Biology 221 Lab exam #1 (combined with quiz)
Carl Linnaeus
"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature. Every organism has two names a genus and species epithet. He formalized the heirarchal classification system.
Label this cell
1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus 3. Mitochondria 4. Chloroplast 5. Ribosomes 6. Centrioles 7. Smooth ER 8. Rough ER 9. Cytoplasm 10. Vesicle (transport, storage, and regulation) 11. Cytoskeleton 12. Golgi apparatus 13. Plasma membrane 14. Peroxisomes (clean and oxidation)
Microscope part labeled
1. Oculars 2. Arm 3. Revolving nosepiece 4. Objective lenses 5. Scanning(4x) 6. Low power (10x) 7. High power (40x) 8. Stage control knobs 9. Stage 10. Slide clip 11. Iris diaphragm lever 12. Light condenser 13. Focusing knobs 14. Coarse adjustment 15. Fine adjustment 16. Light source 17. On/ off switch 18. Base.
Dissecting microscope parts
1. Oculars 2. objective lens 3. focus knob 4. arm 5. light switch 6. base
Label body planes.
1. Transverse plane 2. Sagital plane 3. Frontal plane 4. Dorsal surface 5. Ventral surface 6. Medial 7. Lateral 8. Proximal 9. Distal 10. Anterior (cranial) 11. Posterior (caudal)
Natural selection 4 main points
1. variations in form and behavior do occur between members of the same species or populations. 2. The variations are inheritable from one generation to the next. 3. Due to these variations there is competition for survival and reproduction, between individuals of the same species. 4. The traits with variations that are more adaptable to the environment will enhance the survival and reproduction of those individuals that have them and thus decrease the survivability and reproduction of those without those variations.
Mitosis
2 daughter cells, 1 division, no crossing over, no haploid daughter cells, no reduction division, has homologous chromosomes, diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis
4 daughter cells, 2 divisions, crossing over, 4 haploid daughter cells, reduction division, has homologous chromosomes, no diploid daughter cells.
spermatogonium
A diploid cell that can undergo mitosis to form more spermatogonium, and to form primary spermatocytes. Which undergo meiosis 1.
Oogonium
A diploid cell which can undergo mitosis to produce more Oocytes, and they form primary Oocytes. Which go through Meiosis 1.
Which stage separates sister chromatids?
Anaphase
Which stage separates homologous chromosomes?
Anaphase 1
Which stage separates sister chromatids in meiosis?
Anaphase 2
Make another cut passing through the transverse plane of the ventral half. This will separate the ventral half of the organism into —------ & —------ sections
Anterior & Posterior
On a dog, the face and nose are the most —----- part of the body, while the buttocks and tail are the most —----- part of the body.
Anterior & Posterior
What are the 3 domains taxa of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which symmetry type is the most prevalent among animals?
Bilateral symmetry
Blood and vascular tissue
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma. Protein fibers are dissolved in plasma and are important during blood clotting process.
What do you think is the advantage of having radial symmetry?
Can obtain food from all sides
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. (2n)-> (n) -> (n).
Which stage are daughter cells formed?
Cytokinesis
Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
On a dog, the top of the head is the —----- body surface, and the soles of the feet are the —----- body surface.
Dorsal & Ventral
Anaphase 2
Duplicated chromosomes with unique DNA separate at the centromere. Both spindles physically pull apart the duplicate chromatids. The unduplicated sister chromatids move towards opposite ends of the cell.
What is the underlying theme that connects all of biology?
Evolution
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relatedness among organisms.
Interphase
G1 New cell unduplicated uncondensed chromatin attached to protein. S phase the uncondensed chromatin the DNA is duplicated. G2 more growth and metabolism and prepares for cell division in which the DNA is condensed around the scaffold to form the chromosomes.
Cell cycle labeled
G1 phase = New cell unduplicated uncondensed chromatin attached to protein. S (synthesis) phase = the uncondensed chromatin the DNA is duplicated. G2 phase = more growth and metabolism and prepares for cell division in which the DNA is condensed around the scaffold to form the chromosomes.
Closely related species are considered members of the same -------; which is reflected in the ----- word of it's scientific name.
Genus & first
Metaphase 1
Homologous pairs in tetrads line up along the center equator of the cell on the cell plate.
Define Diploid (2n)
Is a cell that has two sets of DNA one chromosome from each parent.
Finally, make a longitudinal cut passing through the sagittal plane of the remaining cranial section. This will separate the "head" into —----- & —----- halves.
