Biology 2 Chapter 30

Which number replaces the following line? When using food labels, it is important to remember that Percent Daily Values are based on a _____-Calorie diet. However, nutrient needs are affected by age, gender, and lifestyle.

2000

What is Pancreas?

A gland that serves three important functions. 1. One function is to produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. 2. It also produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. 3. The pancreas also produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that quickly neutralizes stomach acid as chyme enters the duodenum.

What are organs?

A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single or several related functions is called an

Which word replaces the following line? _____, or lipids, are an important part of a healthy diet. ______ help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins and are part of cell membranes, parts of nerve cells, and certain hormones. Deposits of ______ protect body organs and insulate the body.

Fats

Which word replaces the following line? _______ cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in food.

Fatty Acids

Which word replaces the following line? The bulk supplied by _____ helps muscles move food and wastes through your digestive system. ____ may also have other benefits, such as reducing the risk of heart disease and Type II diabetes.

Fiber

Which word replaces the following line? Whole-grain breads, bran, and many fruits and vegetables contain the complex carbohydrate cellulose, often called ________. Although the human digestive system cannot break down cellulose, you need ___ in your diet.

Fiber

What is feedback inhibition?

It is recognized as negative feedback too. It is the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.

Which word replaces the following line? Inorganic nutrients that the body needs, usually in small amounts, are called _____. A constant supply of ___ in the diet is needed to replace those lost in sweat, urine, and digestive wastes.

Minerals

Why do we need to eat?

Molecules in food contain chemical energy that cells use to produce ATP. Food also supplies raw materials your body needs to build and repair tissues.

What is Muscle Tissue?

Movements of the body are possible because of ________. Some ________ are responsible for the movements you control, such as the ________ that move your arms and legs. Some ________ are responsible for movements you cannot control, such as the tiny muscles that control the size of the pupil in the eye.

Which word replaces the following line? Another stomach gland produces ____, a fluid that lubricates and protects the stomach wall. If this ______ layer fails, acids may erode the stomach lining and cause a sore called a peptic ulcer. Most peptic ulcers are the result of infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (shown in the micrograph) and can be cured with antibiotics that kill the bacteria.

Mucus

Which word replaces the following line? The lining of the stomach contains millions of microscopic gastric glands that release hydrochloric acid and an enzyme called ______ that functions best in acidic conditions. ______ begins the digestion of proteins by breaking them into smaller polypeptide fragments.

Pepsin

Which word replaces the following line? Contractions of smooth muscles, known as _____, provide the force that moves food through the esophagus toward the stomach.

Peristalsis

Which word replaces the following line? The bolus enters the area at the back of the throat called the ______. As this occurs, a flap of connective tissue called the ______ closes over the opening to the trachea. The action of the ________ prevents food from moving into the air passageways to the lungs as it passes through the pharynx and into the esophagus.

Pharynx and epiglottis

Which word replaces the following line? After an hour or two, the _____—located between the stomach and small intestine—opens, and chyme begins to spurt into the small intestine.

Phyloric Valve

Which word replaces the following line? Proteins are polymers of ________. The body is able to synthesize only 12 of the 20 _____ used to make proteins. The other eight are called essential _____ and must be obtained from the foods that you eat.

Amino Acids

Which word replaces the following line? Saliva contains an enzyme called ________ that begins to break the chemical bonds in starches, forming sugars.

Amylase

What are simple and complex carbohydrates?

Are a major source of energy for the body.

What are starches?

Are broken down by the digestive system into simple sugars.

What are nutrients?

Are substances in food that supply the energy and raw materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance.

Which word replaces the following line? The liver produces ______, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts. ___ is stored in a small, pouchlike organ called the gallbladder. When fat is present in the duodenum, the gallbladder releases ________ through a duct into the small intestine. _________ breaks up the globs of fat into smaller droplets, making it possible for enzymes to reach the smaller fat droplets and break them down.

Bile

The digestive system

Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. Food is processed by the digestive system in four phases—ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

Can be stored in the fatty tissues of the body. The body can build up small deposits of these vitamins for future use.

Which word replaces the following line? The starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables are complex ____, or polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates

Which word replaces the following line? The sugars found in fruits, honey, and sugar cane are simple __________, or monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Carbohydrates

Which word replaces the following line? After food passes into the stomach, a thick ring of muscle called the ___________ closes the esophagus. This prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back.

Cardiac sphincter

Which word replaces the following line? During _________, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.

Chemical digestion

Which word replaces the following line? ______ begins the process of mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion begins as digestive enzymes in saliva start the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into smaller molecules.

Chewing

Which word replaces the following line? Alternating contractions of the stomach's three smooth muscle layers thoroughly churn and mix the swallowed food, breaking it down and allowing enzymes greater access to the food. A mixture with an oatmeal-like consistency called ______ is produced.

