biology 4-7-16

What is a codon?

A 3 letter triplet code used by DNA, read by ribosomes to attach tRNA and amino acids to a growing protein chain.

List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.

PH, temperature, salinity, ligh, rainfall, soil type

What does the term "membrane bound organelles mean?" What cell type are they found in?

"Tiny organs" with unique functions covered in a membrane. They are found in Eukaryotic cells only.

Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Cells - Tissues -Organs - Organ systems

What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1) mRNA - The message sent from the DNA to code for a particular protein. 2) tRNA - the transfer molecules that carry specific amino acids to be attached by ribosomes. 3) rRNA - the chemical makeup of ribosomes.

What are the three parts of cell theory?

1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of all living things. 3. New cells are produced from preexisting cells.

In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age?

16%

What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

66

In the US?

7%

Transport of materials

Amphibians Cardiovascular system Mammals Cardiovascular system

Excretion

Amphibians Cloaca, KIDNEY Mammals Kidneys, anus, cloaca

Nutrition

Amphibians Filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores Mammals heterotrophic

Reproduction

Amphibians Metamorphosis Mammals INTERNAL FERT.

Growth and development

Amphibians Metamorphosis Mammals Placental FOR MOST SPECIES

Respiration

Amphibians Occurs through skin and gills LUNGS Mammals lungs

Regulation

Amphibians ectothermic Mammals endothermic

Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity

Annual rainfall can determine the biomass potential of the producers in a region, thus limiting the rate of reproduction

Why must you use stain to look at certain items under the microscope?

Because certain substances/organisms are clear and need stain in order to be visible

What were the goals of the human genome project?

Begun in 1990, it was a collaborate effort among scientists to sequence the human genome.

If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

CUGGCU

A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.

F1 Genotypes: 100% Bb Phenotypes:100% Brown Mink F2 Genotypes: ¼ BB, ½ Bb, ¼ bb Phenotypes: ¾ Brown Mink, ¼ Silver blue mink

Law of independent assortment

Genes that segregate independently from each other and do not influence each other's inheritance.

Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.

In a test cross, we already know the genotype of the recessive parent (aa) based upon the recessive phenotype. If there are any recessive phenotype offspring, then the unknown parent must be heterozygous!

How will the human genome project be useful in developing gene therapies?

In gene therapy, the absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene.

Explain each of Mendel's Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.

In most sexually reproducing organisms each adult has two copies of each gene, one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed.

After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)

Leu - Ala

What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right?

Logistic; "S" Curve

During what month were rabbits in exponential growth?

May

How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

Meiosis allows whole chromosomes to segregate independently of each other, lending authenticity to Mendel's laws.

Which population is growing the fastest?

Mexico

Which age group has the smallest number in both countries?

Mexico 80+; US 75-80

Could the defendant be the rapist? (Y/N) Explain your answer.

NO. The Bands do not match to the defendant.

Respiration

Non-vascular Plants n/a Gymnosperms n/a Angiosperms Xylem and phloem

Excretion

Non-vascular Plants N/A Gymnosperms n/a Angiosperms

Transport of materials

Non-vascular Plants Osmosis Gymnosperms Xylem and phloem

Nutrition

Non-vascular Plants n/a Gymnosperms ROOTS FOR MINERALS Angiosperms ROOTS FOR MINERALS

Growth and development

Non-vascular Plants n/a Gymnosperms n/a Angiosperms ENDOSPERM OR COTYLEDON PROVIDE FOOD

Regulation

Non-vascular Plants n/a Gymnosperms n/a Angiosperms n/a

Reproduction

Non-vascular Plants sexual Gymnosperms sexual/naked seeds Angiosperms SEXUAL/ SEED IN FRUIT

What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

Peptide bonds

What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules?

Proteins detect materials; channel proteins let certain substances to pass through. Cholesterol prevents the sticky phospholipid heads from sticking to one another. The hydrophilic areas attract water molecules and hydrophobic areas repel water.

Transport of materials

Protists diffusion Annelids CLOSED CIRCULATORY True coelom Insects Open circulatory TRUE COELOM

Regulation

Protists n/a Annelids Brain and nerve cords ganglia Insects Brain and nerve cords ganglia

Excretion

Protists n/a Annelids Digestive-anus Nitrogen-nephridia Insects Malphighian tubules

Reproduction

Protists n/a Annelids External fertilization and separate sexes Insects Sexual INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Respiration

Protists n/a Annelids Gas exchange through moist skin Insects Tracheal tubes

Nutrition

Protists n/a Annelids Heterotrophic-filter feeder to predators Insects Heterotrophic

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Semi-permeable allowing some molecules in and some out of the cell.

Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain

The longest bands are the largest base pairs digested by the restriction enzymes. They are bigger so they move more slowly across the gel. Hence, they are found towards the bottom of the gel.

How will the human genome project be useful in finding whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions?

This could help identify genetic disorders in couples or devise methods of gene therapy.

Draw how the letter "e" would look as view through a microscope?

Upside down and backwards

Starch

What is used to test for starch? Iodine Positive Test When present, goes from brown to red Example of...? Pasta

Monosaccharides

What is used to test for them? Benedicts Positive Test When heated turns from blue to orange. Example of...? Milk, fruit

Protein

What is used to test for them? Biurets Positive Test When present turns blue to purple. Example of...? Meats, some legumes

Lipids

What is used to test for them? Paper Bag Test Positive Test When present, causes a greasy stain Example of...? Chips, Butter