Biology 189 chapter 5 macromolecules

enzymes (protein) function: example:

function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions example: digestive enzyme

transport proteins function: example:

function: transport substances example: hemoglobin, iron- containing protein in red blood cell

what happens during translation? (3)

functional protein is made

storage proteins function: example:

functions: storage of amino acids example: casein, milk protein

name the structure of this monosaccharide

galactose

DNA is founds in various forms:

genome and gene

Which of the following terms can be correctly used to describe compounds that do not mix with water?

hydrophobic explanation: Hydrophobic compounds are those that are insoluble in water.

which of the following terms can be correctly used to describe compounds that do no mix with water?

hydrophobic explanation: hydrophobic compounds are those that are insoluble in water.

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk explanation: Lactose is the sugar found in milk.

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

molecules called chaperonins

the proper 3- dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assited by

molecules called chaperonins

which monomers make up RNA?

nucleotides

triglycerides:

oil and fats (avocado oil)

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil explanation: Olive oil is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats.

monosaccharides: give example:

one carbohydrates unit (simple carbohydrates) ex: fruit vegetables

unsaturated fatty acids:

one or more double bonds. are kinked and do not stack

the lipids that from the main structural component of cell membrane are________________

phospholipids

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids explanation:Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.

plants store________________,a polymer of glucose monomers, as grunules within cellular structures known as_______________.

starch; plastids plastids include chloroplasts

plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of?

storage polysaccharides

how are proteins made by?

stringing together 20 different amino acids

covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate of monomers forms a ____________________.

strong, stable backbone

Complete a table that organizes the following terms. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table.

study it

The most unsaturated fats have ...

the most double bonds. explanation: Every double bond is a place where hydrogen could be added.

what is a example of hydrolysis within our bodies

the process of digestion

The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________.

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain explanation: The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

the primary structure of a protein refers to

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain explanation: the primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

what happens when phospholipids are added to water?

the tails are inward because they are hydrophobic while the heads are outward due to being hydrophilic

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

they are all disaccharides explanation: A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage.

Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein?

this one

complementary base pairing adenine pairs with_________________.

thymine (apple trees)

which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?

thymine and cytosine

why must disaccharides be broken down into monosaccharides?

to be used fro energy by organisms

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.

trace elements

true or false a bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.

true explanation: a hydroxyl group is removed from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and hydrogen is removed from the amino groupof the other amino acid, allowing a bond to form between the 2 groups

true or false enzyme in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions

true explanation: enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by hydrolysis

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5' explanation: Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

the carbon skeletons of monosaccharides vary in lenght. the range is from________________carbon atoms. give examples

3-7 carbon atoms example: glucose, galactose, and fructose are 6 carbon 10ng

When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality

Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. explanation: Denaturation disrupts secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure, causing the protein to lose its form, and thus its function.

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process, water is __________.

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers; consumed explanation: meaning of hydrolysis is "to break with water."

In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers;consumed explanation: meaning of hydrolysis is to "break with water"

Glycogen is _____.

a polysaccharide found in animals explanation: Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

a single amino acid change; primary structure

sicke- cell anemia is a disease that is caused by ________-in the __________of the protein.

a single amino acid change; primary structure

a disaccharide consitsts of and are joined by a? give an example?

consists of monosacharides joined by glycosidic linkage a covalent bond fromed between 2 monosaccharide by a dehydration reaction (glyco refers to carbohydrates)

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

covalent explanation: monomers are joined togehter by a dehydration in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water molecule.

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a _______________, because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

disaccharide

hormonal protein function: example:

function: coordination of life activies example insulin, pancreatic hormone

polypeptides have an _________________where the free amine group is, and a __________________ where the free carboxyl group is.

"N" terminus; "C" terminus

A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment ...

(a) made the fat less fluid. explanation: Hydrogenation removes double bonds, so the tails can straighten.

The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ...

(a) rich in energy.(b) insoluble in water. explanation: The many C-C and C-H bonds make fats nonpolar and insoluble in water. They can also be oxidized, releasing much energy.

can fatty acids be saturated or unsaturated?

both

what type of monomer is ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) ATP-is functional what is its function in living organisms?

