Biology chapter 11-20 review

Survivorship Type III

- lots of offspring, few survive (low survivorship) - ex. frogs spawning, plants with lots of seeds

Survivorship type II

- surviviorship constant, over lifespan - mortality not dependent on age - constant death rate - ex. rodents (small mammals), birds, coral

A paleontologist estimates that when a particular rock formed it contained 12 mg of the radioactive isotope potassium 40. the rock now contains 3 mg of potassium 40. the half-life of potassium 40 is 1.3 billion years. from this information you can conclude that the rock is approximately _____ billion years old.

2.6

If members of a species produce a large number of offspring but provide minimal parent rental care a _____ type survivorship curve is expected. In contrast, if members of a species produce fewer offspring and provide them with long-standing care then _____ type survivorship curve as expected.

3;1

Enhancers

A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes. (Non coding DNA sequence)

Which type of animal is not included in the human ancestry?

A bird

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

Evolutionary tree

A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

Genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. (Living together)

myecelium

A cluster of hyphae below the soil that give rise to fruiting bodies.

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

Food webs

A complex diagram representing the many energy pathways in an ecosystem

What sea creature might be described as a pelagic animal of the aphotic zone?

A deep sea squid

Fungi

A eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food. And are multicellular

Why might the effect of a small scale natural disturbance, such as forest tree felled by wind, be considered positive?

A fallen tree alters abiotic factors such as the water and sunlight in a small patch of the forest and provides new habitats for other organisms.

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

You discover a new species of plants. Under the microscope, you find that it produces flagellated sperm. A genetic analysis shows that it's dominant generation has diploid cells. What kind of plant do you have?

A fern

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

body cavity

A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

Contrast the heterotrophic nutrition of a fungus with your own heterotrophic nutrition.

A fungus digests its food externally by secreting digestive juices into the food and then absorbing the small nutrients that result from digestion. In contrast, humans and most other animals ingest relatively large pieces of food and digest the food within their bodies.

Why does genetically modify a human gamete raise different ethical questions then genetically modify human somatic cell?

A genetically modified somatic cell will affect only the patient, modifying a gamete will affect an unborn individual as well as all of his or her descendants.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Flatworms

A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm

Ciliates

A group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia.

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Genus

A group of similar species

Clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Conifers

A gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, that produces cones

Estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

How is landscape different from an ecosystem?

A landscape is more inclusive in that it consists of several interacting ecosystems in the same region.

fruit

A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.

Cephalopods

A member of a group of molluscs that include squids and octopus

Arachnids

A member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. All members have eight pairs of walking legs.

Whole-genome shotgun method

A method for determining the DNA sequence of an entire genome. After a genome is cut into small fragments, each fragment is sequenced and then placed in the proper order.

biological control

A method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests

How can mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene contribute to the development of cancer?

A mutated tumor-suppressor gene may produce a defective protein unable to function in a pathway that normally inhibits cell division and therefore normally suppresses tumors.

protooncogenes

A normal gene with the potential to become an oncogene

Endosperm

A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Binomial

A polynomial with two terms

What is necessary for allopatric speciation to occur?

A population must be split into more than one group by a geographic barrier that interrupts gene flow between the two groups.

How does the loss of genetic diversity in danger a population?

A population with decreased genetic diversity has less ability to evolve in response to environmental change

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

operculum

A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes

transcription factors

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

Spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

Paleontologist

A scientist who studies fossils

Annelids

A segmented worm which include earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches

movement corridor

A series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat (usable by organisms) that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat.

amniotic egg

A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land

Molluscs

A soft-bodied animal characterized by a muscular foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula; includes gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses).

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

restriction site

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme.

In what fundamental way does the structure of a sponge differ from that of all other animals?

A sponge has no tissue

Ovules

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.

Biofilm

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

plate tectonics

A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move.

Endotoxins

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Complete the following analogies: A. Gametophyte is to haploid, as _____ is to diploid. B. _______ are to conifers of flowers are to _______. C. Ovule is to seed, as ovary is to ________.

A. Sporophyte B. Cones; angiosperms C. Fruit

Match each organism with this trophic level. A.Alga 1. Decomposer B.grasshopper 2. Producer C. zooplankton 3. Tertiary consumer D. eagle 4. Secondary consumer E. Fungus. 5. Primary consumer

A2, b5, c5, d3, or d4, e1

What is the role of abiotic reservoirs in biogeochemical cycles? What are the three major abiotic reservoirs?

