BIOLOGY 1710-012 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
The use of energy and matter by living organisms __________.
involves chemical cycling from light energy from the sun for the production of chemical energy in food to the decomposition and the returning of chemicals to the cycle.
With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.
descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection.
Which of the following is true of a scientific theory?
It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope.
Which of the following statements is true about chemical nutrients in an ecosystem?
They recycle within the ecosystem, being constantly reused.
Cells are _____.
characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
The temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and the independent variables in this experiment are ________.
sex of the baby alligator and temperature respectively.
Which of the following is an example of "unity in diversity"?
-All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. -The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. -The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. (All of the above are correct.)
Which of the following is not one of Charles Darwin's observations?
A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own.
Select the most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its physical environment.
A tree and its physical environment alter each other.
Which of the following statements is true?
All forms of life employ the same genetic code.
The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact?
All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry.
Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope?
Archaean.
Which of the following is not an accurate statement about biology?
Biological inquiry is a cataloguing of all the processes and properties of life on Earth.
Which of the following order is correct in terms of the hierarchy of the organization?
Biosphere → Ecosystem →Community → Population → Organism
Which of the following is not a property associated with all living organisms?
Disorder.
Which series of terms is in the correct sequence of biological organization, from the simplest to the most complex?
Cell, tissue, organ, population, community.
Which of the following is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life?
Cell.
The concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________.
Charles Darwin.
The fundamental organizing principle of biology and core theme is __________.
Evolution.
What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?
DNA.
The genetic material within cells is called __________ and is organized into structures called __________.
DNA; chromosomes.
Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?
Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the listed observations and inferences.
What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the most to the least complex?
Ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule.
No amino acid molecule by itself can speed up or catalyze reactions between other molecules; however, when amino acids are joined together to make a protein with catalytic properties, the new structure (enzymatic protein) can speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction. What does this illustrate?
Emergent properties.
Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?
Eukarya.
Which of the following statements is true regarding evolution?
Evolution is the process of change over time that has resulted in the array of organisms found on Earth.
Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. ________ are the units of inheritance.
Genes.
The units of inheritance are called __________.
Genes.
A scientist, who wants to study the effects of nitrogen on wheat plants, sets up an experiment with 4 groups of wheat plants: group A gets 20 pounds per acre, group B gets 40 pounds per acre, group C gets 60 pounds per acre, and group D gets 0 pounds per acre. Which of the following is the control group?
Group D.
Which of the following questions is considered a thought-provoking scientific query?
How many tigers are left in India?
Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?
Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic.
Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It can be proven beyond a shadow of doubt. III. It produces quantitative data. IV. It produces results that can be replicated.
I only. (It is testable).
Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?
If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.
Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived?
If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients.
How does DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) encode information?
In the sequence of nucleotides.
Select the correct statement about the process of scientific inquiry.
It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments.
In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?
It is testable and falsifiable.
Which of the following best describes a model organism?
It is well studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.
Which of the following is true of natural selection?
It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complexity of biological systems?
Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system.
Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected. Which of the following experiments will provide the best data to address that question?
Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to Agrobacterium for different lengths of time.
Which example illustrates a property that emerges at the community level?
Metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and wastes. Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay.
What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex?
Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem.
Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?
Near universality of the genetic code.
Following a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps?
Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results
Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur?
Organisms typically produce too many offspring, and resources are limited.
Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels?
Population.
What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?
Population.
Some properties and processes that are associated with life include all of the following except _____________.
Reductionism.
To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology?
Reductionism.
Why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures?
Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking.
In presenting data that result from an experiment, a group of students show that most of their measurements fall on a straight diagonal line on their graph. However, two of their data points are "outliers" and fall far to one side of the expected relationship. What should they do?
Show all results obtained and then try to explore the reason(s) for these outliers.
The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as _____.
Technology.
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
The fish swam in a zigzag motion.
How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?
The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.
Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You determine that tumor formation requires a large amount of the plant's energy for tissue formation. How might this change the number of offspring a plant produces, and what is the most likely explanation for this change?
The number of offspring should decrease, because the plant will divert energy from reproduction to tumor formation.
Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?
The structure and function of DNA.
Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
The use of DNA as the information storage molecule.
Which of the following statements best describes what is meant by "emergence"?
The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues.
Which of the following is an attribute of living things?
They must be able to evolve and adapt.
You are suffering from Streptococcus throat infection. You share the following with the bacteria that is responsible for your condition.
You both are made up of cells.
Which of these examples illustrates deductive reasoning?
You learned in elementary school that as temperature drops, liquids change into solid form. You are given an unfamiliar liquid and hypothesize that it will become solid if you put it in the freezer.
All the organisms on your campus make up...
a community.
A scientific theory is __________.
a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power.
The evolution of one species into two or more species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated from each other is best termed as ________.
adaptive radiation.
In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism __________.
allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
The three domains of life __________.
are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _____.
are smaller.
Feedback regulation includes __________.
both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up.
Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called __________.
feedback regulation.
A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is __________.
forming and testing hypotheses.
The process by which the information in a gene directs the synthesis of a protein is called ________.
gene expression.
The process that directs the manufacture of a cell product from a gene is called __________.
gene expression.
The best experimental design _____.
includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition.
A controlled experiment _____.
includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
The phylogenetic tree ________.
includes every single life form on this earth.
When your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. Evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. This is an example of ________.
negative feedback regulation.
As letters are to English language, ________ is/are to genetic information.
nucleotides.
A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a _____.
population.
The two main forms of cells are __________ cells.
prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that __________.
some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect.
A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are _____.
stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction.
Plants convert ________.
sunlight to chemical energy.
A controlled experiment is one that...
tests experimental and control groups in parallel.
"A" is ________; "B" is ________.
the common ancestor of all life; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.
The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from __________.
the sun.
The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence for the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is __________.
transcription, translation, and protein folding.
Systems biology is mainly an attempt to...
understand the behavior of entire biological systems.