Left & Right
Cat tails are —----- to their legs, while their ears are —----- to their nose.
Medial & Lateral
Which division has homologous chromosomes?
Meiosis 1
Which division has sister chromatids?
Meiosis 2
Which stage doe the chromosomes line up along the equator?
Metaphase
Eukaryotic cell cycle types
Mitosis (asexual) or Meiosis (sexual)
Which glove type is used for dissection?
Nitrile
Why can't I just use the pictures to study?
Not all pictures are accurate
If I'm starting to feel light-headed, what should I do?
Notify your instructor
Telophase 1
Nuclear envelope reforms temporarily . DNA uncondenses. Cytokinesis spilts the cells and their are two Haploid cells made (n).
Telophase 2
Nuclear membrane reforms and the DNA uncondenses. This finishes the entire process of meiosis by reversing everything that occurred in prophase 1. Cytokinesis begins again and this creates 4 haploid daughter cells (n) all with unique DNA.
Fill out the magnification of the Ocular lens graph
Ocular Lens Objective Lens Magnification Diameter of the field of view 10x 4x 3300𝝁 10x 10x 1500𝝁 10x 40x 350𝝁.
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. Increases genetic variation. Meiosis where tetrads Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA. Creates variation.
Which stage are the chromosomes first seen?
Prophase
Which stage do the spindles form?
Prophase
Which stage does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
Which stage has tetrads?
Prophase 1
elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers External ear and epiglottis.
Prophase
Since prophase is the start of the mitosis it usually takes the longest out of all the stages. The DNA condenses around proteins into observable chromatids joined together at centromeres. Remember that the DNA is copied into sister chromatids during the S phase. The nuclear envelope is also broken down and removed from around the DNA. Lastly, the centrioles separate and move to opposite ends of the cell and form protein fibers called spindle fibers, which radiate out from the centrioles and attache to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. Once the spindles attach, the cell precedes into the metaphase stage.
What three organisms have asymmetry?
Sponges, Plaice, Narwhals
Which stage are reforms the nuclei?
Telophase
Which stage reforms the nuclei?
Telophase 2
Anaphase 1
Tetrads come apart- Homologous chromosomes separate. Duplicated chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. The centrioles and spindles physically pull each homologous chromosome pairs to one another towards opposite ends.
Prophase 2
The DNA condenses as the nuclear membrane disappears again. The centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. The mitotic spindle forms and the microtubules attach to the kinetochores at the centromere region.
secondary spermatocytes
These two cells undergo meiosis 2 to create 4 spermatids (n) which mature into sperm.
epithelial tissue
This tissue covers free surfaces around the body, lines cavities and ducts, make up glands of the body, and protects the body from foreign invaders
Nervous tissue
This tissue has the unique ability to initiate and transmit information (electrical signals) that coordinates all the body activities.
Muscular tissue
This tissue type has the ability to contract and move.
Connective tissue
This type of tissue supports the body and connects structures together.
In vertebrates, the heart is —----- to the vertebral column (backbone) and also —----- to the lungs.
Ventral & Medial
Adipose tissue= It is a loose connective tissue found all over the body, under the skin, packed around organs, between bone marrow, between muscles, and breast tissue. Functions to protect and cushion the body.
What is this and whats the function?
Areolar connective tissue= It is a loose connective tissue functioning to hold other tissues together. Exists between the dermis layer under the epithelial tissue of all the body. Unlike dense connective tissue which has protein fibers.
What is this and whats the function?
Blood = both red and white blood cells and a liquid matrix called plasma. Found in blood vessels such as veins, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Pumped through blood vessels by heart. Its job is to transport oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues. To form blood clots, and bring waste to the liver & kidneys to filter.
What is this and whats the function?
Bone= made of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacuna surrounded by concentric layers due to very hard matrix composed of calcium salt and an abundance of collagen fibers. Keeps bone rigid. Provides support for the body as well as protection, and storage sites for bone marrow.
What is this and whats the function?
Cardiac muscle= located on the walls of the heart. They appear striated and are under involuntary control. Cells are short and branched and have many nuclei. For involuntary contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle
What is this and whats the function?
Dense regular connective tissue= has fewer cells but an abundance of protein fibers in it's matrix. Collagen fibers are densely packed. Found in ligaments and tendons. Function to provide resistance to forces.
What is this and whats the function?
Elastic cartilage= similar to hyaline cartilage but has an abundance of protein fibers called elastin. It provides elasticity and support. Found in ear lobes and in auditory tubes.