Abiotic reservoirs are sources of the nutrients used by producers for synthesizing organic molecules. The atmosphere, soil, and water are the three major abiotic reservoirs

About how many nucleotides and gene are contained in the human genome?

About 3 billion nucleotides and 21,000 genes.

What is the main abiotic factor that distinguishes primary from secondary succession?

Absence (primary) versus presence (secondary) of soil at the onset of succession

roots

Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground.

Which mechanism accounts for most observed instances of a sympatric speciation? why might this be the case?

Accidents up cell division that results in polyploidy. polyploidy produces "instant" reproductive isolation.

Humans first evolved on which continent?

Africa

Explain why the concept of exaptation does not imply that a structure evolves in anticipation of some future environmental change.

Although a structure is co-opted for new or additional functions in a new environment, the structure existed because it worked as an adaptation in the old environment.

The oldest group of tetrapod's is the

Amphibians

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

Ectotherms

An animals that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings (cold blooded)

systems biology

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.

Forams

An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell.

Contrast the skeleton of an echinoderm with that of an arthropod.

An echinoderm has an endoskeleton; an arthropod has an exoskeleton.

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Explain why the following statement is incorrect: "pesticides cause pesticide resistance in insects".

An environmental factor does not create new traits such as pesticide resistance, but instead favors traits that are already represented in the population.

limiting factor

An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing

Gastrovacular cavity

An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body

What is athlete's foot?

An infection of the foots skin with ringworm fungus

endoskeleton

An internal skeleton

Human Genome Project (HGP)

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

How does the term opportunistic capture the key characteristics of that life history pattern?

An opportunistic life history is characterized by an ability to produce a large number of offspring very rapidly when the environment affords a temporary opportunity for a burst of reproduction.

Radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

genetically modified organisms

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.

Endotherms

Animals (such as birds or mammals) that can regulate their body temperature. (Warm blooded)

Mammals

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

If marsupials originated in Asia and reached Australia via South America where else should paleontologist find fossil Marsupials?

Antarctica

Name some adaptations of plants for living on land.

Any of the following: cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, lignin-hardened cell walls, protected gametes and embryos, and differentiation of the body into aerial shoots and subterranean roots

In the three domain system which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

Archaea and Bacteria

Which hominin species was the first to walk up right? Which was the first to spread beyond Africa?

Australopithecus afarensis; homo erectus

Put the following list of species in order from the oldest to the most recent: Homo erectus, Australopithecus species, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens

Australopithecus species, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens.

postzygotic barriers

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

Why are bone marrow stem cells Ideally suited as targets for gene therapy?

Because bone marrow stem cells multiply throughout a person's life.

How can a mutation in just one homeotic gene drastically affect an organisms physical appearance?

Because homeotic genes control many other genes, a single change can affect the expression of many of the proteins that control appearance.

Why is behavioral isolation considered a Pre-zygotic barrier?

Because it prevents mating and therefore the formation of a zygote

How does the evergreen nature of pines and other conifers adapt the plants for living where the growing season is very short?

Because the plants do not lose their leaves during autumn and winter, the leaves are already fully developed for photosynthesis when the short growing season begins in spring.

When would a Homosapien individual have had an opportunity to meet a Neanderthal?

Between the time Homo sapiens reached the regions inhabited by Neanderthals (no sooner than 115,000 years ago) and the time when the Neanderthal died out (28,000 years ago)

Flatworms are the simplest animals to display a body plan that is _________.

Bilaterally symmetric

Taiga

Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw

RNA interference

Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex.

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

Compare and contrast how the bottleneck effect and the founder effect can lead to genetic drift.

Both effects result in populations small enough for significant sampling error in the gene pool for the first few generations. A bottleneck event reduces the size of an existing population in a given location. The founder effect occurs when a new, small population colonizes a new territory.

Name the four major groups of plants. Name an example of each.

Bryophytes (mosses) Seedless vascular plants (ferns) Gymnosperms (conifers) Angiosperms (flowers)

How can a signal molecule from one cell alter a gene expression in a target cell without entering the target cell?

By binding to a receptor protein in the membrane of the target cell and triggering a signal transduction pathway that activates transcription factors

How do bacteria help restore the atmospheric CO2 required by plants for photosynthesis?

By decomposing the organic molecules of dead organisms and organic refuse such as leaf litter, bacteria release carbon from the organic matter in the form of CO2.

After a gene is transcribed in the nucleus, name three ways that the RNA may be processed.

By the addition of cap and tail, the removal of introns and the splicing of Exons.

Using a microscope, how could you distinguish the cocci that cause staph infections from those that cause strep throat?

By the arrangement of the aggregates: grape-like clusters for staphylococcus and chains of cells for streptococcus.

Put the following steps of human gene therapy in the correct order A. virus is injected into patient B. human gene is inserted into a virus C. normal human gene is isolated in cloned D. normal human gene is transcribed and translated in the patient

C, b, a, d

Supposed to wish to create a large batch of the protein lactase using recombinant DNA, place the following steps in the order you would have to perform them. A. find the clone with a gene for lactase B. Insert the plasmids into bacteria and grow the bacteria into clones. C. isolate the gene for lactase D. create recombinant plasmids, including one that carries the gene for lactase

C, d, b, a

How does Carbon get into terrestrial plants?

CO2 from the atmosphere enters the leaves

cryptic coloration

Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.

What is the greenhouse effect? How is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb heat energy radiating from earth and reflected back toward earth. This is called the greenhouse effect. As the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increases, more heat is retained, causing global warming.

A shark has a ______ skeleton, where as a tuna has a ______ skeleton.

Cartilaginous; bony

adult stem cells

Cells present in adult tissues that generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells that can be of great therapeutic potential.

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Name the steps of the whole genome shotgun method.

Chop the genome into fragments using restriction enzymes, clone and sequence each fragment, and reassemble the short sequences into a continuous sequence for every chromosome

What is the name of the phylum to which humans belong? For what anatomical structure is the phylum named? Where in your body is a derivative of this anatomical structure found?

Chordata; notochord; cartilage disks between your vertebrae

Why are climbing plants common in tropical rain forests?

Climbing is a plant adaptation for reaching sunlight in a closed canopy, where little sunlight reaches the forest floor

fossil fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

complementary DNA (cDNA)

DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

How does DNA packing prevent gene expression?

DNA polymerase and other proteins require me for transcription do not have access to tightly packed DNA.

DNA replication relies on the enzyme DNA polymerase. why does this suggest that the earliest genes were made from RNA?

DNA polymerase is a protein, which must be transcribed from a gene. But a DNA gene requires DNA polymerase to be replicated. This creates a paradox about which came first-DNA or protein. But RNA can act as both an information storage molecule and an enzyme, suggesting that dual-role RNA may have preceded both DNA and proteins.

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

What was the most significant difference between Darwins theory of evolution and the ideas about evolution that had been proposed previously?

Darwin's theory of evolution was that all living things descended from a succession of ancestral species. Present day evolution is based on species changing overtime. Lamark believed that environment selected traits to make more successful. Inheritance of acquired traits.

What is the name of the chemical reaction whereby monomers are linked together into polymers?

Dehydration reaction

DNA sequencing

Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA.

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Why do DNA fragments containing STR sites from different people tend to migrate to different locations during gel electrophoresis?

Different people tend to have a different numbers of repeats at each STR site. DNA fragments prepared from the STR sites of different people will this have different lengths causing them to migrate to different locations on a gel.

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

Beak depth in the population of medium ground finches on Daphne increased when easy to crack seeds became scarce. this is an example of which mode of natural selection: directional, disruptive, or stabilizing?

Directional

Animals

Domain: Eukaryotes Kingdom: Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes Cell Structures: NO Cell walls and NO CHLOROPLASTS Number of Cells: Multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph Example: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

the three-domain system

Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.

If your blood cells and skin cells have the same genes, how can they be so different?

Each cell type expresses different genes than the other cell type

In the phylogeny, chordates are most closely related to which other animal phylum?

Echinoderms

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals

Name three potential sources of stem cells.

Embryonic tissue, umbilical cord blood, and bone marrow

Why is the energy at different trophic levels represented as a pyramid?

Energy is lost with each transfer from one trophic level to the next. Thus, the collective amounts of energy at the producer level is greater than the collective amount of energy at the level of primary consumers, and so on.

What happens when a population reaches its carrying capacity?

Enough resources are available to sustain that population size, but the population does not continue to increase.

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level.

