Biology 3

Archaen Cells

Resemble bacterial cells Different because cells contain biochemicals.

ROUGH ER Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes give these membranes a roughed appearance

Transport proteins

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer create passageways through which water-soluble molecules and ions pass into or out of the cell

Light Microscopes

generates true color views of living or preserved cells light must pass through an object to reveal its internal features specimens must be transparent or thinly sliced to generate a good image - Compound Microscope uses two or more lenses to focus visible light through a specimen up to 1600 x and distinguished between objects at are 200 nano meters apart. - Confocal Microscope Enhances resolution by focusing white or laser light through a lens to the object. Image passes through a pinhole

Nucleus

most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells Contains DNA, an information molecule that specifies the "recipe" for every protein a cell can make

golgi apparatus

organelle sack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center. Proteins from ER pass through the series of Golgi sacs, they complete their folding and become functional. sorts and packages materials into vesicles, which move toward the cell membrane

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal coated, three dimiensional specimen. lower resolution than the TEM max magnification is 250,000 x

Nuclear Envelope

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

SMOOTH ER

Adjacent to the Rough ER Synthesizes lipids Houses enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons

Study of cells began

1660

Cell wall

surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria, protecting the cell and preventing it from bursting if it absorbs too much water What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection?

Flagella

tail-like appendages that enable these cells to move. Anchored in the cell wall and underlying cell

Cells have features in common

DNA - Cell's genetic information

Nucleolus

Dense spot that assembles the components of ribosomes. Ribosomal sub units leave the nucleus through nuclear pores. Come together in the cytoplasm to form complete ribosomes

Peroxisomes

Eukaryotic Cells Organelles that containg several types of enzymes that dispost of toxic substance

Cytoplasm

Fluid that occupies much of the volume of a cell

Phospholipid

Glycerol bonds to only two fatty acids; the third carbon binds to a phosphate group attached to additional atoms.

Nuclear pores

Holes in the double-membrane (nuclear envelope) MRNA molecules exit the nucleus through

Phospholipid bilayer

two layered, sandwichlike structure, the hydrophilic surfaces (the bread) are exposed to the watery medium ourside and inside the cell Hydrophobic tails face each other on the inside of the sandwich.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn out organellas and debris Enzeyme LYSE or cut apart their substrates

Enzymes

Proteins facilitate chemical reactions that otherwise would proceed too slowly to sustain life

Nucleoid

The area withing the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where the circular DNA molecule is found is called the nucleoid and is not bounded by a membrane.

Phospholipid

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called ___, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule

endomembrane system

The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ___ system of a eukaryotic cell.

Domain Eukarya

The ribosomes of domain Archaea are most similar to those of _____

Cells

The smallest unit of life that can function independently

Nucleoid

area where cell's circular DNA molecule congregates

Receptor proteins

bind to hormones and other molecules outside the cell and trigger a response into the cell

Organelles (little organs)

compartments that carry out specialized functions Examples: nucleus, mitochondria & chloroplasts keep related biochemicals & structures close enough to make them function efficiently

Eukaryotes EU (True)

Cells that contain a nucleus

Transport Proteins

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer create passageways through which water soluble molucules and ions pass into or out of the cell.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

forms a boundary between the cell and its environment

Bacterial nucleoid

is not bound by a membrane

Fluid Mosaic

Cell membrane diverse molecules (pieces of the mosaic) drift freely among the phospholipids.

Recognition proteins

Carbs attached to cell surface proteins serve as "name tags" that help the body's immune system recognize its own cells

Compartmentalization

Cell maintains high concentrations of each biochemical only in certain organelles, not throughout the entire cell.

Robert Hooke

Melted strands of grass to create lenses. used to look at corks.

How are bacteria and archaea similar to and different from each other?

Membrane lipids Composition of cell walls ribosomes

Adhesion proteins

Membrane proteins enable cells to stick to on another

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Sends a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of a specimen. Can magnify up to 50 million x and distinguish between objects less than 1 angstrom apart

Roles that Membrane plays in cells

Separates cytoplasm form outside of cell Cells surface also transports substances into and out of the cell receives & responds to external stimuli Eukarytic cell, internal membranes enclose the organelles

Prokaryotic Pro (before) Karyon (Kernel, referring to the nucleus)

Simplest and most ancient forms of life Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

Ribosomes

Structures that manufacture proteins

Rudolf Virchow

Added 3rd component to Cell Theory in 1855

endomembrane system Cell Parts Lysosomes Golgi apparatus Nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum

Internal membranes form: nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles cell membrane Organelles of the endomembrane system are connected by small "bubbles" of membrane that can pinch off of one organelle, travel within the cell, and fuse with another.

Vesicles

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system.

Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic "within the cytoplasm" Reticulum "network"

Network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

Mitochondria

Organells that use a process called cellular respiration to extract this needed energy from food

Cells

Originally had two main components: 1. All organisims are made of one or more cells 2. the cell is the fundamental unit of all life. 3. added 1855 - Cells come from preexisting cells