Biology 211 CRISPR/Cas9 Article Questions

Figure 5 describes a murine colon organoid model of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. What signaling pathway is hyperactivated by the loss of the protein adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC)? a) Wnt b) SoS c) GPCR d) Cas9

a

What is a gene knockout? a) genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative. b) a gene that has been removed c) a lethal gene

a

Which of the following was the first CRISPR modification? a) sgRNA b) PAM c) VP64 d) SpCas9

a

gRNA targeting genes that are frequently mutated in human glioblastoma were also found to be enriched in extracted lesions. a) True b) False c) Subjective (neither true nor false)

a

CRISPR has improved the viability of Gene Therapy by: a) Silencing genes b) Permanently modifying somatic cells c) Inducing immune response d) Being faster than treatment with antibodies e) CAS-9 preventing off target effects

b

Gene therapy trials have already been performed since __________ and have been largely un-successful for many years due to problems with somatic silencing of gene products, host immune response, viral vectors and mutagenesis. a) The Seventies b) The Eighties c) The Nineties d) The Cretaceous Period

b

How were the murine lung cancer cells and murine liver progenitor cells introduced into the body? a) Intramuscularly b) Subcutaneously c) Intravenously

b

In which organism was the CRISPR/Cas9 system first discovered? a) Frog oocytes b) Immune systems of bacterial cells c) Metastatic cancer cells d) Fungi

b

What has the use of CRISPR/Cas9 identified as a function that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) occupy in cancer cells? a) Immune response interference b) Cell growth support c) Apoptosis resistance d) Resistance to oncogene induced senescence e) Increase of metastasis propensity

b

Which of the following would work best in a clinical setting? a) PD-L1 b) PD-1 c) PD-1 Knockout T-cells d) PD-M1

b

Which two RNA molecules activate and guide the Cas proteins to go after viral DNA? a) mRNA and rRNA b) crRNA and tracrRNA c) siRNA and circRNA d) microRNA and tRNA

b

If a cell with an alteration in gene A has a growth advantage and relies heavily on the function of gene B, then ________ 1. If gene A is perturbed, cells also with gene B will die 2. If gene B is perturbed, cells also with gene A will die 3. Cells with wild type gene A will be able to compensate the loss of gene B 4. Cells with wild type gene B will be able to compensate the loss of gene A a) 1&3 b) 1&4 c) 2&3 d) 2&4

c

Synthetic lethality occurs when __________ a) A cell can survive an alteration in both Gene A and Gene B b) A cell cannot survive any alterations in Gene A or Gene B c) A cell can survive an alteration in either Gene A or Gene B, but not both simultaneously d) None of the above

c

What country is enrolling patients in the first clinical trial using CRISPR for cancer therapy? a) U.S. b) Germany c) China d) Finland e) Japan

c

What does the term "core essentially" refer to? a) Genes are essential to encoding protein domains b) Complementary screening is essential to identify druggable targets c) Genes are essential in the majority of cell lines d) Genes are essential only for cell lines with a specific genetic or tissue background

c

What is CRISPR? a) Catalyst for DNA replication b) A type of bacteria c) Short repeated sequences along the DNA d) A transcription factor

c

What is the difference between core essentiality and context-dependent essentiality in cancer? a) Core essentiality represents the relative dependence of cells or organism on a specific gene in the presence of a second genetic alteration, context-dependent shows the absolute dependence of cells or organism on a specific gene, regardless the background. b) They are the same thing, but with two different names. c) Core essentiality shows the absolute dependence of cells or organism on a specific genes, regardless their background. Context-dependent shows the relative dependence of a cell or an organism on a specific gene in the presence of a second genetic alteration. d) None of the above

c

What type of process is shown in the diagram below? a) Transcriptional activation b) Transcriptional repression c) Epigenetic modification d) Single base editing

c

Which of the following is false in regards to CRISPR/Cas9: a) CRISPR/Cas9 can be used as screening method in functional cancer genomics b) CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to explore the non-coding genome of cancer c) CRISPR is made out of Cas9 along with rRNA d) CRISPR/Cas9 enables the modification of the genomic sequence of cells and organisms and the introduction of epigenetic and transcriptional modifications

c

Since its development into a genome editing tool, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized biology by providing a simple and versatile method to manipulate the ____________ across a broad range of organisms: a) genome b) transcriptome c) epigenome d) All of the above e) None of the above

d

Which is NOT a function possible by CRISPR screens? a) Positive and negative regulators b) identifying genotype-specific vulnerabilities c) Identify synthetic lethal interactions d) Cutting Cas9 highly amplified gene can generate a curing DNA response. e) Large-scale screens to systematically discover genes across cancer cell lines

d

Which is the ideal reason for testing different methods of introducing CRISPR/Cas9 to target cells? a) Finding the greatest editing efficiency for an administered method b) Finding the lowest immune response to an administered method c) Finding the greatest accuracy of direction to a specific site for an administered method d) All of the above

d

Which of the following is NOT a potential in vivo delivery mechanism for CRISPR/Cas9 Technology? a) Direct Adeno Associated Virus Delivery b) Application of Lipid Nanoparticles c) Systemic Adeno Associated Virus Delivery d) High frequency non-invasive transmission

d

Which of the following is NOT a reason CRISPR/Cas9 may not be a viable method for attacking lncRNAs? a) lncRNAs have bidirectional promoters b) lncRNAs are located within protein-coding genes c) lncRNAs are too expensive to work with d) It is difficult to target lncRNAs without damaging other surrounding genes

d