spindle pulls DNA molecules to seprate ends of the cell. Centromeres split. BINARY FISSION- DNA attaches to the cell membrane BOTH-DNA replication occurs before cell division. Daughter cells are identical to the origional.

Which of the following statements is/are true about meiosis? Select all that apply.

Meiosis produces gametes. Meiosis produces nonidentical cells. The daughter cells of meiosis have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis produces four haploid cells.

The product of photosystem I is -NADPH. -NADH.

NADPH

Sunlight is the energy source for the light reactions. The energy sources for the carbon reactions are

NADPH and ATP.

A change in a cell's DNA sequence is - translation - a mutation

a mutation

Select the stages of the cell cycle during which each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

Prophase, Metaphase, Late interphase

Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Antibiotic resistance enhances the reproductive success of bacteria that have it. True or False

TRUE

The Krebs cycle can be used to manufacture amino acids. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Determine if each statement about the light reactions is true or false. Then, drag the statement to the correct box. True or False

TRUE- Electrons excited by photosystem I reduce NADP+ to NADPH Protons move through ATP synthase,producing ATP. NADPH is an electron carrier that participates in the carbon reactions FALSE- The light reactions can function in the absence of water. Protons move from the stroma to the thylakoid space by simple diffusion.

What qualities of a chemical reaction are affected by enzymes? Select all that apply.

The speed of the reaction. The energy required to start the reaction

Imagine that one egg cell unites with one sperm cell at fertilization. Nine months later, twin brothers are born. Select all of the true statements about the DNA of these brothers.

The top image represents the situation described in the question. The brothers received identical DNA from the father. The brothers received identical DNA from the mother.

Investigating Life 2.1 discusses how tawny crazy ants survive fire ant stings. Based on observed behaviors in crazy ants, the researchers hypothesized that crazy ants use their venom to neutralize the fire ant sting. How did the researchers test their hypothesis?

They compared survival after fire ant stings of crazy ants with plugged and unplugged venom glands.

Suppose a male with genotype AA and a female with genotype aa mate and produce offspring. Fill in the Punnett square below to illustrate the possible genotypes of the offspring for the A gene. (Put alleles inherited from the mother on the top of the Punnett square and alleles inherited from the father along the left side of the Punnett square. Labels may be used more than once or not at all.)

Top Row - a , a Middle- A, Aa, Aa Bottom-A, Aa, Aa

A poly A tail is added to the mature mRNA after transcription. True or False

True

An abnormal mass of tissue is a tumor. True or False

True

Each gamete arises from a diploid cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. T or F

True

Each newly replicated molecule of DNA contains one strand from the original DNA molecule. T or F

True

If the probability of one genetic event is 1/2 and of another 1/6, then the probability of both occurring is 1/12. T or F

True

Mendel's law of segregation states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes. T or F

True

Mutations can be caused by chemicals. True or False

True

Some risk of cancer comes from genetic issues. T or F

True

As is discussed in "Investigating Life 7.1: Clues to the Origin of Language," which of the following represents how language evolved in human ancestors?

Two random mutations in DNA resulted in a modified transcription factor that participates in language acquisition.Individuals with the mutations reproduced more successfully.

The chromosomal designation for a human female is

XX

After ATP donates a phosphate group to a coupled reaction, then it becomes ADP. The ADP -can be recharged with the release of energy to form ATP. -can be recharged with the uptake of energy to form ATP.

can be recharged with the uptake of energy to form ATP.

People who have a single X chromosome are female, while those with XXY sex chromosomes are males. In order to be a female, a human

cannot have a Y chromosome.

What step of gene expression is shown in the figure?

elongation stage of transcription

Phagocytosis is an example of - facilitated diffusion. - endocytosis. - exocytosis.

endocytosis.

The light reactions harvest _____, while the carbon reactions produce _____. -energy; carbohydrates -energy; phosphate

energy; carbohydrates

Sweating can have a cooling effect due to ______. This is because energy is needed to break water's hydrogen bonds.

evaporation

A portion of DNA that encodes a specific protein is a

gene

A ________ is a series of nucleotides that encodes a protein product. This coding DNA may have different forms, or varieties, called ________. An individual with two different versions of a gene is genetically ________. In traits with a simple pattern of inheritance, only the trait conferred by the ________ form of the gene will be visible. The other form of the gene is ________: it confers a trait that is only visible when the individual is genetically ________, or has two identical copies of the gene. Whatever the form, these regions are found at a specific location, or ________, on long strands of DNA, called ________.

gene alleles hetreozygous, dominant, recessive, homozygous chromosomes

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system in cellular respiration initially belonged to

glucose

The reactants for cellular respiration are

glucose and oxygen

Some microorganisms that live in anaerobic environments can produce ATP using fermentation, which involves -the calvin cycle -the krebs cycle -glycolysis

glycolysis

In studies of the genetic basis of language, FOXP2 sequences differed the most between mice and

humans

The Krebs cycle continues the breakdown of glucose and -manufactures carbohydrates - provides oxygen to cells - provides intermediates for manufacturing fats and amino acids

provides intermediates for manufacturing fats and amino acids.

Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? carbon dioxide NADH FADH2 ATP pyruvate

pyruvate

Categorize labels as reactants or products of photosynthesis. Some labels are neither reactants nor products and therefore should not be used. reactant, product

reactant- water, carbon dioxide product- glucose, oxygen

If you were watching a cell undergoing a doubling of the DNA in its nucleus, you would be observing

replication

Categorize the processes or substances listed on the left as applying to alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.Some labels will apply to both.

see pic

Classify each label into the correct category of human red blood cell.

see pic

Classify each label listed on the left as applying to aerobic respiration or fermentation, or both. Labels that apply to both processes should be dragged to both categories.

see pic

Two processes that occur during meiosis produce genetically _________ cells. In a process called random orientation, paired homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the cell equator. This occurs during this stage of cell division: _________. Alleles are therefore independently assorted into gametes. In a process called _________, genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. This occurs during this stage of cell division: _________.

variable metaphase I of meiosis crossing over, prophase I of meiosis

As part of an exam, you are given a powder to analyze. When you perform various tests, you find that it contains a single chemical that changes the pH of neutral water to a pH of 6. You would conclude that the chemical is a__ -strong base -weak acid - weak base

weak acid

When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short (tt) pea plants the offspring

were all short.

Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs - by blocking the production of an enzyme. - when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site. -when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.

when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.

The carbon atoms in the cellulose of a wood log originally came from _____ absorbed by the plant. - carbon dioxide -water - oxygen

carbon dioxide

If you found an organism that was single-celled and had a nucleus, you would classify it as a member of the Archaea. T or F

FALSE

Phagocytosis is the process used by cells to bring in small amounts of fluid. Group startsTrue or False

FALSE

The carbon reactions can run on their own without the products of the light reactions TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Without photosynthesis, autotrophs would be more abundant. True or False

FALSE

Proteins store the genetic information of the cell and transmit it to the next generation. T or F

FALSE (Explanation Although proteins have many functions, and have structures determined by the DNA genetic code, protein functions do not include storage and inheritance of genetics. Please see section 2.5 for more information.)

Diffusion occurs against concentration gradients. True or False

FALSE Explanation Diffusion occurs down, or with, concentration gradients. Please see section 4.5 for more information.

If oxygen could be traced, the oxygen in the water in a leaf would end up in carbohydrates after photosynthesis. True or False

FALSE Explanation The oxygen in water ends up as oxygen gas in the atmosphere after the light reactions. Please see section 5.5 for more information.

Look at the image below, which shows three identical molecules. Select all of the true statements about these molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are likely to form between adjacent molecules. Covalent bonds hold the atoms within each of these molecules together.

Classify each description, image, or example as the appropriate component of the cytoskeleton.Right-click any image to zoom. MICROTUBULE, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT, MICROFILAMENT

MICROTUBULE- This type of filament is organized by centrosomes in animal cells. This is the largest diameter component of the cytoskeleton. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT- This filament is composed of several different proteins. This type of filament forms an internal scaffold within the cell that maintains cell shape. MICROFILAMENT- This cytoskeleton component is composed of actin.

Which of the following structures are found in all living cells? Select all that apply.

Ribosomes, Deoxyribonecleic acid, RNA, Proteins, Cell membrane

True or false: Ribosomes use proteins to produce DNA.

False

Water is a _____ composed of _____ atoms.

compound, three

Consider the image below, which shows a U-tube divided with a selectively permeable membrane. Use arrows to depict how water will move.

see pic

Drag and drop the terms on the top to complete the concept map.

see pic

Fill in the table with the appropriate labels. Labels may be used more than once.

see pic

Label the image below. First, choose which organelles carry out photosynthesis. Then, label where the light and carbon reactions occur.

see pic

Select all of the following that are functions of membrane proteins.

form plant cell wall, provide binding site for cholesterol

Match the reactants of photosynthesis with the correct sources. 1 carbon dioxide 2 water 3 energy

gas exchange through stomata=1 absorption through roots=2 captured from wavelengths of light=3

A theory differs from a hypothesis

has predictive power, is broader in scope than a hypothesis, ties together many existing observations, has more supportive evidence than a hypothesis. ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

Of the following organisms, which one does not use photosynthesis to convert CO2 and water into glucose? -humans -some bacteria

humans

Match the description on the left with the most fitting class of membrane proteins on the right. - Transport proteins - Receptor proteins - Enzymes -Recognition proteins - Adhesion proteins

- Transport proteins- ions move in and out - Receptor proteins- hormones bind here - Enzymes-These proteins help catalyze chemical reactions -Recognition proteins- A woman has a disorder causing her immune system to attach her own cells. May have problem with these proteins. - Adhesion proteins- cells stick together

Which of the following statements is incorrect about turgor pressure? - It is necessary to keep plants from wilting. -It is maintained by osmosis. -It occurs in organisms with cell walls when placed into a hypertonic environment.

