Biology 1408 Final Exam

Which of the following does NOT give researchers hope that life may exist on Mars?

Rovers have captured images of bacterial cells within rocks.

Which of the following statements about carbon is FALSE?

Soil samples containing carbon must contain life.

Water is moving across a membrane from solution A into solution B. What can be inferred?

Solution A must have a lower solute concentration than Solution B.

You are listening to a news report that claims a new study has found convincing evidence that a particular weight-loss product is much more effective than diet and exercise Which statement would be an example of scientifically "convincing" evidence in this case?

Statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product than those who relied on diet and exercise.

Which part of the cell membrane acts as a barrier to hydrophilic molecules entering the cell?

hydrophobic tails

Olive oil is _______________ because _____________________.

hydrophobic; it does not interact with water

When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a _____.

hypothesis

"Heat" is best described as

kinetic energy associated with random particle motion.

Which of these foods is a rich source of protein?

lean meat, such as chicken breast

What are the four types of organic molecules that make up all living things on Earth?

lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins

A coenzyme is another name for

an organic cofactor

You eat a spinach salad with croutons and Italian dressing. Which of the following additions to your salad would ensure you obtain all the macronutrients your body needs?

beans

One way a vitamin can act as a coenzyme is to

bind to the enzyme so the enzyme can change its shape and bind to its substrate.

Which organelle would cause the most damage to cytoskeletal fibers in the cytoplasm if its contents were to leak into the cytoplasm?

lysosome

Which of the following combinations INCORRECTLY matches an organelle with its function?

lysosome: internal support; cell and organelle movement

Which of the following is NOT a cytoskeletal fiber in eukaryotic cells?

macrotubules

All the biochemical reactions in a cell are described as its

metabolism.

Which of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?

mitochondria

Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces _____ ATP.

much less

Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by certain pancreatic cells into the bloodstream. Which of the following organelles are involved in the synthesis and secretion of insulin?

ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus

You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have moderately painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: group 1—placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. Based on the process of science, what should your next step be?

run a statistical analysis on the data collected

If a solute is moving through a phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the assistance of a protein, the manner of transport must be _______.

simple diffusion

Which of the following types of transport are most closely related in terms of the energy requirements for moving material across a membrane?

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Coffee or tea with sugar dissolved in it is an example of a water-based solution. Coffee in this case is the __________________, sugar is the _________________, and this means that the sugar molecules must be __________________.

solvent; solute; hydrophilic

Which of the characteristics of life does a virus display, even though its characterization as being alive is controversial?

the abilities to reproduce and grow

In a controlled experiment, which group receives the placebo?

the control group

Which of these is NOT a factor that may lead to different conclusions from two different studies investigating the same thing (eg., the relationship, if any, between caffeinated coffee and memory)?

using a control group

When someone who has adequate macronutrients in their diet is still suffering from malnutrition, they are most likely lacking

vitamins or minerals.

When is a hypothesis considered scientific?

when it can be tested and is refutable

In the studies of coffee and memory discussed, the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is _____.

caffeine; memory

Bone loss can result from

calcium deficiency. dietary deficiencies. vitamin cofactor deficiencies. lifestyle choices. All of the above.

A cell is unable to take up or make sugars. Which molecules will it be unable to take up or make?

carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Which of these cellular components is(are) associated with all cells?

cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA

Penicillin interferes with __________________, causing bacteria to die from ______________.

cell wall synthesis; swelling and rupturing of the cell

Identify the smallest subunits of life that can also sometimes be considered living organisms on their own.

cells

Each time energy is converted from one form to another, a percentage of that energy is lost as _____ or fails to be converted

combustion

Algae make oil in order to

control buoyancy. store chemical energy. store energy from sugars made during photosynthesis. adhere to other cells. All of the above.

The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in a water molecule is a(n) ___________ bond)

covalent

As an acidic compound dissolves in water, the pH of the water _______.

decreases

Of the following, which is the first step in the scientific process?

developing questions based on observations

A close friend has joined a clinical trial. When you ask her about the types of treatment she might be given, she tells you that neither she nor the doctor running the trial will know until the process has been completed. What type of trial has she joined?

double-blind

Sugars are large, hydrophilic molecules that are important energy sources for cells. Sugars can enter cells from an environment with a very high concentration of sugar by

facilitated diffusion.

To repair a cell membrane, which macronutrient would supply the needed building blocks?

fats

Body Mass Index does NOT take into account

frame size.

Which molecules are produced by autotrophs during photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

If you exercise for an extended period of time, you will use energy first from _____, then from _____.

glycogen; fats

Which of the following colors is least useful in photosynthesis?

green

Humans' ability to shiver is an attempt to increase the body's internal temperature and maintain _______.

homeostasis

The "endosymbiotic hypothesis" is a concept that explains _____.

how eukaryotic cells might have evolved mitochondria and chloroplasts within their cells

In terms of bond strength, which of the following is the weakest?

hydrogen

The "stickiness" of water results from the ______________ bonding of water molecules.

hydrogen

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Scientists have found it more challenging to develop treatments for fungal infections (e.g., yeast infections, athlete's foot, and certain nail infections) than for bacterial infections. Why is this so?