Chyme

Which word replaces the following line? As chyme is pushed through the pyloric valve, it enters the duodenum. The _______, where almost all of the digestive enzymes enter the intestine, is the first of three parts of the small intestine. As chyme enters the _______ from the stomach, it mixes with enzymes and digestive fluids from the pancreas, the liver, and the lining of the ________.

Duodenum

What occurs during digestion?

During digestion, food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion are the two processes by which food is reduced to molecules that can be absorbed.

Which are the structures and functions of the Skeletal System?

Structures: Bones, cartilage ligaments, tendons. Functions: Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; contains cells that produce blood cells.

Which are the structures and functions of the Nervous System?

Structures: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Functions: Recognizes and coordinates the body´s response changes in its internal and external environments.

Which are the structures and functions of the Circulatory System?

Structures: Heart, Bblood vessels, blood. Functions: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormonesto cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature.

Which are the structures and functions of the Endocrine System?

Structures: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries(in females), testes (in males) Functions: Controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis.

Which are the structures and functions of the Digestive System?

Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, recturn. Functions: Breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes.

Which are the structures and functions of the Respiratory System?

Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs. Functions: Brings in oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.

Which are the structures and functions of the Muscular System?

Structures: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle. Functions: Works with skeletal systemto produce voluntary movement helps to circulate blood, and move food through the digestive system.

Which are the structures and functions of the Integumentary System?

Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands. Functions: Guards against infection and injury and ultraviolet radiation from the sun; helps to regulate body temperature.

Which are the structures and functions of the Excretory System?

Structures: Skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Functions: Eliminates waste products from the body.

Which are the structures and functions of the Reproductive System?

Structures: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis (in males); ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (in females). Functions: Produces gametes; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo.

Which are the structures and functions of the Immune/Lymphatic Systems?

Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels. Functions: Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system.

What are specialized cells?

Such as bone cells, blood cells, and muscle cells, are uniquely suited to perform a particular function.

Which word replaces the following line? Excess blood ____ is converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and in skeletal muscles. Excess _____ may also be converted to and stored as body fat.

Sugar

Which word replaces the following line? The _______ are anchored in the bones of the jaw. The incisors, cuspids, and bicuspids cut into and tear at food. The molars grind and crush food into a fine paste that can be swallowed. Meanwhile, your tongue moves food around so that it comes in contact with your ______.

Teeth

What is Dietary Calorie?

The "Calories" you've heard about in food are actually _________. One _________ is equal to 1000 calories, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal).

Elimination

The digestive system cannot digest and absorb all food products that enter the body. Some materials travel through the large intestine and are eliminated from the body as feces.

How is the human body organized?

The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Nutrition

The study of food and its effects on the body—tries to determine how food helps the body meet all of its various needs.

Which word replaces the following line? ________ have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, which reduces the number of hydrogen atoms in their fatty acids. ________ are usually liquids at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats

Which word replaces the following line? Organic molecules that the body needs in very small amounts are called _______. Most _______ are needed by the body to help perform important chemical reactions. Most _____ must be obtained from food. However, the bacteria that live in the large intestine can synthesize ______ K and ____- B12.

Vitamins

Examples of nutrients.

Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Does the Organ system interact to maintain homeostasis in the body as a whole?

Yes

What is Homeostasis?

Your body's systems are working constantly to maintain a controlled, stable internal environment, despite changes in internal and external environments. It is astable environment. It means "similar standing."

What are Digestive enzymes?

are enzymes that hasten the breakdown of foods and make nutrients available to the body.

What can you tell about water?

it is lost from the body in sweat, urine, and with every breath that you exhale. Humans need to consume at least 1 liter of fluid each day to replace what is lost. If enough of it is not taken in to replace what is lost, dehydration can result. This condition leads to problems with many body systems.

Which word replaces the following line? Saliva also has _____, an enzyme that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of many bacteria that enter the mouth with food.

lysozyme

Two types of vitamins

Fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Which word replaces the following line? Once food is chewed, the combined actions of the tongue and throat muscles push the clump of food, called a ______, down the throat.

Bolus

Which word replaces the following line? During __________, food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Mechanical and chemical digestion are the two processes by which food is reduced to molecules that can be absorbed.

Digestion

The water-soluble vitamins, which include vitamin C and the B vitamins

Dissolve in water and cannot be stored in the body.

Which word replaces the following line? The _________ stored in food molecules is released during cellular respiration and used to produce the ATP molecules that power cellular activities.

Energy

Which word replaces the following line? The bolus passes through a tube called the _____ into the stomach.

Esophagus

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Food is broken down in two ways

Food labels

Food labels can be used to plan a healthful diet and determine if you are consuming enough of some of the important vitamins and minerals.

Which are the function and location of Connective Tissue?

Function: Blinding of epithelial tissue to structures, support, and transport of substances. Location: Under skin, surrounding organs, blood, bones.

Which are the function and location of Epithelial Tissue?

Function: Protection, absorption, and excretion of materials. Location: Skin, lining digestive system, certain glands.

Which are the function and location of Nervous Tissue?

Function: Receiving and transmitting nerve impulses. Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Which are the function and location of Muscle Tissue?

Function: Voluntary and involuntary movements. Location: Skeletal muscles, muscles surrounding digestive tract and blood vessels the heart.

What is Connective Tissue?

Is the tissue that provides support for the body and connects its parts. This type of tissue includes fat cells, bone cells, and even blood cells. Many ________ cells produce collagen, a long, tough fiber-like protein that is the most common protein in the body.

Heartburn

Is A backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus results in a burning sensation in the center of the chest known.

What is an Organ system?

Is a group of organs that perform closely related functions.

Stomach

Is a large muscular sac that continues chemical and mechanical digestion of food.

What is the Eye?

Is an organ made up of epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue.

What is Liver?

Is an organ that assists the pancreas in fat digestion.

What is a Calorie?

Is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

What is the cell?

Is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

Ingestion

Is the first step in digestion.

What can you tell about water?

Is the most important nutrient. In it takes place many of the body's processes and chemical reactions. It makes up the bulk of blood, extracellular fluid, and other bodily fluids.

Mechanical digestion

Is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.

Ingestion

Is the process of putting food into your mouth—the opening to the digestive tract.

Digestion Step

Is the second step in the digestive process.

Absorption

Is the third step in the digestive process.

What is the Epithelial Tissue?

Is the tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces. Your skin and the lining of your stomach are both examples of ________.

Absorption

Once food has been broken into small molecules, it can be absorbed by the cells of the small intestine. From there, the molecules enter the circulatory system, which transports them throughout the body.

What word is descripted ion the following sentences? Meat, fish, eggs, and milk generally contain all eight essential amino acids. Foods derived from plants, such as grains and beans, do not. People who don't eat animal products must eat a combination of plant foods, such as beans and rice, to obtain all of the essential amino acids.

Proteins

Which word replaces the following line? ________ also have regulatory and transport functions. ________ can also be used as an energy source when other nutrients are in short supply.

Proteins

Which word replaces the following line? ___________ supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle. Many enzymes are made of _____.

Proteins

A balanced diet

Provides nutrients in adequate amounts and enough energy for a person to maintain a healthful weight.

Which word replaces the following line? Food also supplies the _________ used to build and repair body tissues. A healthy diet ensures that your body receives all of these required substances.

Raw materials

Which word replaces the following line? The salivary glands secrete _______, which helps to moisten the food and make it easier to chew. The release of ______ is under the control of the nervous system and can be triggered by the scent of food.

Saliva

Which word replaces the following line? When there are only single bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acids, each carbon atom has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and the fat is __________. Most ______________ fats, such as butter, are solids at room temperature. __________ fats have been associated with many health problems.

Saturated fats

Classification of fats

Saturated or unsaturated

What are the functions of the Liver and Homeostasis?

The liver has many roles in homeostasis. When proteins are broken down for energy, ammonia, a toxic byproduct, is produced. The liver quickly converts ammonia to urea, which is much less toxic. The kidneys then remove urea from the blood and excrete it from the body. The liver also converts many dangerous substances, including some drugs, into compounds that can be removed from the body safely. One of the liver's most important roles involves regulating the level of glucose in the blood. Right after a meal, the level of glucose in the blood begins to rise. The liver takes glucose out of the blood to keep the level of glucose from rising too much. As the body uses glucose for energy, the liver releases stored glucose to keep the level of the sugar from dropping too low. The liver's role in keeping blood glucose levels within a certain range is critical. Too little glucose, and the cells of the nervous system will slow down to the point that you may lose consciousness and pass out. Too much glucose gradually damages cells in the eyes, kidneys, heart, and even the immune system. Abnormally high levels of glucose are associated with a disease called diabetes. In diabetes, changes occur in either the pancreas or body cells that affect the cells' ability to absorb glucose. Diabetes is the unfortunate result of failure of homeostasis with respect to blood sugar levels.

What is Nervous Tissue?

They transmit nerve impulses around the body. Neurons, the cells that carry these impulses, and glial cells, which surround and protect neurons, are both examples of ________.

Which word replaces the following line? A diet high in these ______ increases the risk for developing heart disease, Type II diabetes, or both.

Trans fats

Which word replaces the following line? Food manufacturers often modify unsaturated fats in vegetable oils by adding hydrogen to them. These processed fats are called _______. ____ are solid at room temperature. They also have a longer shelf life than unsaturated fats. Recent studies have suggested that __________ may be associated with serious health concerns, including heart disease.

Trans fats