Biology 2 Chapter 42, test material

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.

4,900 mL/minute

45) At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21percent oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is about _____. A) 80 mm Hg B) 160 mm Hg C) 380 mm Hg D) 760 mm Hg

A) 80 mm Hg

34) You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.

A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

42) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____. A) blocks the openings into the tracheal system B) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries C) clogs their bronchi D) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere

A) blocks the openings into the tracheal system

23) Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? A) bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds B) inability of the right ventricle to contract C) reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries D) destruction of red blood cells

A) bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

57) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells B) bound to hemoglobin C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid D) simply dissolved in the plasma

A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

49) Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____. A) has more oxygen than seawater B) has less oxygen than seawater C) can hold 10-40 times more carbon dioxide than air D) can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air

A) has more oxygen than seawater

46) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. A) higher PO2 B) greater bicarbonate concentration C) lower pH D) lower osmotic pressure

A) higher PO2

15) The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein B) the veins from the right and left legs C) the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta

A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

36) Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. A) water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills B) blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae C) air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins D) water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

A) water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

59) You are a physician, and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise. You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. What is the most likely cause? A) abnormally shaped platelets B) abnormal carbonic anhydrase C) abnormal hemoglobin D) not enough hemoglobin

B) abnormal carbonic anhydrase

28) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls C) loss of fluid from capillaries D) increased diffusion of hemoglobin

B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

37) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. A) blood pressure B) diffusion C) active transport D) osmosis

B) diffusion

35) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____. A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively D) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively

B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively

4) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. A) amphibians B) fishes C) mammals D) reptiles

B) fishes

27) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____. A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase D) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries

B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Bowman's capsule

38) Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A) The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. B) A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. D) In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

50) Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A) The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. B) A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. D) In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

33) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. A) production of erythropoietin B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin D) synthesis of hemoglobin

C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin

54) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) carbon monoxide

C) carbon dioxide

29) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by _____. A) low-density lipoproteins B) immunoglobulins C) erythropoietin D) epinephrine

C) erythropoietin

3) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) fishes C) frogs D) insects

C) frogs

55) An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. A) release all bound carbon dioxide molecules B) bind more oxygen molecules C) increase its binding of H+ D) give up more of its oxygen molecules

C) increase its binding of H+

9) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium

C) systole of the left ventricle

22) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas D) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small

C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

51) How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

24) Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles III) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins A) only I and II B) only I and III C) only II and III D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

32) Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____. A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell C) switch to anaerobic metabolism D) be unaffected

D) be unaffected

14) Atria contract _____. A) just prior to the beginning of diastole B) during diastole C) immediately after systole D) during systole

D) during systole

18) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) human C) hippopotamus D) giraffe

D) giraffe

56) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. A) the partial pressure of oxygen B) hemoglobin concentration C) temperature D) pH

D) pH

58) Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases? The amount of oxygen in _____. A) arterial blood would increase B) arterial blood would decrease C) venous blood would increase D) venous blood would decrease

D) venous blood would decrease

In what way does hemoglobin act as a buffer against changes in blood pH?

Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid.

Reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate takes place in the ____

Proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange _____

across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes

The highest resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system is found in the

arteriole

Filtration of fluid at Bowman's capsule is an example of

bulk flow

The vessels in a closed circulatory system with the greatest TOTAL cross-sectional area.

capillaries

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____

diffusion

Atria contract _____.

during atrial systole

What type of transport is the glucose transporter that is found on the basal side (blood side) of the proximal convoluted tubule?

facilitated diffusion

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically? The same asa that occurring in _______

fish gills

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____.

five membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell—to bind with hemoglobin

Pulse is a direct measure of _____.

heart rate

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the _____.

left atrium

What is the functional unit of the mammalian kidney?

nephron

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is primarily produced by changes in _____.

pH

What type of transport is the Na/glucose transporter that is found on the luminal membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule?

secondary active

Baroreceptors are part of the control system for maintaining blood pressure. Which part of the control system are the baroreceptors?

sensor or receptor

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels at _____.

the brain stem, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

What is the function of the osmotic gradient that surrounds the loop of Henle in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____.

the precise control of the retention of water from the collecting duct

Air moves into the lungs of humans during inhalation because _____.

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, causing an increase in the lung volume

Urine leaves the kidney via the

ureter

The blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is _____.

160 mm Hg

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg with 21 percent oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is _____.

182 mm Hg

21) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. A) increased activity of the immune system B) blood sugar that is abnormally high C) dehydration D) sodium depletion

A) increased activity of the immune system

48) What would be the consequences if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, the out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would _____. A) reduce efficiency of gas exchange B) change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out C) increase the efficiency of gas exchange

A) reduce efficiency of gas exchange

17) If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) the pulmonary vein B) an alveolus C) the trachea D) the right atrium

A) the pulmonary vein

25) Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

44) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air B) the overproduction of surfactants C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant D) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

39) Flying insects typically _____. A) decrease metabolism as much as 200-fold during flight B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles D) generate fuel molecules from catabolism of carbon dioxide

C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles

12) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. A) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers B) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance C) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions D) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta

C) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

53) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____. A) 1450 mL B) 4000 mL C) 4450 mL D) 5000 mL

D) 5000 mL

31) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood C) percentage of blood volume made up of platelets D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

5) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. A) open circulatory system B) hemocoel C) two-chambered heart D) four-chambered heart

D) four-chambered heart

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells and are missing capillaries are likely to have _____.

an open circulatory system

What type of blood vessels has the slowest velocity of blood flow?

capillaries

An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____

decrease its affinity for oxygen molecules

In which of the following systems is it possible to adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation?

four chambered heart

Name of the fluid found in an open circulatory system.

hemolymph

Breathing is primarily regulated by _____.

plasma carbon dioxide concentration and pH-level sensors

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart _____.

prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

the movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which of the following respiratory systems is NOT closely associated with the blood supply?

the tracheal system of an insect

For filtration to take place through the fenestrated capillaries of the renal corpuscle,

there must be a greater hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerulus than in the renal tubules

43) Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is _____. A) 160 mm Hg B) 16 mm Hg C) 21/760 D) 760/21

A) 160 mm Hg

2) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. A) an open circulatory system B) a closed circulatory system C) a gastrovascular cavity D) branched tracheae

B) a closed circulatory system

41) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing _____. A) an increase in its carbon dioxide content B) a decrease in its oxygen content C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms D) a decrease in the water's density

B) a decrease in its oxygen content

52) Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. A) the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing

B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

1) The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to _____. A) those of birds, with a four-chambered heart B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber C) those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment D) those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow

B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber

8) Circulatory systems compensate for _____. A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances C) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system D) the need to cushion animals from trauma

B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

16) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. A) one capillary bed B) two capillary beds C) three capillary beds D) four capillary beds

B) two capillary beds

7) In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. A) always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems B) not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems C) always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems D) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

D) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

19) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. A) the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood B) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate C) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle D) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

D) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

10) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Why is homeostasis important? Maintain optimal internal conditions for

cellular respiration

What is present in arterioles that is NOT present in capillaries?

circular smooth muscle cells

Most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human cells is ____

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through ____

two capillary beds

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____

water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because _____.

water contains much less oxygen per unit volume (O2 content) than air

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions