Biology Chapter 1

Which of the following is a living organism? Choose all that apply. a. an oak tree b. an influenza virus c. the fungus that causes WNS in bats d. a diamond e. your teacher

an oak tree, the fungus that causes WNS in bats, your teacher

Figure 1.4 Q1 state the hypothesis that this advertisement is claiming was scientifically tested.

Lucky strike cigarettes taste milder than other leading brands of cigarettes

Which of the following is a characteristic of life? Choose all that apply. a. Metabolism b. Movement c. evolve as a group d. cellular e. Hair or fur

Metabolism, evolve as a group, celluar

Figure 1.4 Q3 Explain in your own words why the hypothesis cannot be "proved"

Nothing in science can be proved. In this case, only a small number of subjects can be tested; there might always be people (who weren't tested) who think another brand is milder.

Describe one observation, one hypothesis, and one experiment from the WNS syndrome research discussed in this chapter.

Observation: bats are observed with white noses Hypothesis: bats with white noses are infected with a fungus experiment: inject bats with a fungicide and observe whether they are less likely than bats who were given sham injections to develop WNS

Figure 1.1 Q2 Where in the scientific method would a scientist decide on the methods she'll use to test her hypothesis?

After predictions are generated from a hypothesis, and before experiments are run to test the predictions of the hypothesis, a scientist would choose the methods for testing the predictions of the hypothesis.

Figure 1.7 Q1 what is the control group in this experiment and what are the two treatment groups.

Control group: sham injection Treatment group: injected with geomyces destructans from North America; injected with G. destructans from Europe.

Figure 1.9 Q1 Give examples of other kinds of organs that mammals such as bats have

Kidney, liver, heart, lungs

Figure 1.2 Q2 What types of environmental data might the researchers have collected?

Examples of environmental data would include temperature, and humidity within the cave, and also soil and air samples to see whether fungal spores are present.

Figure 1.5 Q2 State the hypothesis being tested in the photo on the bottom right

Healthy bats injected with a fungicide will have lower rates of infections with WNS than bats that are sham injected. (no fungicide)

Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, appears to be caused by a novel infectious agent: a protein that replicates by causing related proteins to modify their structure from harmless shape to a dangerous one. These prions (short for proteinaceous infectious particles) also appear to be the cause of several other diseases such as scrapie in sheep, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Are prions alive? What information would you need to make this determination?

If prions are alive, they would need to meet the criteria for life: composed of one or more cells, replicate with DNA, obtain energy from the environment, sense and respond to the environment, maintain an internal environment and evolve as a group.

Figure 1.4 Q2 state a prediction that comes from this hypothesis. Is it testable? why or why not

Prediction: subjects who smoke lucky strike cigarette will say it is milder than cigarettes from other brands that they are asked to smoke. Yes, this is testable because it can be measured and repeated.

Figure 1.1 Q3 How might you explain the scientific method to someone who complains that "scientists are always changing their minds; how can we trust what they say?"

Science is a process, and nothing is ever "proved" in science, so we have to expect that our best understanding of nature will change as science proceeds.

Figure 1.9 Q3 is the soil within a cave in which bats live a part of the bats' population, community, or ecosystem? Explain your reasonings

Soil is part of the ecosystem: populations and communities are composed only of living things, and soil is part of the physical environment

Which of the following statements is a scientific hypothesis (that is, it makes testable predictions)? Choose only one. a. Even though no one else can see him, the ghost of my dog lives in my backyard. b. The Atkins diet helps people lose more weight and keep it off than Wight Watchers. c. People born under the sun sign aquarius are kinder and cuter than those born under scorpio. d. It is unethical to text while driving. e. non of the above.

The Atkins diet helps people lose more weight and keep it off than Wight Watchers.

Figure 1.1 Q1: What were the original observation and question of the scientists studying the sick bats?

They observed many dead bats and many bats with white noses. They questioned whether the high death rates were in some way related to the white noses.

Figure 1.6 Q2 What are the hypothesis being tested in this experiment?