What is this and whats the function?
Hyaline cartilage= has a large amount of fibrous protein called collagen in its matrix that provides strength and flexible support. To provide some cushion and minimize friction between bone ends. Found at the end of bones or in moving joints
What is this and whats the function?
Smooth muscle= shaped like a spindle each cell has 4 nuclei and no striations. Present throughout the body. It is in the stomach and intestines and helps with digestion and nutrients to be collected. It's present in the urinary system where it helps to get rid of toxins.
What is this and whats the function?
Stratified squamous epithelium= consists of several layers of cells. Found in areas where protection is needed. They protect against microorganism invasion. Found in the trachea, on sweat glands, mouth, and vagina. Found on the skin.
What is this and whats the function?
simple columnar epithelium= Used for protection. Found in the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients they are also found in the stomach where they help to secrete stomach acid and disgestive enzymes.
What is this and whats the function?
simple cuboidal epithelium= used for secretion, filtration and absorption. They are found in the kidneys nephrons and on the surface of ovaries. They are a single layer of cube cells.
What is this and whats the function?
simple squamous epithelium= passing of substances through underlining tissue, can be found on the skin, in the nose, nerve endings. This thin layer of cells is designed for secretion
What is this and whats the function?
skeletal muscle= are long cylindrical cells. They have multiple nuclei in each cell and many striations. It is located between bones. We use them to move our bones. Very important!
What is this and whats the function?
Oogenesis
Within the ovary of females, the Oogonium (germ) cells continually divide to produce more Oogonium cells. When eggs are needed, a single oogonium cell, known as the primary oocyte, will undergo meiosis 1 to produce 1 secondary oocyte and 1 polar body. Both the secondary oocyte and polar body will undergo meiosis 2 to produce 1 haploid ovum (egg) and 3 polar bodies.
Spermatogenesis
Within the testes of males, the spermatogonium (germ) cells continually divide mitotically in order to produce unlimited spermatogonium cells. When sperm is needed, a single spermatogonium cell known as the primary spermatocyte, will under meiosis 1 to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes. Both secondary spermatocytes will undergo meiosis 2 to produce 4 haploid spermatids, which mature into 4 sperm cells.
Does the top of the specimen now appear at the bottom when looking an object through the microscope?
Yes
monophyletic tree
a group of organisms that contains all descendants of a particular ancestor and no other organisms.
polyphyletic tree
a group that consists of members that do not share a common ancestor is referred to as .....
paraphyletic tree
a tree that contains some but not all descendants of a particular ancestor.
phylogenic tree/cladogram
attempts to show evolutionary related organisms in a branch tree like pattern.
The genus of a species is always ---------, while the species epithet is always ----------.
capitalized & lower-case
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. (2n) -> (2n). For growth and repair.
columnar epithelium
cells are rectangular with the nucleus towards the bottom.
primary spermatocytes
cells that divide to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (n) which undergo meiosis 2.
Transitional cells
change shape; the apical cells are cuboidal when the tissue is relaxed and squamous when the tissue is stretched. Can appear either flat round or rectangular
Closely related orders are considered members of the same -----
class
The process of categorizing organisms into taxa based on their common characteristics is called -------.
classification
Used to focus an object under the scanning power objective lens
coarse adjustment and fine focus
When a previously unknown species is discovered, its characteristics are --------- to a known species in order to determine its nearest relative.
compared
Used to adjust the amount of light when viewing an object
condenser and diaphragm
cuboidal epithelium
cube shaped cells with the nuclei in the center
What happens to the FOV as you increase magnification?
decreases
Why does the father choose the sex of the child?
depending on whether the sperm will carry and X or Y chromosome.
Cytokinesis
depends on the cell but this process usually happens during either anaphase or Telophase. Cleavage furrow is formed
Closely related kingdoms are considered members of the same -----
domain
Animals standing on four legs, the back is the —----- surface, while their stomach is the —----- surface.
dorsal & ventral
Why can't I stick my teasing needle in the was bottom of the dissection tray?
dulls the instrument
What three organisms have Bilateral symmetry?
elephants, dogs, cats
adaptable variations
enhance fitness, the organism with the best fitness will pass on their ----------- ---------- to their offspring at a greater rate than others in a population.
Each species is given it's own unique --------; which is reflected in the ------- word of its ----------.
epithet, second & scientific name
cytokinesis
even though it occurs during telophase it isn't recognized as a step in mitosis. Occurs by the development of a cleavage furrow. Is a process that occurs usually in Telophase where the cleavage furrow is formed and new cells are made. Usually 2 cells are made.