- a nucleotide -ATP build DNA and RNA and even muscles

unsaturated fatty acids: examples:

- are kinked -pack more loosely, do not stack. -hydrocarbon bonds are rich in energy ex: canola oil and avocado

which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

- contain different sugars -both molecules contain adenine,guanine,and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil

the _________________bonds between the base pairs can be broken to unzip the DNA. why would you want to unzip it?

- hydrogen bonds - to transcribe the genetic code and opening a space for RNA to get acess to the base pairs

what do peptide bonds do? where does it not occur?

- link amino acids together to form a polypetide chain - does not occur between "R" groups between the amino and carboxyl group of the backbone

saturated fatty acids: tend to be at _________________at room temperature

- pack tightly together, stacked -solid (butter)

Purine match image

->

pyrimidine match image

->

Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

-RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. - Both molecules contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. - They contain different sugars.

Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. Which of the following might alter the shape of an enzymatic protein?

-Treating the protein with a chemical that breaks hydrogen bonds - Heating the protein - A change in salt concentrations or pH -Denaturing the protein explanation: A denatured protein is one whose shape has changed to the point that it cannot be catalytic

DNA strands are______________________. the strands__________________complimentary. what force holds together the 2 strands?

-antiparallel -they are complimentary -hydrogen bond

cholesterol is the most common steroid in humans. -give structure to _______________ -precursor__________________ do you think steroid are soluble in water?

-give structure to cell membranes, keeps them "fluid" -precursor to steroid hormones(reproductive hormones) -no they are not all lipids are hydrophobic

what are the 3 types of RNA?

-mRNA -rRNA -tRNA

What functional feature(s) does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid? Select all that apply.

-negative charge to interact with water -place to attach another small charged molecule explanation: The phosphate attaches to the glycerol and provides a place for another small molecule to attach to the phospholipid. The phosphate has a charge, so it interacts with polar water molecules.

nucleic acids monomers or components? polymer or larger molecule? type of linkage

-nucleotides -polynucleotides - phosphodiester linkages

saturated fats are tough for your body to process when______________. saturated fats examples:

-overconsumed -butter,bacon, lard, the fats in mean, poultry, fish

which part of the nucleotide is rich with potential energy? how is it released?

-phosphate - released when a nucleotide hydrolysis throws in a water molecule cut it off and lits up the energy bomb

fats and oils (triglyceries) function:___________________ most common type and storage unit lipid is the __________________ if form solid at room temp=_____________ while liquid=_________________

-storage of energy -insulation and protection is the triglyceries temp= fat liquid=oil

DNA role:

-storage of genetic info - stored in the chromosomes -transmision of gentic infor

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?

1 explanation: Each carbon atom can form four bonds. A double bond counts as two bonds, so carbon B has a total of three bonds so far and it can form one more single bond with a hydrogen atom.

trans fats hydrogenation 1. adds_____________ 2. converts______________ 3. make liquid fats_____________ 4. increase bad________________ 5. will be off the________________

1. adds hydrogen 2. converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats 3. make liquid fats solid at room temperature 4. increase bad cholesterol levels 5. will be off the market soon

what is the term for compounds that do no not mix with water?

hydrophobic

what are the functions of the four important classes of biological molecule?

1. carbohydrates: source of energy and provides structural support 2. proteins: catalyze( cause or speed up) reactions and transporting substances into and out of cells 3. nucleic acids: store genetic information and function in gene expression 4.lipid: providing energy, making up cell membranes, and acting as hormones

cellulose is, can and cannot?

1. is the most abundant organic compound on earth 2. can from cable fibers in plant walls 3. cannot be broken by any enzymes prodcued by animals

How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?

2 explanation: Two fatty acids are attached to the glycerol and make up the tails of the phospholipid.

how many different amino acids is there?

20

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75 explanation: 100 nucleotide pairs are a total of 200 nucleotides. Because of base pairing, if there are 25 adenine there must also be 25 thymine. This leaves 200-50 = 150 nucleotides to be divided evenly between guanine and cytosine.

