biology ch.9,10,11,12 test 3
a mutation can cause a change _
in the shape of a protein, in the amino acid sequence of a protein, in the way the cell cycle is regulated, and that is beneficial to the cell
which is the correct order of events in which breast cancer might develop?
inheritance of a mutant BRCA gene> replication errors create an oncogene> mutation of p53> additional mutations permit spreading
what genes are mutated in the scenario from the animation?
BRCA1 and p53
at which point does a mutation exert its potentially dysfunctional effects in a cell?
after a protein is produced
how do doctors test for the presence of a BRCA1 mutation?
a DNA sample is extracted from the nuclei of white blood cells for genetic testing
organs can perform unique functions that differ from those that the tissues from which they are made can perform individually. why is this?
tissues cannot form the same shapes that organs can; organs, therefore, have more functions than tissues
what is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
to ensure that cell cycle phases proceed only when the cell is ready
what is the role of BRCA1 in normal cells?
BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor
would it be sufficient to just replace the neurons in someone who suffered nervous tissue damage? why or why not?
no, replacement neurons must also make the correct connections with cells in their surroundings
_____ involves creating a unique marketing mix for every consumer.
one-to-one marketing
relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells has _
the same genome and a different pattern of gene expression
which woman would be most likely to benefit from genetic testing for breast cancer?
a 25 year old woman whose mother, aunt, and grandmother had breast cancer
in an otherwise normal cell, what happens if one mistake is made during DNA replication?
a cell cycle checkpoint detects the error and pauses the cell cycle so the error can be corrected
if an individual has a germ cell mutation, which of these is a possible source of that mutation?
a maternal or paternal allele
what is an insertion mutation?
a nucleotide is inserted in a gene sequence, which alters all subsequent codons
which of these does not cause cancer to develop and progess?
a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene acting together
a recipient of a liver transplant has a high risk of bacterial infections because _
a transplant recipient has to take drugs that suppress his or her immune system
why is age a risk factor for cancer?
age provides more time for the cancer cells to accumulate, age extends the amount of exposures to environmental factors, which can lead to the progression of cancer, and age causes additional mutations to be acquired that can predispose one to cancer
select the activities that are likely to lead to exposure to a mutagen.
applying inorganic pesticides, drinking filtered water, and consuming alcohol
what would you say to a niece if she asked you how she could reduce her risk of breast cancer?
avoid tobacco, reduce alcohol consumption, utilize early screening, and reduce sun exposure
_____ occurs when no money is involved in the exchange of goods or services.
bartering
how does an acquired mutation in a gene alter the function of a cell?
base pair mutations in a gene are passed directly into mRNA via transcription
"reprogramming" genes erase the pattern of gene expression in a differentiated cell. when scientists insert "reprogramming" genes into differentiated cells, these cells will _
be converted into stem cells
Which of the following is a consumer durable?
bedroom dresser
three possible ways mutations that can be acquired
being exposed to substances that damage DNA, leaving mistakes uncorrected during DNA replication, and inheriting mutations from one's patents
tumors that will not spread throughout the body are _, and those that do spread are termed _
benign; malignant
Which of the following is a consumer nondurable?
breakfast cereal
what may happen when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence of a protein?
the protein may become less effective, more effective, or altogether nonfunctional
what is an advantage of receiving a replacement organ grown from one's own cells versus receiving an organ transplant from a donor?
there is less chance of organ rejection and there is no need to wait on a transplant list
What do the United Way, the Sierra Club, the Girl Scouts of America, and the American Red Cross have in common?
they all engage in environmental scanning, they all have created a marketing mix, and they all have a target market
we would all have many more mutations in our genes if not for the _
activity of repair enzymes
Customer satisfaction:
refers to the customer's feeling that a product has met or exceeded expectations
select the statements that are true about mitosis. select two.
two cycles of mitosis from one original cell result in four genetically identical daughter cells; during mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate and become part of two different daughter cells
hematopoietic stem cells are _ cells that develop into _cells
undifferentiated; blood
The four major groupings of consumer products are:
unsought, convenience, shopping, and specialty
An example of a convenience product is a:
bar of soap
_____ is the ratio of benefits to the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits.
customer value
A firm with a _____ has its ability to provide a unique product or service that offers something of value to buyers besides simply a lower price.