Fungi are eukaryotes, like humans, thus their cellular components are similar.

From what you have read in this chapter, would you say a 21-year-old Caucasian female can count on caffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson's disease?

No, because participants in that peer-reviewed study were Japanese American males; it cannot be inferred that the same results would hold for Caucasian females.

Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer) in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer?

No, correlation is not proof of causation.

What occurs as a cyclist pedals down a hill?

Potential energy goes down as kinetic energy goes up.

Which of these statements is TRUE about prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are smaller and lack the internal compartments that eukaryotes have.

Which of the following accurately compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both contain ribosomes to effectively use their genetic information.

_____ make up the nucleus of an atom, whereas _____ surround the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons; electrons

What subunits are proteins broken down into during digestion?

amino acids

How do the environmental costs of growing algae for biofuel production compare to other crop options?

Algae require less fertilizer than corn.

How much ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?

2

A Body Mass Index equal to or greater than _________ is considered obese.

30

Glucose (a monosaccharide) has the molecular formula C6H12O6. How many carbon atoms are in each glucose molecule?

6

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A Calorie equals 1000 calories.

What does the cell theory state?

All living things are made of cells and those cells come from existing cells.

What molecules are produced by autotrophs?

C6H12O6 and O2

_____ reactions break down food and release subunits that can be used in ______ reactions to make larger macromolecules.

Catabolic; anabolic

Many foods—for example, bacon and salt cod—are preserved with high concentrations of salt. How can high concentrations of salt inhibit the growth of bacteria?

High salt is hypertonic and causes the bacteria to shrink because water leaves the bacterial cell.

Although both humans and bacteria have ribosomes, streptomycin—which blocks ribosome function—does not harm a human who ingests it. Why?

Human cells have ribosomes that do not bind streptomycin; only prokaryotic ribosomes are affected by this drug.

You hear a news report about a new asthma treatment. What information is NOT something you would want to know before asking your doctor if this treatment was right for you?

Is asthma a genetic disorder?

When an atom loses an electron, what happens?

It becomes positively charged.

How are lipids unique when compared to other macromolecule groups?

Lipids do not contain monomers and they are comprised of compounds.

Some inherited syndromes, for example MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers), interfere with the function of mitochondria. From what you know about mitochondria, why do you think the muscles and the nervous system are the predominant tissues affected in MERRF?

Mitochondria are the most metabolically active and require the most energy.

Why must essential amino acids be consumed in our diet?

Our bodies cannot manufacture them.

If the French eat meals with a higher fat content, what might explain why the French weigh less on average than Americans?

The French engage in more NEAT activities such as household chores, shopping, and dog walking.

Which statement correctly reflects the interactions between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis?

The carbon in the glucose that plants make is the same carbon in the carbon dioxide we breathe out.

You find a single-cell organism with a cell wall in the soil of a forest—can this organism be an animal? Which of the following characteristics would indicate that the organism is a bacterium and not a plant?

The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan.

Which of the following accurately describes why specific material uses a protein to cross the membrane?

The hydrophobic core of a membrane will only allow hydrophobic (i.e., non-polar) substances to cross without a membrane protein.

How can statistics be used in a scientific study?

They determine whether observed differences are significant or a result of chance.

Which of the following statements best explains why bacteria are considered living organisms?

They are made of cells.

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are most commonly differentiated in the laboratory by whether__________.

a dye is trapped within the cells during the Gram staining procedure

Which of the following are most likely to dissolve in olive oil?

a nonpolar molecule

Which of the following sources is most likely to provide the most scientifically rigorous and accurate information?

a randomized clinical trial with 15,000 subjects

Which of the following is associated with eukaryotic cells but not with prokaryotic cells?

nucleus

The ability to _____ is not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all) living organisms?

obtain energy directly from sunlight

The loss of which energy source would affect the United States the most, given its current energy usage?

petroleum

Which is the correct order from most to least of U.S energy consumption by source?

petroleum, natural gas, coal, renewable energy, and nuclear power

Which of the following cellular components would not be a good target for an antibiotic?

phospholipids

The cell membrane is made of _______.

phospholipids and proteins

The two major components of cell membranes are _______ and _______.

phospholipids; proteins

Chlorophyll pigments absorb __________, which in turn excite _________, which then are used in reactions to generate __________.

photons; electrons; ATP

The radiant energy of the Sun is used by autotrophs to produce

potential energy such as carbohydrates. kinetic energy to make cell components. kinetic energy for cellular functions. potential energy such as oils. All of the above.

Dairy products are a good source of these macronutrients.

proteins and fats

Macronutrients provided by food include

proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Use the following information for the question below: You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have moderately painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: group 1-placebo; group 2-15 mg; group 3-25 mg; group 4-50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

the drug itself

Autotrophs are useful because

they add oxygen to the air. they remove carbon dioxide from the air. they are a source of food for humans. some are a potential source of fuel. All of the above.

All of the following are true of most vitamins EXCEPT

they are inorganic molecules.

Cofactors are important because

they enable enzymes to bind to their substrates.

Where does the oxygen required for aerobic respiration enter the body?

through the lungs

Which of the following puts the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from shortest to longest?

x-rays→ultraviolet light→visible light→microwaves→radio waves