DNA and RNA use the genetic information to direct the creation of new proteins polymer:______________________ monomer:____________________ 3 bulding block of the nucleotide 1. 2. 3.

:polynucleotide : nucleotide 1. base 2. sugar 3.phosphate

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid explanation: A hydroxyl group is removed from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and hydrogen is removed from the amino group of the other amino acid, allowing a bond to form between the two groups.

glycosidic linkages:

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. explanation: covalent bonding is a strong bond glyco =sugar(carbohydrate)

Which molecule is less soluble in water--a fat or a phospholipid? Why?

A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has. explanation: The replacement of one of the fatty acids with a polar chemical group makes phospholipids more soluble in water than fats.

Which of the following lists represents the chemical components of a nucleotide?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar explanation: Each nucleotide consists of three parts: an organic molecule, called a nitrogenous base; a 5-carbon sugar, called a pentose; and a phosphate group that serves in the phosphodiester covalent bond that forms a bridge between adjacent nucleotides.

Which of the following represents a specific description of a polypeptide?

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration reactions.

Both DNA and RNA

Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine, phosphate

What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?

All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells. explanation: These diseases and others are associated with a buildup of misfolded versions of various proteins within cells.

Select the statement that is incorrect.

All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n. explanation: This formula only applies to simple sugars, which are equal parts carbon and water. Complex sugars, which do not have this general formula, are also carbohydrates.

select the statement that is incorrect

All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n. explanation: formula only applies to simple sugars which are equal parts carbon and water. complex sugars, which do not have this general formula, are also carbohydrates

Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules?

Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. explanation: Complementary base pairing provides an accurate way to synthesize a new DNA molecule from an existing one and gives RNA molecules particular three-dimensional shapes necessary for their function.

Proteins are polymers of _____.

Amino Acids explanation: Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

An oxygen explanation: The central carbon atom in an amino acid is bonded to an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, a side chain, and hydrogen.

Which functional group(s) is (are) present in all amino acids?

B and C explanation:An amino acid has an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Which of these images shows the correct orientation of phospholipids in a biological membrane?

Biological membranes are made of phospholipids that have assembled with the polar heads facing out to interact with the water, and the non-polar tails pushed together in the interior of the membrane.

Which of the following is a polymer?

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C60H102O51

Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?

C6H12O6 explanantion: Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH2O.

which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?

C6H12O6 explanation: monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH2O

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Carboxyl functional group explanation: The carboxyl group (COOH) contains two oxygen atoms that tend to pull electrons away from the hydrogen atom, so this group tends to lose a proton and is acidic.

which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Carboxyl functional group explanation: (The carboxyl group (COOH) contains two oxygen atoms that tend to pull electrons away from the hydrogen atom, so this group tends to lose a proton and is acidic)

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Cellulose explanation: Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound found on earth.

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least?

Cellulose (in the lettuce) explanation:Cellulose contains glycosidic linkages that cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes.

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

Chaperonins

High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place?

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones. explanation: Cholesterol is the basis for many steroid molecules, including sex hormones.

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

DNA explanation: The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

Gene:

DNA sequence that encodes a specific protein

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____.

DNA to RNA to protein explanation: The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein.

gene expression:_____________->__________________->____________________

DNA-> RNA-> protein 1. synthesis of mRNA 2. movement of mRNA into cytoplasm 3.synthesis of protein

what are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

What are the sugars in DNA and RNA?

DNA: deoxyribose (without oxygen) RNA: ribose (with oxygen)

Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them?

For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. explanation: Saturated triacylglycerols are saturated with hydrogen atoms.

defensive proteins function: example:

Function: Protection against disease Example: Antibodies inactive and help destroy viruses and bacteria

what is the name of the process which a bond between 2 monomers is broken?

Hydrolysis

Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?

Hydrophobic

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

Lipids

The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

Lipids explanation:Steroids, such as estradiol and testosterone, are lipids based on their insolubility in water. The molecules are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings of carbon atoms.

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Which monomers make up RNA?