WNS is caused by contact with the fungus

Place the following steps of the scientific method in the correct order by numbering them from 1-7. _____a. Make observations about the natural world _____b. Test the predictions by designing an experiment or collecting observational data. _____c. Run the experiment and analyze the results. _____d. Generate predictions to test the hypothesis _____e. Share the results with fellow scientists so that they can review and evaluate them. _____f. Develop a hypothesis to explain the observation. _____g. Accept, reject, or modify your hypothesis depending on the results.

a. 1 b. 4 c.5 d.3 e.6 f.2 g.7

Identify the level of biological organization for each of the following: _____a.the kidney of a bat _____b. an oak tree outside a cave in upstate New York _____c. bats in a cave in upstate New York _____d. the physical and biological components of a cave in upstate New York. _____e. the respiratory system of a bat _____f. all the species living and interacting within a cave in upstate New York

a. organ b. organism c. population d. ecosystem e. organ system f. community

When scientists use the word "theory," they mean a. an educated guess b. an overarching explanation of an interrelated set of observations. c. wild speculation d. an experimental prediction e. a fact proved by many experiments.

b. an overarching explanation of an interrelated set of observations.

Figure 1.8 Q1 give one fact about bats that you learned from this chapter

bats can develop fungal infections

Figure 1.6 Q3 In one or two sentences state the conclusion you can draw from the experiment. Were the hypotheses supported? why or why not?

bats that come into physical contact with geomyces destructans are highly likely to develop WNS, whereas those exposed only through the air do not develop WNS. The hypothesis was supported in part (physical versus air contact)

Figure 1.5 Q1 Give a possible hypothesis that could be tested by weighing the bats.

bats with WNS weigh less than uninfected bats

Consider an experiment in which subjects are given a pill to test its effectiveness in reducing the duration of a cold. a. give the control group two pills instead of one. b. do nothing with the control group. c. Give the control group a pill that looks like the test pill but does nothing. d. let the control group choose wether or not to take any pill e. expose the control group to the cold virus

c. Give the control group a pill that looks like the test pill but does nothing.

Figure 1.6 Q1 Which is the control group in this experiment, and what are the three treatment groups?

control group: housed alone, no exposure to WNS Treatment group: applied to wings, housed in physical contact with infected bats, housed in air contact but not physical contact with infected bats

Using the scientific method as outlined in this chapter, describe the steps you would take if you made the observation, My computer is not working. What are the experimental variables, treatment group, and control group?

experimental variables: plug it in, check electrical breakers in the house, check computer battery, check if screen is not functioning Treatment and control group: the computer would serve as a treatment group with a sample size of one. either you would need to have a second computer as a control or the computer would serve as its own control.

Figure 1.8 Q3 explain in your own words the difference between a fact and a hypothesis and between a hypothesis and a theory.

hypotheses are not as certain and are more complex than facts they are simpler and less well documented than theories.

Figure 1.5 Q3 Explain in your own words why an experimental study is the only way to show a cause-effect relationship

if you find a relationship between two variables in an observational study, you can't know which one causes the other, or even whether a third variable is causing both to occur. In an experimental study, it is possible to manipulate one variable and see whether that manipulation causes a second variable to change.

Figure 1.9 Q2 Are bats in California part of the community of bats in upstate New York, if they are of the same species? why or why not?

no, they are not because they do not interact with each other

Figure 1.2 Q1 Which steps in the scientific method does this photograph illustrate?

observation and testing the predictions of the hypothesis through observational study (either descriptive or analytical).

Choose the correct terms in the following sentence: The process of science begins with a(n) (prediction, observation) about the natural world. A scientist then proposes a (hypothesis, prediction), which is the basis of one or more testable (observations, predictions).

observation, hypothesis, predictions

Figure 1.2 Q3 Why do you think the researchers are wearing protective gear?

so that they do not come into contact with the pathogenes

Figure 1.8 Q2 what is another example of evidence for the germ theory of disease.

strep throat

Figure 1.7 Q3 in one or two sentences state the conclusions you can draw from the experiment. was the hypothesis supported? why or why not?

yes the hypothesis that geomyces destructans causes WNS and leads to higher mortality was supported