Biology 2 Lecture Connect HW - Ch. 32 The Evolution and Diversity of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Place the steps in the flowering plant life cycle in order. Begin with the processes that involve meiosis on top.

1.) Microsporangia produce microspores in the anthers; each megasporangium produces one megaspore in the ovule 2.) The megaspores and microspores undergoes mitosis to make female and male gametophytes 3.) Pollen germinates on the stigma to form a pollen tube delivering sperm to the ovule 4.) Double fertilization occurs to form the zygote and the endosperm 5.) The zygote forms an embryo, which along with the endosperm becomes enclosed in a seed coat

Order the steps of conifer fertilization, beginning after pollen encounters an ovule.

1.) a pollen tube forms 2.) sperm and egg fuse together 3.) zygotes grow into embryos

Order the flower organs by their location in flowers, beginning with the innermost structures at the top and ending with the outermost structures at the bottom.

1.) carpels 2.) stamens 3.) petals and sepals

What are examples of traits that are found in gymnosperms?

1.) exposed seeds 2.) woody tissue

Name all conifer reproductive structures that are haploid.

1.) female gametophytes 2.) eggs 3.) male gametophytes 4.) pollen grains

Angiosperm produce _________.

1.) fruits 2.) endosperm 3.) flowers

Name all consequences of the evolution of leaf structures into flowers.

1.) improved ovule protection 2.) increased pollen dispersal

Name all properties of conifers.

1.) many evergreen representatives 2.) most diverse gymnosperm lineage 3.) named for seed cones 4.) tracheid pits with tori

Identify the critical evolutionary innovations found in all seed plants but absent in seedless plants.

1.) ovules 2.) pollen

Name all seed plant adaptations related to reproduction.

1.) ovules 2.) seeds 3.) pollen

Name all the features that gymnosperm have in common with angiosperm.

1.) seeds 2.) pollen 3.) wood

Name all features of Ginkgo biloba.

1.) sex chromosome system similar to humans 2.) leaves with unusual forked veins 3.) only remaining species of its phylum

Name the steps of conifer reproduction in order, beginning at the top with the production of cones.

1.) sporophytes produce pollen cones and ovule cones 2.) Megasporangia in ovule cones and microsporangia in pollen cones undergo meiosis 3.) Microspores and megaspores undergo mitosis to produce gametophytes 4.) pollen grains are dispersed by wind to encounter ovules 5.) a pollen tube delivers sperm to one egg in an ovule 6.) the zygote produces an embryo in a seed

Name all of the components of the pistil in a flower.

1.) style 2.) stigma 3.) ovary

Name methods of seed dispersal in conifers.

1.) wind 2.) animals

The earliest fossils with recognizable flowers and fruit indicate that angiosperms are at least:

124 million years old

Why are flowers and fruits defining features of angiosperms?

Because these features are not found in other modern plants

Decongestant drugs are based on the chemical structure of a substance originally obtained from which plants from the Gnetales?

Ephedra

Gnetales from the genus ______________ are native to arid regions of the southwestern U.S.

Ephedra

_____________ are angiosperm reproductive structures that are specialized for the efficient production of pollen and seeds.

Flowers

How many pistils does a flower have?

Flowers with single or compound carpels have one pistil; flowers with multiple carpels have several

Plants in this genus from the Gnetales grow as vines, shrubs, or trees.

Gnetum

What is the function of a receptacle in a flower?

It supports the flower organs

Name the two angiosperm lineages that have diverged most recently.

Monocots and Eudiocots

What does the presence of flowers, fruits, and seed endosperm accomplish for angiosperms?

Production and dispersal of seeds and enclosed embryos

What is true regarding seed dispersal in conifers?

Seeds may be wind dispersed or contain colorful, fleshy outer coatings to be spread by birds.

How do angiosperm vessels differ from tracheids of gymnosperms?

They are wider and therefore more efficient water transporters

What is unique about Gnetum among modern gymnosperms?

They have broad leaves similar to those of many tropical plants.

What is true regarding the diversification of early angiosperms?