differential competitive advantage
an adult stem cell called a hematopoietic stem cell from bone marrow is most useful in treating a _
disorder affecting the development of blood cells
why do scientists pursue several methods to get stem cells to grow into specific tissue types?
each method or approach used in stem cell research adds to our knowledge of how stem cells work
how are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells?
embryonic stem cells can develop into a wide range of cell types, while adult stem cells can become only limited cell types
why dont engineered bladders get rejected by the patient's immune system when they are implanted?
engineered bladders are grown from the patient's own cells
DNA mutations can arise from uncorrected errors in DNA replication, inheritance, and _
environmental insults
how does interphase related to mitosis?
interphase alternates with mitosis
a woman with a BRCA1 mutation _
is at increased risk of developing breast cancer
When compared to the consumer market, the business-to-business market, the consumer market is:
is more geographically dispersed
which statement accurately describes cancer development?
it is a multistep process by which multiple mutations cause a series of events that lead to cancer
Rap star Xzibit has signed an endorsement deal with athletic footwear manufacturer Dada to produce shoes. The line named "Pimp Your Kicks," alluding to Xzibit's role as host of the MTV show Pimp My Ride, became available in late 2005. Dada hopes Xzibit will act as a(n) _____ and influence consumers to buy the shoes.
opinion leader
The Library is a new bar in town. Unlike the other bars in town, it charges no cover charge. The new bar has also priced its beer at $3 less per pitcher than its competition. Given what you know about pricing strategies, which pricing strategy is the owner of the new bar using?
penetration pricing
With a _____ policy, a company offers new products at a low price in the hope of achieving a large sales volume.
penetration pricing
When planning a _____ strategy, a manufacturer will deal with wholesalers and retailers.
place (distribution)
_____ pricing is the strategy of increasing the price of a product so that consumers will perceive it being of higher value.
prestige
When Top-Flite introduced its Strata golf balls with a new design for better flight with hit by metal clubs, it charged three times the price of golf balls currently on the market. This high introductory pricing is an example of:
price skimming
Personal selling, advertising, public relations, and sales promotions are decisions made when planning the _____ strategy.
promotion
how are proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes different?
proto-oncogenes promote cell division when a cell is ready, and tumor suppressor genes halt cell division when a DNA sequence needs correction or repair
American Handgunner, Shooting Industry and Guns Magazine are all periodicals aimed at people who enjoy hunting and target shooting and want to improve their skills and stay current in the latest technology. These magazines use _____ segmentation.
psychographic
_____ is a strategy that focuses on forging long-term partnerships with customers.
relationship marketing
which of these occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
A strategy of charging a high introductory price for a new product that invites eventual competition is called price:
skimming
for the scenario described in the animation, what action could be taken to reduce the risk of cancer?
smoking cessation
one could determine whether a cell is differentiated by determining whether _
some genes are turned "off"
what types of genes do all cells have turned on?
genes for basic cell functions
When Gene O'Hare went online to plan his vacation to Australia, he learned that he could buy plane tickets, rent a car, and pay for a hotel in a reduced-price tourist package, which made it very convenient for him to book his trip. The Web site O'Hare visited used _____ to make trip planning easier and more economical.
bundling
_____ is the action that people take in buying and using goods and services.
buyer behavior
if every cell contains the entire genome, how do cells specialize?
by turning on a subset of specific genes
why do people with "inherited cancer" often develop cancer at a relatively young age?
cancer cannot be truly inherited, but certain alleles weaken the normal control points that prevent cancer, and this causes cancer to appear earlier in life
some cancer chemotherapy blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle during prophase. why would cancer chemotherapy limit the ability of adult stem cells to perform the normal cell turnover in a tissue?
cancer chemotherapy blocks mitosis
a hematopoietic stem cell turns on genes that direct it to become a white blood cell. this process is known as _
cell differentiation
which statement applies to tissues?
cells within a tissue cooperate, and each tissue has a specific function
A relatively inexpensive item that requires very little shopping effort is called a _____ product.
convenience
Selling more rainwear in Seattle than in San Diego due to the annual rainfall is an example of which type of marketing segmentation?