Nucleotides explanation:(Nucleotide monomers make up nucleic acids.)

which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

Olive oil is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats.

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a properly folded protein?

On the inside of the folded chain, away from water molecules explanation: Hydrophobic R groups are nonpolar. By orienting within the folded chain, they associate with other nonpolar R groups or side chains and avoid coming into contact with water molecules.

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

Starch explanation: Starch is a glucose storage polymer in plants.

Which of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and triacylglycerols (fats and oils)

Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar. explanation:Triacylglycerols consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate group.

which of these is a phospholipid? chose image

Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

a ________________consists of one or more properly folded polypeptides.

Protein

all amino acids have the same structure except the___________________.

R group

which of these is not a lipid?

RNA explanation :RNA is a nucleic acid

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA explanation: RNA is a nucleic acid

The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

Secondary structure explanation: Both the α helix and the β pleated sheet are localized regions of polypeptides held in a given structure by hydrogen bonds

Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?

Structural support and energy storage explanation: carbohydrates function as both storage molecules (starch, glycogen) and structural support molecules (cellulose).

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can the same enzyme not break down cellulose?

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch. explanation: The glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a β glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an α glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase is specific for the α glycosidic linkage.

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.

one characteristics shared by sucrose,lactose, and maltose is that __________________?

They are all disaccharides.

What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?

They contain carbonyl groups.

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true?

They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?

Thymine and cytosine explanation: Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines found in DNA.

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose explanation: Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers.

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

Water

What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers

When monomers are linked together to form a explanation:When monomers are linked together to form a more complex polymer, a water molecule is removed by dehydration reactions.

Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest?

Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest?

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have __________.

a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end explanation: The nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic—that is, they are excluded from water. The negatively charged phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.

the peptide bond is _________________

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

The peptide bond is __________.

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide explanation: The specific type of covalent bond joining two amino acids is a peptide bond.

triglyceries consists of?

a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

A glucose molecule is to starch as __________.

a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid explanation: Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the monosaccharide (monomer) from which starch (polymer) is constructed.

A glucose molecule is to starch as _____.

a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid explanation: Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the monosaccharide from which starch is constructed

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________.

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds explanation:The phrase hydrogenated vegetable oils found on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen.

Based on complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of __________ to be equal to the percentage of __________.

adenine; thymine explanation: Adenine and thymine form a complementary base pair.

Which functional group can act as a base?

amino explanation: base can accept H+ from the surrounding solution. The amino group (-NH2) can accept H+ from the surrounding solution, forming -NH3+. Therefore, the amino group can act as a base.

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

amino acid molecules explanation:Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded into specific conformations.

Protein polymers are made up of _________________monomers.

amino acids

Proteins 1.monomers or components? 2.polymer or larger molecule? 3.type of linkage?

amino acids polypeptides peptide bonds

which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

an oxygen explation: the central carbon atom in an amino acid is bonded to an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, a side chain, and hydrogen

glycogen is used by______________to store energy and which is broken down to__________________.

animals; release glucose when you need energy

Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________.

are not truly polymers explanation:Lipids are not all made of the same type of monomer. Their association as a group (fats, phospholipids, and steroids) is related to their solubility behavior.

tertiary structure:

arises from interactions between amino acid sidechain (R groups)

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of ...

b) C atoms in the tails. (c) double bonds in the tails. explanation: Tail lengths of 16 to 22 are common. There may be from 0 to 6 double bonds.

why do fats stick together (aggregate) when placed into an aqueous solution?

because the are hydrophobic interaction they aggregate because they hate water

essential amino acid:

cannot be made by the body. as a result, they must come from food.

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a____________.

carbohydrate

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

carbohydrate

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Which functional group can act as an acid?

carboxyl explanation: An acid can donate H+. The carboxyl group (-COOH) can donate H+ (forming -COO-) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. It is the carboxyl group of amino acids that makes them acids.

phospholipids make up______________________

cell membrane

________________is the most abundant organic compound on earth.

cellulose

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

chitin explanation: Chitin is the structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons.