-It occurs in organisms with cell walls when placed into a hypertonic environment.

What do a lemon, a toaster oven, and sand grains have in common?

All are composed of matter and energy.

Drag the word or description on the left to a dock on the right to test your understanding of the characteristics of life. -ORGANIZATION -ENERGY USE, -HOMEOSTASIS, -REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, OR DEVELOPMENT -EVOLUTION

-ORGANIZATION- molecules make up cells, cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. -ENERGY USE- The sun powers the production of food molecules by autotrophs. -HOMEOSTASIS- When blood sugar is low, changes occur in the body to raise blood sugar back to its normal level. -REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, OR DEVELOPMENT -EVOLUTION

Select all the components of cell theory as outlined by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.

1)All cells come from preexisting cells 2) All organisms are made of one or more cells 3) The cell is the fundamental unit of life.

Why isn't scientific inquiry foolproof?

1)Definitive answers may not exist. 2)Observations can be misinterpreted. 3)Unexpected conclusions are not always readily accepted. 4)Multiple interpretations of the data are possible. ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

Drag the missing components of the general equation of plant photosynthesis to their correct locations.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O -------→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Which of the following is/are among the functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? Select all that apply.

Aggregates to form the nuclear envelope

Review the discussion of evolution and Investigating Life 1.1. Which of the following statements is/are most likely true? (Select all that apply.)

Answers: 1)Moths that could smell the nectar at the bottom of the orchid saw the need for a longer tongue, so they grewone that reached the nectar and passed on the longer tongue to their offspring. 4)Moths Moths with longer tongues are more likely to have access to the orchid nectar and are therefore more likelyto survive to reproduction.

Which statement is NOT DIRECTLY connected with the law about energy being conserved?

Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat.

Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization within a multicellular organism?

Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue

Select all of the following that are found in both animal and plant cells.

Central vacuole, cell wall, chloropast

The most abundant bulk elements that make up the vast majority of living organisms are

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN

Biologists consider photosynthesis to be the most important metabolic process because without it, there would be no CO2 in the atmosphere. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Energy sometimes appears spontaneously in living systems. True or False

FALSE

Select the true statement about dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis. -During hydrolysis, a monomer breaks into two polymers. Water is a byproduct. -During hydrolysis, an enzyme joins two water molecules, producing a polymer. - During dehydration synthesis, an enzyme joins two monomers. Water is a byproduct.

During dehydration synthesis, an enzyme joins two monomers. Water is a byproduct.

Place the steps of the light reactions in the order in which they occur. 1,2,3,4 or 5 Excited electrons are passed through electron transport chain, producing NADPH. Photosystem II captures a photon of light. A pair of electrons is excited in the reaction center of photosystem II. Excited electrons are passed through electron transport chain, producing ATP. Energy is passed to the reaction center of photosystem II.

Excited electrons are passed through electron transport chain, producing NADPH. *5 Photosystem II captures a photon of light.* 1 A pair of electrons is excited in the reaction center of photosystem II. *3 Excited electrons are passed through electron transport chain, producing ATP. *4 Energy is passed to the reaction center of photosystem II.*2

Classify each of the following as a nonessential element, essential bulk element, or essential trace element.

NONESSENTIAL ELEMENT- Argon, Aluminum, Helium ESSENTIAL BULK ELEMENT- Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Calcium ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENT- Iron, Iodine

A fifty-five-year-old woman suffering from osteoporosis (bone loss) is interested in how her diet affects her blood pH. She has read that consuming acidifying foods and drinks, such as meats, sodas, and grains, decreases her blood pH, which in turn decreases her bone density. But she really likes to eat those foods, and she's skeptical that what she eats could really affect her body's pH. To test the idea, she purposefully eats an acidifying diet for a limited time, knowing that a short study won't have a major effect on her health. First, she buys some pH strips, and then tests her urine pH four times each day. Five days later she constructs the graph below. Based on the graph, she concludes that her diet is contributing to osteoporosis. Do you agree with her conclusion? Why or why not?

No, because she only measured urine pH, she can only make conclusions about how food affects her urine.

