Biology 140; hw 4

_____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose.

Insulin *Glucagon Epinephrine Somatostatin

Which of the following is true of type 1 diabetes?

It is highly associated with obesity. It is characterized by hypoglycemia. *It is classified as an autoimmune disease. It typically develops during middle age.

Which of the following is true of glucose?

It is used by plants during the process of photosynthesis. It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is consumed to lower insulin levels and to promote weight loss. *It is an important source of energy for the human body.

___________is a monosaccharide that exists primarily as part of a naturally occurring disaccharide found in dairy products.

Sucrose Maltose *Galactose Dextrose

Which of the following is a similarity between fructose and galactose?

The process of glycolysis uses both fructose and galactose to produce adenosine triphosphate. Both are produced by plants during the process of photosynthesis. Both are disaccharides made up of two sugar units. *The majority of fructose and galactose is converted into energy by the human body. --Glucose and galactose look rather similar. However, slight differences in their chemical structures result in important differences in their physiological functions. The majority of fructose consumed in the Western diet comes from foods and beverages made with high-fructose corn syrup.

Ketones are produced by the gluconeogenesis pathway.

True *False Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. Taking place mainly in the liver, gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose mainly from amino acids derived from muscle protein. See 4-4: How Does Your Body Regulate and Use Glucose?

The digestion of disaccharides takes place entirely in the large intestine.

True *False (small intestines)

Glycogen is found primarily in the pancreas and adipose tissue.

True *False- (stored in the liver)

Most of the fiber in a kernel of wheat is found in the:

endosperm. germ. stalk. *bran.

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels because it stimulates:

excessive ketone accumulation in the blood. *gluconeogenesis in the liver. --Insulin lowers blood glucose and promotes energy storage. Glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting the breakdown of liver glycogen. glycogenesis in the liver. insulin receptors on certain cells.

Lactose intolerance is caused by:

excessive production of lactase by the body. extremely quick digestion of lactose by the body. the inability of the body to utilize the galactose obtained from lactose. *the inability of the body to produce enough lactase.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) suggests that 45 to 65 percent of your total caloric intake should come from:

fats. proteins. *carbohydrates. alcohol.

The rise in blood glucose following the ingestion of a food is called the:

glucose rating of that food. glycemic index of that food. *glycemic response to that food. glucose load of that food.

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are both associated with:

obesity being a significant risk factor for their occurrence. *frequent urination and excessive thirst. --Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. normal or even elevated levels of insulin in the blood. lower blood glucose levels.

High-fructose corn syrup is:

used to make a thick brown liquid called molasses. especially abundant in sugar cane and sugar beets. formed during starch digestion. *a widely used sweetener.

Which of the following is produced during the process of photosynthesis?

*Glucose Starch Lactose Glycogen

Which of the following is true of type 2 diabetes?

*It is caused by insulin resistance. It frequently occurs during childhood or adolescence. It is the least common form of diabetes. It is considered an autoimmune disorder.

Which of the following is true of fructose?

*The majority of fructose consumed in the Western diet comes from foods and beverages made with high-fructose corn syrup. Starch is made entirely of fructose molecules bonded together in either an orderly unbranched linear chain or a highly branched configuration. Dietary fructose majorly comes from a naturally occurring disaccharide in dairy products. Humans lack the enzymes needed to break the chemical bonds present in fructose.

Most people with lactose intolerance can consume small amounts of low-lactose dairy products such as yogurt and cheese.

*True False

Health experts agree that the best strategy is to maximize your intake of foods that are high in fat and sugar.

*false true

Sucrose is composed of:

*fructose joined with glucose. fructose joined with maltose. fructose joined with galactose. glucose joined with glucose.

Dietary fiber is nondigestible by humans in the small intestine because:

*humans lack the enzymes needed to break the types of bonds found in the fiber. the pigment required to break down the fiber is only present in plants. the enzymes required to digest the fiber are usually depleted by digesting starches. humans do not produce the acid necessary to break the types of bonds found in the fiber.

The germ is the portion of a wheat kernel that contains most of the _____.

*vitamins fats starch fiber

_____ is a condition characterized by high blood glucose.

Hypothermia Hyperthermia Hypoglycemia *Hyperglycemia

The _____________is a rating system based on a scale of 0 to 100 and is used to compare the glycemic responses elicited by different foods.

Glycemic index

Glucose is stored as glycogen in:

adipose tissue. a variety of brightly colored vegetables. *liver and skeletal muscle. soft drinks, cereals, and fruit juice beverages.

The term _____ is used to describe a group of related plants that grow in some regions of Central and South America and whose leaves are used as artificial sweeteners.

aspartame saccharin *stevia sucralose

A _____ is a medical device used to monitor the blood sugar levels of people with type 1 diabetes.

caliper defibrillator *glucometer pacemaker

The glycemic load (GL) is different from the glycemic index (GI) because:

it has different cutoff values for "high" than the glycemic index. *it takes into account the typical portion size of the food. --The GI is a rating system based on a scale of 0 to 100 and is used to compare the glycemic responses elicited by different foods. it is not a rating system. it does not depend on the amount of carbohydrates in the food.

The process of photosynthesis combines _____ in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.

maltose and sucrose starch and fiber carbon monoxide and nitrogen *carbon dioxide and water