They retained many structural and reproductive features from ancestor seed plants

W. mirabilis is the only living species from the genus ____________

Welwitschia

Which occurred first in plant evolution, seed production or a vascular system?

a vascular system

In a plant flower, the style is:

an elongate middle portion of a pistil

Flower production in angiosperms led to:

an increase in diversity

The portion of the stamen known as the |____________ contains clusters of microsporangia that produce pollen and then open to release it.

anthers

What flower structure produces pollen?

anthers

Where do flowers form on a plant?

at the stem tips

The Ginkgo _________ tree is a gymnosperm which has bilobed leaves with forked veins.

biloba

How is conifer pollen dispersed?

by wind

What flower structure produces ovules?

carpels

Flowers with sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are known as ___________ flowers. Flowers with both stamens and carpels are also referred to as ____________ flowers.

complete; perfect

Ovule Cone

complex cone type

The gymnosperm group called the _______________ is an important source of wood pulp.

conifers

The gymnosperm lineage known as _____________ contains tracheid pits with tori in them that can act as valves.

conifers

What gymnosperms are named for their seed cones?

conifers

What is the most diverse group of gymnosperms?

conifers

What are the groups of plants that are gymnosperms?

cycads

What is a pistil?

either a single or fused carpel

What is the function of the ovary in a flower?

enclose and protect the ovule

In angiosperms, what structure contains the organs necessary for sexual reproduction?

flower

This critical innovation led to extensive angiosperm diversification.

flowers

Incomplete Flower

flowers lacking one or more organ type

What are complete flowers?

flowers that contain all four flower organs

Complete Flower

flowers with all four organ types

Imperfect Flower

flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

Perfect Flower

flowers with stamens and carpels

Pollen

gametophyte dispersal

Ovules

gametophyte production

Ovules in ovule cones contain female _________, within which eggs develop.

gametophytes

Which two groups comprise the seed plants?

gymnosperms and angiosperms

The immediate progenitors of seed plants:

had a vascular system

Where are sperm produced in conifers?

in pollen tubes

In what direction does water flow through tracheids?

laterally and vertically

What angiosperm lineage diverged just prior to the eudicot and monocot divergence?

magnoilids

Conifers are best adapted to:

mountain and high-latitude forests

Does the ovule develop into a fruit?

no; it develops into a seed

Plants with fused carpels have:

one pistil

In angiosperms, the ___________ develop into fruits.

ovaries

Which type of conifer cone contains many short branch systems?

ovule cone

4 Major Types of Organs in Flowers.

petals, carpels, sepals, and stamens

The four major types of flower organs are the sepals, the _____________, the pollen-producing _____________, and the ovule-producing _____________.

petals, stamens, carpels

In the ____________ cones of conifers, meiosis occurs in structures called microsporangia.

pollen

Stamens are the flower structures that produce and disperse __________

pollen

What do microsporangium-bearing cones produce in conifers?

pollen

Which of the following is found in seed plants, but not seedless plants?

pollen

What is the function of flowers?

pollen and seed production

As leaves evolved into flowers:

pollen dispersal became more effective

The transfer of pollen among flowers of similar type is known as ___________.

pollination

Seeds

reproduction in diverse environment

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the fertilized ovule develops into a(n)

seed

Conifers are named for their:

seed cones, of which pine cones are an example

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

seed plants

Which is NOT a defining feature of flowering plants?

seeds

The outer layer of a flower bud is the:

sepals

Angiosperms typically use flowers for:

sexual reproduction

Pollen Cone

simple cone type

What flower structure is responsible for receiving and recognizing pollen from compatible plants?

stigma

Wood

tall growth

What is a pedicel?

the tip of a flower stalk

How does water move from one tracheid to another?

through pits in the ends and sides of tracheids

Plants that undergo double fertilization.

tomatoes and apple trees

Conifer tracheids are unique in that they contain a central, non-porous region called a(n) ____________ in their pits.

torus

In conifer wood, specialized vascular cells called ___________ are adapted for efficient water and mineral conduction.

tracheids

What structure in gymnosperms are analogous to vessels in angiosperms?

tracheids

Which cells occur in long columns and function as plumbing pipelines?

tracheids

What two benefits do conifers receive from having a thick, waxy coating on their leaves?

water conservation and pathogen defense

What are tracheids?

water transport cells

A thick, ____________ cuticle on conifer leaves helps prevent water loss and attack by pathogens.

waxy

What is not a significant angiosperm-specific evolutionary advance?

xylem

The products of double fertilization are:

zygote and endosperm