There are similarities and differences between cell membranes of plants and animals. Drag each statement about cell membranes to the appropriate bin to describe these similarities and differences. ONLY ANIMALS, BOTH, ONLY PLANTS, NEITHER

ONLY ANIMALS- cholesterol in membrane BOTH-Membrane is a bilayer of phospohlipids, transport proteins embedded in membrane, helps the cell maintain homeostasis ONLY PLANTS- Cellulose surrounds membrane NEITHER- only surrounds some cells in organisms body, composed primarily of nucleic acids.

Match each description with the correct level of protein structure. (Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

PRIMARY- amino acid sequence, determines all other levels of protein structure SECONDARY- small areas of loops or helices that arise due to hydrogen bonding. Coil or sheet arising from chemical attractions among amino acids. TERTIARY- The overall shape of one chain of amino acids. Results when R groups move toward or away from water. QUATERNARY- Not all proteins have this level of organization. Interactions between multiple chains of amino acids.

Rubisco catalyzes the fixation of CO2 with ribulose bisphosphate in the first step of the Calvin cycle. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Water is a compound. T or F

TRUE

Whenever ATP is produced by a chemical reaction some energy is lost into the surroundings as heat. True or False

TRUE

n the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?," why does water leave the cell by osmosis after the active transport of chloride ions out of the cell by CFTR? -The cell is now in a hypertonic solution. -The cell is now in a hypotonic solution.

The cell is now in a hypertonic solution.

Water is best described as which of the following? - a polar molecule -a nonpolar molecule - an ion

a polar molecule

Click on all of the hypotheses that are testable using the scientific method.

Vitamins reduce the chance that a patient will become sick Patients that take vitamins are less likely to conduct illegal activities.

Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen account for 96% of the human body. These elements are - all answers are correct - also the main elements in organic molecules - always bonded by hydrogen bonds

also the main elements in organic molecules

The primary building block (monomer) of proteins is - an amino acid - glucose molecule - a nucleotide

an amino acid

Gravity is a theory because it is

an encompassing explanation of a natural phenomenon that is well accepted.

Examples of potential energy include -light and motion of a muscle - light and chemical bonds -chemical bonds and concentration gradients.

chemical bonds and concentration gradients.

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules allows water to be ________. This property of water allows it to rise from a plant's roots to its highest branches.

cohesive

Within a single molecule of water, ____ bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen. -covalent -hydrophobic -nuclear

covalent

The Calvin cycle is a -cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. -linear pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. -cyclic pathway that produces ATP and NADPH.

cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2.

In a scientific experiment, the investigator measures the response of the _______ variable(s).

dependent

Dye placed at one end of a beaker of otherwise pure water will

diffuse towards the other side.

If a carbohydrate polymer contains only two monomer units, such as sucrose made from glucose and fructose, it is called a(n) - polysaccharide - monosaccharide - disaccharide

disaccharide

You encounter a new compound that is bright purple and smells of violets. It sticks to surfaces in a way similar to water and can replace water in the running of living cells. You might expect that this new molecule will make____ -peptide bonds -ionic bonds -hydrophobic bonds -hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds

A base ______ -is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution -has a value of 7 on the pH scale -is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution.

is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution.

An acid - has a value of 7 on the pH scale - has a value above 7 on the pH scale - is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution.

is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution

Frozen water is ______ dense than liquid water, causing ice to float.

less

In general, the light reactions convert ______ energy into ______energy. Electrons excited by photosystem II produce a(n) ______ gradient, with a higher concentration in the _______ than in the ______. When photosystem II replaces two electrons that it excited and ejected, it uses _____ and produces __________.

light, chemical proton, thylakoid space, stroma water, oxygen gas

If you were told to sort cards into boxes after a lab on elements, you would put into a slot labelled "Mass Number" any card with text that included the total number of - protons, neutrons, and electrons of an atom - protons and electrons of an atom - protons and neutrons of an atom

protons and neutrons of an atom

The atomic number of an atom or element is the number of -neutrons in the nucleus - protons in the nucleus - electrons in the nucleus

protons in the nucleus

Saturated fats have long, straight tails of fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats from vegetables have kinks in their tails due to double bonds. These kinks prevent the fats from packing together as tightly. Hydrogenated vegetable oils, or trans fats, have hydrogens added back to the double bonds and thus behave like - waxes -saturated fats - unsaturated fats

saturated fats

Complete the table by dragging each structure name or description into the appropriate place.

see pic

Molecules with polar bonds typically dissolve in water. The images below represent the four classes of organic molecules. Click on the organic molecules that will likely dissolve in water.

see pic

What might be the products of hydrolysis reactions occurring on a triglyceride? (Click on all that apply.)

see pic

Where do lipids, a class of organic compounds, fit on the hierarchy of biological organization? Select the correct box.

see pic