geographic
Which one of the following is a commonly used method for market segmentation?
geographic, volume, and psychographic
what is the result of the mitosis checkpoint being passed before the cell is ready?
improperly aligned chromosomes that are not equally distributed to daughter cells
what is the p53 gene and how can its mutation cause cancer?
it is a tumor suppressor gene that normally promotes apoptosis, and which causes cancer when it fails to induce apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells
The pricing strategy of marking products below normal markup or even below cost to attract customers to a store where they would not otherwise shop is called _____ pricing.
leader
The maker of Centrum multivitamins introduced Centrum Silver, a vitamin designed specifically for older people. Centrum Silver is an example of a _____, a product that uses an existing brand name in an existing category but with a new formula.
line extension
which family history most strongly suggests a risk of inherited breast cancer due to BRCA1 mutations?
many female relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age
Chewy candy manufacturers are coming out with more true-to-fruit flavors, with some companies even fortifying their confections with vitamin C to make them more fruit-like. From this information, you can surmise that the chewy candy industry is in the _____ stage of the product life cycle.
maturity
In which stage of the product life cycle are you most likely to find the manufacturer using a line extension strategy?
maturity
which phase of mitosis is correctly matched?
metaphase- replicated chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
which phrases accurately describe the role of microtubules in the cell cycle? select two.
migration of the chromosomes; organization of the chromosomes
you shed skin cells every day. those cells are replaced by _
mitotic division and differentiation of tissue stem cells
a chemical that causes alterations in DNA is a _, and if this chemical causes cancer it is called a _
mutagen; carcinogen
The Accent Modification Center helps upwardly mobile international professionals smooth accents that may be holding them back from getting that next promotion. The business's target market is from the growing Asian population in Virginia. The center has developed a(n):
niche competitive advantage
is the genome of stem cells larger than that of specialized cells?
no, because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome
what would happen if spindle fibers failed to form during the cell cycle?
the chromosomes of the parent cell would not divide
a patient has a mutated BRCA2 gene and a normal BRCA1 gene.
the patient has an increased risk of developing ovarian or breast cancer than a patient with normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and the patient has a lesser risk of developing ovarian or breast cancer than a patient with a normal BRCA2 gene and a mutated BRCA1 gene
There are a lot of talented people. Many singers who have not been discovered are as talented or more so than some of the best-known musical artists. For instance, pricing a musical act at $20,000 when a small community arts center can get just as great an entertainment experience for its audience for $5,000 is an example of:
prestige pricing
Mike and Ike, the fruit-flavored chewy candies, needed a major facelift. The brand had a small but loyal core of "munchers." A relatively small brand, it needed visibility to take on share leaders like Starburst and Skittles. The company changed its packaging and developed contests all geared to 12- to 17-year-olds. The makers of Mike and Ike have modified its _____ strategies.
product and promotion
The _____ is the person who develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand.
product manager
People with common Activities, interests, and opinions are grouped together into a given lifestyle. A company that segments its market according to these different lifestyles is using _____ segmentation.
psychographic
the biological function of stem cells is to _
replenish existing stem cells and differentiate into specific cell types
engineering a bladder is more challenging than engineering skin because a bladder _
requires a scaffold on which to grow
A product that passes test-marketing is ready for market introduction, which is called _____, a step that requires extensive logistical coordination.
rollout
During the growth stage of the product life cycle,:
sales grow at an increasing rate, and profits are healthy
In new-product development, _____ is the stage at which products that do not meet new-product goals are rejected.
screening
why does wearing sunscreen reduce cancer risk?
sunscreen can reduce the chance of mutations caused by exposure to UV radiation present in sunlight
In general, when a business is engaged in environmental scanning, it looks at all of the following external forces that might affect it EXCEPT:
suppliers
Life Savers Gummies Fruit Splosions, liquid-filled gummies combined with a burst of real fruit juice, are a new product for The Wrigley Co.. Before marketing the product nationwide, Wrigley gave out samples of the candy at several rock concerts and then recorded consumers' feelings about the candy, its taste, and its name. In which stage of the new-product development process would this have happened?
test marketing
cellular differentiation, or cell specialization, results from _
the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others