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

Success in living in deserts could be due to _____, structures that originally had one use but became adapted for different functions.

Exaptations

How does the excessive addition of mineral nutrients to a pond eventually result in the loss of the most fish in the pond?

Excessive mineral nutrients initially cause population explosions of producers and the organisms that feed on them. The respiration of so much life, especially as the microbes decomposing all the organic refuse, consumes most of the ponds oxygen, which the fish required.

Contrast exotoxins with endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria; endotoxins are components of the outer membranes of pathogenic bacteria.

How can an exotoxin be harmful even after bacteria are killed?

Exotoxins are secreted poisons that can remain harmful even when the bacteria that secrete them are gone.

During the carboniferious period, The dominant plants, which later formed the great coal beds, were mainly

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants

Cartilaginous fishes

Fish species characterized by a skeleton made completely of cartilage, not bone.

bony fish

Fish that have skeletons made of bone and scaly skin

Some species of cyanobacteria form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. what benefit might a protist or fungus receive from a Cyanobacteria symbiont? what benefit might a plant receive from a cyanobacterial symbiont?

Food (products of photosynthesis); usable form of nitrogen

List some density dependent factors that limit population growth

Food and nutrient limitation, insufficient space for territories or nest, increase in disease and predation, accumulation of toxins

In what way are forests renewable resources? In what way are they not?

Forest are renewable in the sense that new trees can grow where old growth has been removed by logging. habitats that are permanently destroyed cannot be replaced however, so forest must be harvested in a sustainable manner

coniferous forest

Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes

Place these events in the history of life on earth in order: A. Accumulation of O2 in earths atmosphere B. Colonization Of land by plants and fungi C. Diversification of animals D. Origin of eukaryotes E. Origin of humans F. Origin of multicellular organisms G. Origin of prokaryotes

G, a, d, f, c, b, e

Bryophytes like all plants have a life cycle that involves an alternation of generations. What are the two generations called? Which dominates in bryophytes?

Gametophyte and sporophyte; gametophyte

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

Classify these molluscs: A garden snail is an example of a ______; a clam is an example of a ______; a squid is an example of a _______.

Gastropod; bivalve; cephalopod

Which mechanism of micro evolution tends to reduce differences between populations?

Gene flow

alternative RNA splicing

Genes giving rise to two or more different polypeptides depending upon which segments are treated as exons.

homeotic genes

Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is.

What is the difference between genomics and proteomics?

Genomics concerns the complete set of an organism's genes, whereas proteomics concerns the complete set of an organism's proteins.

survivorship curve

Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.

Which algal group is most closely related to plants?

Green algae

Dinoflagellates

Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent

Algae

Grow in soil, on trees and on the bodies of turtles and frogs; smallest of all green plants

exponential population growth

Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.

What are four main causes of declining biodiversity?

Habitat distraction, invasive species, overexploitation , and pollution

What is a true statement about Charles Darwin?

He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

Name three ways that we benefit from fungi in our environment.

Help recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms; Mycorrhizae help plants absorb water and nutrients; some fungi serves as food.

Why are biologist careful to distinguish similarities due to homology from the similarities due to analogy when constructing phylogenetic trees?

Homologies reflected a shared evolutionary history where as analogies do not. analogies result from convergent evolution

Our forearms and a bats wings are derived from the same ancestral prototype thus, they are ______. In contrast the wings of a bat and the wings of a bee are derived from totally unrelated structures thus, they are _____.

Homologous, analogous

Match each of the following animals to its phylum: A. Human 1. Echinodermata B. Leech 2. Arthropoda C. Sea star 3. Cnidaria D. Lobster 4. Chordata E. Sea anemone 5. Annelida

Human= Chordata. Sea Star= Echinodermata. Leech=Annelida. Lobster= Arthropoda. Sea Anemone=Cnidaria.

How does the need for dietary vitamin C show that humans are more closely related to other primates than to other mammals?

Humans and primates need vitamin C because A gene needed to make it in the body is nonfunctional. A homologous Gene in most other mammals is functional. Thus, the genes function must have been lost by mutation in an early primate or primate ancestor and inherited in that form By both humans and other primates.

Hominins

Humans and their immediate ancestors

How could a community appear to have relatively little diversity even though it is rich in species?

If one or a few of the diverse species accounted for almost all the organisms in the community, with the other species being rare.

How is the interaction between a parasite and its host similar to predator-prey and herbivore-plant interactions?