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.

cholesterol

the molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is___________________.

cholesterol

steroids:

cholesterol and hormones

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

cis double bonds; liquids

Amino acids share________________ chemical groups but have _____________ side chains that allow for variation. The common groups are amino and ________________groups attached to an ____ carbon. Amino acids link together into a polypeptide via ___________ bonds. Each polypeptide has a unique sequence. The repeating subunits interact with each other via _____________ bonds to establish ______________ structures. Interactions between the side chains determine the ______________ structure of the polypeptide. The combination allows for an almost infinite number of possible structures, each with a different function.

common;unique;carboxyl; α; peptide ;hydrogen; secondary;tertiary

genome:

complete set of DNA in a living organism

what is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration explanation: Condensation, also called dehydration, refers to the removal of a water molecule during the linking of monomers.

if a water moleucle is lost, it is known as a?

dehydration reaction

dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer means that?

dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.

___________________-secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure bonds broken due to change in 1. 2. 3. 4.

denaturation 1. pH 2. salt concetration 3. temperature 4. high concetrations of polar or non polar substances

Exclusively DNA

deoxyribose and thymine

Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide.

deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine

2 monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a ________________in a dehydration reaction.

disaccharide

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

double helix; running antiparallel

in living organisms DNA exists as a ______________with the strand(s)__________________

double helix; running antiparallel

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________

energy storage and release

carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for_______________.

energy storage and release

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

energy storage and release explanation: Simple sugar molecules, stored in polysaccharides such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, are a major energy source for cellular work.

processes are facilitated by__________________, specialized macromolecules(usually proteins) that speed up chemical reaction.

enzymes

Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by __________.

ester linkages explanation: In making a fat, each of the three fatty acid molecules is bonded to a glycerol molecule by an ester linkage type of covalent bond.

receptor proteins function: example:

function: cell response to stimuli example receptors build into nerve cell membranes detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.

triglyceride synthesis 3 dehydration reactions join__________________to glycerol.

fatty acids

fats 1.monomers or components? 2.polymer or larger molecule? 3.type of linkage?

fatty acids triacylglycerols ester linkages

phospholipids are composed of 3 molecules parts?

fatty acids, glycerol, polar group

phospholipids:

form cell membranes

name the structure of this monosaccharide

fructose

carbohydrates serve as?

fuel and building material

name the structure of this monosaccharide

glucose

common disaccharides lactose which is?

glucose + galactose lactose (milk)

common disaccharides maltose which is?

glucose +glucose think of malt chocolate

common disaccharides sucrose which is?

glucose of table sugar

The highlighted part of this molecule is derived from ...

glycerol. explanation: The other parts of the molecule are derived from fatty acids.

In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.

glycerol; water explanation: Water is a by-product of the reaction that makes ester links between glycerol and fatty acids.

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

glycogen explanation: Humans and other vertebrates store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscles.

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the a form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

glycosidic linkages explanation:. The glucose monomers of cellulose are linked together by a specific type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage.

complementary base pairing cytosine pairs with _____________________.

guanine (chewing gum)

the 2 strands of a DNA double helix are held by ______________that from between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds explanation: Nitrogenous base pairs are joined by hydrogen bonds.

the secondary structure of a protein results from________________.

hydrogen bonds explanation: electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms leave hydrogen atoms with partial charges

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds explanation:Electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms leave hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges.

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

secondary structure is stabilized by____________ bonds within the ________________.

hydrogen;helix

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis explanation: During hydrolysis, a water molecule is used up in the breaking of a bond between two monomers. An H is added to one monomer, and an OH is added to the other.

hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer means that?

hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

What holds phospholipids together in a bilayer formation?

hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water explanation: The hydrophobic tails interact with each other and are repelled by water, while the heads are hydrophilic and are attracted to water. This dual nature causes groups of phospholipids to assemble into distinct layers to minimize tail contact with water and maximize head contact with water.

phospholipids differ from triglycerides by?

hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails phospholipids are two fatty acid tails while triglyceries are 3 fatty acid tails

lipids are ____________________, unable to mix with water.

hydrophobic

The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are __________ because they __________.

hydrophobic; have no charges to which water molecules can adhere explanation:Phospholipid tails, which consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains, are hydrophobic.

In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.

hydroxyl; carboxyl explanation: Fatty acids supply the carboxyl groups; the hydroxyls come from glycerol.

a denatured protein is active or inactive?

inactive

what happens during transcription? (rna) (2)

information to produce a single gene is copies

lactose intolerance is a common condition in human who?

lack lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose. the sugar is instead broken down by intestinal bacteria, causing formation of gas and subsequent cramping

what is the only class of macromolecules that do not covalently link monomers into polymers

lipids

Which of these is a phospholipid?

look at picture explanation: Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis explanation: Maltose is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.

(poly)saccharides: give example

many carbohydrate units example: rice, wheat, bread, corn, potatoes

saturated fatty acids:

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

A ________________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

monosaccharide

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can't the same enzyme break down cellulose?

monosaccharide moments in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch. explanation: the glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a B glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an a glycosidic linkage. the enzyme amylase is specific for the a glycosidic linkage

carbohydrates 1.monomers or components? 2.polymer or larger molecule? 3.type of linkage?

monosaccharides polysaccharides glycosidic linkages

proteins folding is usually to the _______________structure. is usually an energy independent process.

most energetically favorable

saturated fatty acids:

no double bonds tend to be solid at room temperature.

can monosaccharides be broken down into small sugars?

no they cannot

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is __________.

none of them dissolves in water explanation: Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are nonpolar, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low. Lipids are hydrophobic substances.

fat is it your enemy? 1.) primary function is?__________________ 2.) cushions_________________ 3.)________________________ 4. carries ______________ 5. necessary for_________________ 6. plays a___________________

not the enemy 1. energy storage 2. cushions organs and insulates the body 3. fat supplies essential(cannot create it) fatty acids (EFAs) 4. carries "fat- soluble vitamins "vitamins around the body 5. necessary for maintaining healthy skin 6. plays a central role in proper eyesight and brain development

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ____________ monomers.

nucleotide

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptide

primary structure the unique sequence of amino acids bonded together by covalent_____________bonds.

peptide

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide explanation: The amino acids of a protein are linked by peptide bonds.

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds explanation: Peptide bonds link together the amino acids of a protein's primary structure.

tertiary structure is not directly dependent on________________.

peptide bonds explanation: peptide bonds link together the a amino acids of a proteins primary structure

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

a nucleotide is composed of a(n)?

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

phosphate match image

phosphate in the middle

starch is used by_________________to store energy. potatoes and grains are our_______________of starch in our diet

plants; major source

polypeptides:

polymers built from amino acid monomers

chains of amino acids are called_________________.

polypeptides

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a_______________.

polysaccharide

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

primary

the sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the__________________ structure of the protein.

primary

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the

primary level.

_______________________-structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

primary structure

what are the four levels of protein structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

proteins

which polymers are composed of amino acids?

proteins

chaperonins:

proteins that aid the proper folding of other proteins

__________________structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

quaternary structure

deoxyribose match image

remember deoxy means without oxygen

Exclusively RNA

ribose and uracil

ribosome match image

ribose has an oxygen remember

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

saturated fat explanation: The fatty acid tails lack double bonds.

______________structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain.

secondary structure

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ________________ monomers.

simple sugar

The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________.

starch explanation: Starch is a storage polysaccharide found especially in certain plant tissues.

polysaccharide structure and function is determined by?

sugar monomers and the position of glycosidic linkages

----------------structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its __________.

tertiary structure explanation: The tertiary structure is determined by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups, ionic bonds between R groups, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges.

what is happening during replication(DNA)? (1)

the entire DNA double helix is duplicated

messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA are all involved in______________.

translation

RNA role:

transmits the genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesizers

what are 3 types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

how do fatty acids vary?

vary in lenght (# of carbons and in # of location and bonds)

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

water

in a dehydration synthesis reaction, _________________is always formed as a by- product of the reaction.

water