Biology 234 ~ Lab MIDTERM Practical

Complete each statement with the correct word and then place the sentences in order starting with the most proximal structure.

- Air enters the nasal cavity where it is warmed, filtered and humidified - The pharynx is a region of the respiratory tract that is shared with the digestive system - The larynx contains the vocal folds necessary for sound production. - The trachea is found in the neck and upper portion of the thorax.

Complete each sentence with the correct word.

- Alveoli are comprised of two types of cells. Type I cells are thin squamous cells. Type II cells are large cuboidal cells. - The function of type I cells is to allow gas exchange while type II cells secrete surfactant. - surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveolus. - The respiratory membrane separates the capillary blood from the alveolar air. - Gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air.

COPD includes which of the following respiratory disorders?

- Bronchitis - Emphysema

What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion? Check all that apply.

- Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Gastrin - Secretin

Which of the following are considered small intestine brush border enzymes participating in carbohydrate digestion?

- Dextrinase - Lactase - Sucrase

Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract.

- Mixing - Peristalsis

Check all that are a function of the esophagus.

- Movement of a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach - Prevents materials from returning from the stomach

Enzymes (Check all that apply.)

- are specific for their substrates. - act as catalysts. - control the speed of reactions. - have a special shape that controls their function.

What may affect the rate of an enzyme-driven reaction? (Check all that apply.)

- concentration of enzyme - concentration of substrate - pH - temperature

Put the processes of gas exchange into the correct order, beginning with inhalation.

1. Air is drawn into the lungs. 2. Oxygen is transported to body cells by blood. 3. Cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. 4. Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 5. The lungs exhale carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The left lung contains ___ lobe(s), whereas the right lung contains ___ lobe(s).

2,3

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry __________ oxygen molecule(s).

4

During hydrolysis, sucrose binds to the __________ of the enzyme, which changes the configuration of the enzyme and exposes sucrose to _____________ so that hydrolysis can occur.

Active site: Water

Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is (are) regulated by the medulla oblongata?

All three phases are regulated by the medulla oblongata

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Anal canal

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Anus

Bicarbonate ions formed during the dissociation of carbonic acid...

Are transported back to the blood stream

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Ascending colon

Where is the enzyme sucrase found?

Attached to the luminal surface of intestinal epithelial cells

Besides oxygen exchange, the respiratory system also functions to eliminate _____. Too much of this gas can cause a(n) _____ in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.

Besides oxygen exchange, the respiratory system also functions to eliminate carbon dioxide. Too much of this gas can cause a(n) decrease in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Bile duct

A portal triad consists of which three elements?

Branches of a hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct

The ranking from highest to lowest Po2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is...

Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells

Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?

Cardiac region

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?

Chief cell

The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones: _______ and secretin.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Cricoid cartilage

During expiration...

Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Descending colon

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Duct of parotid gland

Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

Duodenum

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Epiglottis

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Ethmoid sinus

Exercise increased the amount of air entering the alveoli by more than 50%. What happened to the breathing rate?

Exercise increased the breathing rate.

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

External anal sphincter

Contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

False

Gastric secretion is increased in all three phases (cephalic, gastric, intestinal).

False

The liver lobule is the same as a hepatocyte.

False

Fill in the paragraph with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

Forced expiratory volume is the percentage of the vital capacity that can be expelled in a specific period of time. This value is obtained by inspiring as much air as possible and then expelling the air from the lungs as quickly as possible. Individuals with decreased ability to expire typically exhibit decreased FEV values. Maximum voluntary ventilation is the greatest amount of air that can be taken into, and then expelled from, the lungs in 1 minute.

Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?

Four

What molecule is the ultimate source of hydrogen ions that are secreted into the gastric juice?

H20

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Hard palate

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Horizontal fissure

________ ions are actively transported into the gastric gland duct, in exchange for ________ ions which enter the parietal cells.

Hydrogen ; potassium

Sucrase...

Hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Hyoid

The result of the process of inspiration is...

Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Inferior lobe

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Inferior lobes

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Intestinal glands

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Intestinal villi

Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and

K

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Laryngopharynx

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Left lung

The stomach is located in which abdominal quadrant?

Left upper

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Lingual tonsil

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Main (primary) bronchi

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Middle lobe

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Middle nasal concha

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Middle nasal conchae

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Nasal cavity

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Nasal septum

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Oropharynx

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Pancreatic duct

Which cell type is responsible for HCl production in the stomach?

Parietal cells

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Pharyngeal tonsil

Which ions are counter transported back into the parietal cells as the hydrogen ions are transported out into the gastric juice?

Potassium ions

Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the...

Presence of lipids or low pH

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

Production of ATP

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Pyloric sphincter

Which of the following regions of the large intestine is a muscular tube that expands to store accumulated material prior to defecation, and terminates at the anal canal?

Rectum

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Right lung

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Rugae

Basic functions of the liver include...

Secretion, storage, and detoxification

From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes.

Short

During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the...

Small intestine

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?

Small intestine

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Soft palate

Type I alveolar cells are...

Squamous epithelial

How long can sucrase facilitate the hydrolysis of sucrose?

Sucrase can hydrolyze sucrose until the enzyme becomes denatured, is inhibited, or wears out

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Superior lobes

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Superior nasal concha

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Teeth

At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries...

The PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries...

The PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli

Which of the following is true?

The anatomical dead space is not really changed by exercise.

During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?

The diaphragm

Inspiration begins as...

The diaphragm contracts

Which two fetal remnants are found on the liver?

The round ligament and the ligamentum venosum

Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

The thought of food

How do chloride ions that are used to make HCl enter the parietal cells?

They are transported into the parietal cells from the blood stream in exchange for bicarbonate ions

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Thyroid cartilage

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Tongue

Water is required for hydrolysis.

True

Which structure is highlighted and indicated by the leader line?

Uvula

Which of the following is not an irritant that can trigger an asthma attack?

Warm weather

The chronic inflammatory respiratory disease that obstructs airflow in and out of the bronchial tubes is called __________.

asthma

The ion exchange molecule in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges ________ ions going out for ________ ions coming in.

bicarbonate ; chloride

Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?

bile

Salivary amylase digests

carbohydrates

In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between

carbon dioxide and water.

The hydrogen ions used to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach are derived from

carbonic acid.

Which of the following best describe what enzymes are and how they are used?

catalytic proteins that are efficient in initiating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.

cephalic

Functions of the stomach include...

chemical and mechanical digestion

Once inside epithelial cells, fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides reforming triglycerides; triglycerides are then wrapped with other proteins by the Golgi to form ____________ that enter the lymphatic system.

chylomicrons

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the

common bile duct.

When bronchioles __________, airflow into the alveoli decreases, making it harder to breathe.

constrict

Which structure is highlighted?

cricoid cartilage

According to your results, changing body position from standing to lying:

decreased the tidal volume.

The pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood from the ____ ventricle of the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs to the ___ atrium. This circuit is referred to as the ___ circuit.

deoxygenated, right, oxygenated, left, pulmonary

Which structure is highlighted?

diaphragm

Proteolytic enzymes are activated in the small intestine using the enzyme

enteropeptidase.

Without undergoing any changes itself, the _____ makes changes to the ______.

enzyme; substrate

Which structure is highlighted?

frontal sinus

Which structure is highlighted?

hard palate

Which structure is highlighted?

inferior nasal concha

In humans, hemoglobin is found:

inside red blood cells

Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ________ organs.

intraperitoneal

Which structure is highlighted?

larynx

Which structure is highlighted?

left lobar bronchus

Which structure is highlighted?

left lung

Which structure is highlighted?

left main bronchus

Which structure is highlighted?

left segmental bronchus

What organ produces bile?

liver

Which structure is highlighted?

lobar bronchus

A ___ bronchus leads into each lung; a ___ bronchus leads into a lobe of a lung; a ___ bronchus leads into a bronchopulmonary segment.

main, lobar, segmental

Red blood cells:

make ATP through glycolysis.

Which of the following bones does not form a border of the nasal cavity?

mandible

Which structure is highlighted?

maxillary sinus

Digested triglycerides are contained within the _____________ prior to being transported across the simple columnar epithelial lining of the small intestine into the epithelial cells.

micelles

Which structure is highlighted?

middle nasal concha

How many alveoli are found in each lung?

millions

After exercise, if there was less (stale) air left in the lungs after the volunteer exhaled the larger tidal volume would mean that when the volunteer took a breath:

more fresh air entered the alveoli and mixed with less stale air.

Digestion begins in the...

mouth

Which structure is highlighted?

nasal cavity

Which structure is highlighted?

nasal septum

In a person who is lying down, gravity will create the lowest blood pressure:

none of the above. The effect of gravity will be less than in a standing person.

DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) are polymers of nucleotides that are broken down, first, by pancreatic enzymes and then completed by intestinal brush border enzymes which include phosphatase and _____________.

nucleosidase

A given enzyme works on

one type of substrate

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the (human) lungs across the walls of:

only the alveoli.

The respiratory system regulates __________ and __________ levels within the blood.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

The accessory organs of the lower GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and

pancreas.

The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme

pancreatic lipase.

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis.

Which structure is highlighted?

pharynx

Respiratory epithelium, which lines the nasal cavity and upper respiratory tract, is classified as

pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

The primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst is to

reduced the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction.

Structures that compose the ___ division of the respiratory tree contain alveoli.

respiratory

Which structure is highlighted?

right lung

Which structure is highlighted?

right segmental bronchus

The three major steps of digestive function include all of the following, except

secretion.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

Which structure is highlighted?

superior nasal concha

During the breathing cycle, air enters the alveoli and the airways. If the airway volume is about 150 mL, how much air entered the alveoli when he was standing?

the tidal volume - the airway volume; about 225 mL.

Which structure is highlighted?

thyroid cartilage

The functions of the respiratory system include all of the following, except

to maintain body temperature.

Which structure is highlighted?

trachea

Which structure is highlighted?

tracheal cartilage

Which of the following are cells that produce surfactant?

type II cell

Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory membrane?

type II cell

Which structure is highlighted?

uvula

The act of moving air into and out of the lungs via the respiratory tract is specifically called __________.

ventilation

The ___ pleura covers the outer surface of each lung, whereas the ___ pleura lines the inner surfaces of the thoracic cavity.

visceral, parietal

Which structure is highlighted?

vocal fold

Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity...

width