In all three interactions, individuals of one species benefit and individuals of the other species are harmed (+/-)

What is a substantial difference between embryonic stem cells and the stem cells found in adult tissues?

In nature, only embryonic stem cells give rise to all the different types of cells in the organism.

The animals and plants of India are almost completely different from the species in nearby south east Asia. why might this be true?

India was a separate continent until relatively recently

People find most bitter-tasting foods objectionable. Why do you suppose we have taste receptors for bitter-tasting chemicals?

Individuals having bitter taste receptors presumably survived better because they could identify potentially toxic food when they foraged.

Anthropods

Insecta(Grasshopper), Crustacea(Shrimp, Crab), Arachnida(Spider). Jointed appendages.

What distinguishes invasive species from organisms that are introduced to non-native habitat but do not become invasive?

Invasive species spread far from where they are introduced and they cause environmental or economic damage

Define micro evolution

Is a change in a population's frequencies of alleles

Promoter

Is the site where the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

What is the function of the guide RNA in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

It guides the complex to the proper location in the genome.

Protist

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

Sepals

Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud

Would you expect modern cheetahs to have more genetic variation or less than cheetahs did 1,000 years ago?

Less, because the bottleneck effect reduces genetic variability.

How did the insides of Lyell and other geologist influence Darwins thinking about evolution?

Lionell and other geologist presented evidence for the gradual change of geologic features over millions of years. Darwin applied this idea to suggest that species evolve through this little accumulation of small changes over long periods of time.

placental mammals

Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta (cord) inside the female mammal.

Marsupials

Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch.

Local conditions, such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants, may limit the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium available to a particular terrestrial Ecosystem. Why is the amount of carbon available to the ecosystem seldom a problem?

Many nutrients come from the soil, but carbon comes from carbon dioxide in the air.

How can a change in one gene cause a big change? What are such genes called?

Master control genes, called homeotic genes, regulate many other genes during development.

Distinguish between microevolution, speciation, and macro evolution.

Micro evolution is a change in the gene pool of a population often associated with adaptation. speciation is an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. macro evolution is evolutionary change above the species level for example the origin of evolutionary novelty and new taxonomic groups and the impact of mass extinction and on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery. macro evolution is marked by major changes in the history of life and these changes are often noticeable enough to be evident in the fossil record.

Phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems

What three modes of locomotion occur among protozoans?

Movement using flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.

gametophtye

Multicelled, gamete-producing body (haploid) that forms during life cycles of some algae and all plants; green spongelike plant

Stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Roundworms

Nematoda, cylindrical body

Would a gene on the X chromosome be expressed more in human females (who have two copies of the X chromosome) than in human males (who only have one)?

No, because in females one of the X chromosome in each cell is inactive.

Are seaweeds plants?

No, they are large, multicellular marine algae.

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

What are the four chordate characteristics

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits.

Repetitive DNA

Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.

What is a genetically modified organism?

One that carries DNA introduced through artificial means

According to the energy pyramid, why is eating grain fed beef a relatively inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis?

Only about 10% of the energy trapped by photosynthesis is turned into biomass by the plant, and only about 10% of that energy is turned into the meat of a grazing animal. Therefore, grain fed beef provides only about 1% of the energy captured by photosynthesis.

A group of prokaryotic genes with related functions that are regulated as a single unit, along with the control sequences that perform this regulation, is called an

Operon

Place these levels of the ecological study in order from the least to the most comprehensive: community ecology, Eco system ecology, organismal ecology, population ecology.

Organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, Ecosystem ecology

One reason why the spontaneous generation of life on earth could not occur today is the abundance of ______ in our modern atmosphere.

Oxygen

Which term in the Hardy Weinberg formula corresponds to the frequency of individuals with no alleles for the recessive disease PKU?

P2

A paleontologist has recovered a bit of organic material from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo. she would like to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. the most useful method for initially increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing is ____.

PCR

What protist is not a human pathogen?

Paramecium

What are three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in arctic tundra?

Permafrost very cold winters and Highwinds

Green algae

Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.

The formation of goosebumps on your skin in cold weather is an example of ______ response while seasonal migration is an example of ______ response.

Physiological; behavioral

What are phytoplankton? Why are they essential to other oceanic life?