Closely related genera are considered members of the same ------.
family
Which parent determines the sex of the child?
father
Can be used to focus an object under any objective
fine focus
What is used to focus when under low power lens (10x) or high power lens (40x)?
fine focus
Telophase
finishes the entire process of mitosis by reversing everything that occurred in prophase, creating a single cell with two separate nuclei DNA. DNA uncondenses back into chromatin as the nuclear membrane reforms. Creates two identical diploid cells (2n).
squamous
flat cells. Either flat top or flat bottom
Metaphase 2
genetically unique Sister chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. Duplicated cells line up on the plate.
What happens to the image when you move your stage knob to the right?
goes left
What happened to the size of the e when the microscope was adjusted from scanning to objective power?
got bigger
hyaline cartilage
has a large amount of fibrous protein called collagen in its matrix to provide strong but flexible support.
With which objective is it easiest to focus on any one of the threads?
high power objective
Did the depth of focus increase or decrease as you increase magnification from scanning to high power?
increases
Cartilage
is an even more densely packed connective tissue and is more flexible than bone.
Metaphase
is easily recognized by a line of sister chromatids aligned along the center of the cell. Once the chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell on the cell plate, the cell enters anaphase.
define systematics
is involved in the determination of evolutionary relationships.
Anaphase
is where the centrioles and spindles physically pull the sister chromatids apart from one another and towards opposite ends of the cell.
dichtomous key
keys that are based on choices between two alternatives are known as....
Closely related phylum are considered members of the same -----
kingdom
skeletal muscle
long cylindrical cells with multiple striations in the cells.
Magnifies an objective 10x and adjusts to the width of your eyes?
low power lens
Bone tissue
made up of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacuna.
Is the image backwards as well on the microscope?
no
Closely related families are considered members of the same -----
order
Closely related classes are considered members of the same -----
phylum
If I can't stand the smell what should I do?
place vicks vapor rub under your nose
Gametogenesis
production of gametes
Which stage does the nuclear envelope disappear?
prophase
The cat elbow is —----- to their paw, while their elbow is —----- to their shoulder.
proximal & distal
Specimen analysis under the microscope: estimate the number of moving specimens and number of non-moving specimens. How does wet mount differ from prepared slides?
putting a slide slip over the specimen
What is your motto?
read twice cut once
What objective lens do we start with always?
scanning objective
Used to magnify an object 40x
scanning objective lens
Which objective is most difficult to focus on one threads?
scanning power objective
What instrument should be your primary dissection tool?
scissors, dissecting probe, teasing needles
What three organisms have Radial symmetry?
sea stars, jellyfish, lily flowers
stratified epithelium
several layers of cells
How are epithelial tissues classified?
shape and number of layers
Organisms are placed into taxa based on their ------ characteristics.
shared
Cardiac muscle
short branched but striated like skeletal muscle.
Prophase 1
similar to prophase in Mitosis with important differences. The Nuclear membrane is broken down and removed from around the DNA. The centrioles separate and move to opposite ends of the cell and form the spindle fibers. The homologous chromosomes pair up into tetrads. Crossing over occurs during this phase (synapsis). They exchange part of their chromosome between homologous chromosomes (not between sister chromatids). They connect at the chiasmata.
simple epithelium
single layer of cells
smooth muscle
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Used to hold a specimen on the stage
stage clip
The taxon between a group, phyla & class is known as the
sub-phylum
A category or level of classification system is known as a ------.
taxon
difference between taxonomy and systematics
taxonomy is about science of classification while systematics is about determination of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Which stage is two nuclei formed?
telophase
Outgroup
that is evolutionarily related but not within the group of organisms.
Tetrads
the Homologous chromosomes connect consisting of four chromatids
Define taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying organisms. Is the scientific classification and nomenclature.
move the slide away from yourself which direction does the image go in?
towards you
Primary Oocytes
undergo Meiosis to produce a primary polar body and secondary Oocyte (n).
Secondary Oocyte
undergoes Meiosis 2 to produce a secondary polar body and ovum (n). The Polar body undergoes meiosis to produce two polar bodies.
Is the image upside down or right side up on a microscope?
upside down
Using the rest of your animal make a cut passing through the frontal plane of your organism. This will separate your organism into —------ & —------ halves
ventral & dorsal
What cells are these and label them?
where is the nuclei and cell membrane
Gene frequency
will increase after multiple generations of adaptable variations.