Phytoplankton or photosynthetic algae and bacteria. They are food for animals in the aphotic zone; those animals in turn may become food for animals in the aphotic zone.

Why are plasmids valuable tools for the production of recombinant DNA?

Plasmids can carry virtually any foreign gene and are replicated by their bacterial host cells.

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

Survivorship Type 1

Produce few offspring but give them good care increasing the likelihood that they will survive to maturity

What are ribozymes? Why are they a logical step in the formation of life?

RNA molecules that function as an enzyme; can perform some of the functions of both DNA and protein.

Ribozymes

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

What describes the effects of a density dependent limiting factor?

Rabbits multiply, and their food supply begins to the dwindle

Operator

Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions.

What is a key factor in the recovery of red-cockaded woodpecker populations?

Removal of understory vegetation by controlled burns

How do the results of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning differ?

Reproductive cloning results in the production of a live individual; therapeutic cloning produces stem cells.

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

What are STR's, and why are they useful for DNA profiling?

STR's are nucleotide sequences repeated many times in a row. STRs are valuable for DNA profiling because different people have different numbers of repeats at the various STR sites.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Why are older fossils generally in deeper rock layers than younger fossils?

Sedimentation places younger rock layers on top of older ones.

Artificial selection

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

What are the four main parts of the flower? Where do pollen grains develop? Where do eggs develop?

Sepals, petals, stamen, carpels; in the anther within the stamen; in the ovary within the carpel

Why does sewage cause heavy algal growth in lakes?

Sewage adds mineral nutrients that stimulate growth of the algae

Which process, mutation or sexual reproduction, results in most of the generation to generation variability in human populations? why?

Sexual reproduction; humans have a relatively long generation span and mutations have relatively little effect in a single generation.

Crustaceans

Shells soft bodies, no vertebra &Hard shells.

Bacteria are easier to manipulate than yeast. so why are yeast used to produce some human proteins?

Some genes require eukaryotic cells in order to be properly made.

biological species concept

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

In a particular bird species,individuals with the average-size wings are more likely to survive severe storms than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. of the three general outcomes of natural selection this example illustrates _____.

Stabilizing

Sponges

Stationary animals; Phylum Porifera

Biogeography

Study of past and present distribution of organisms

body segmentation

Subdivision of an animal's body into a series of repeated parts called segments.

Over a period of many years, grass grows on Sanddune, then shrubs grow, and then eventually trees grow. This is an example of ecological ______.

Succession

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

In making recombinant DNA what is the benefit of using a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA in a staggered fashion?

Such an enzyme, creates DNA fragments with "sticky ends," single stranded regions whose unpaired bases can hydrogen-bond to the complementary sticky ends of other fragments created by the same enzyme

ecological niche

Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources.

How do the subdisciplines of taxonomy and cladistics relate to the field of biology known as systematics?

Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classification of species. Cladisitcs is an approach to determine the evolutionary relationships of organisms by identifying clades.

How does the savanna climate vary seasonally?

Temperature stays about the same year-round, but rainfall varies dramatically.

Amphibians were the first _______, 4 footed terrestrial vertebrates.

Tetrapods

What evidence demonstrates that differentiated cells in a plant or animal retain their full genetic potential?

The ability of these cells to produce entire organisms through cloning

Regeneration

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

What does the ecosystem level include that the community level does not?

The abiotic factors of the area.

What are the abiotic reservoirs of nitrogen? In what form does nitrogen occur in each reservoir?

The abiotic reservoirs of nitrogen = Soil (Ammonium ions, Nitrate-[NH4+, NO3-]) and the Atmosphere (Nitrogen gas -[N2])

What do you think is the natural function of the antibiotics that fungi produce In their native environments?

The antibiotics block the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria, that compete with the fungi for nutrients and other resources

In what fundamental way does the body plan of a cnidarian differ from that of other animals?

The body plan of cnidarian is radially symmetric

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

The recent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is mainly a result of an increase in

The burning of fossil fuel's and Wood

A mutation in E. Coli makes the lac operator unable to bind the active repressor. How would this mutation affect the cell? why would this effect be a disadvantage?

The cell would wastefully produce the enzymes for lactose metabolism continuously, even in the absence of lactose.

therapeutic cloning

The cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the generation of embryonic stem cells to treat disease.

reproductive cloning

The cloning of organisms with the goal of planting the blastula produced by the technique into the uterus of an adult female and thus creating a new organism.

According to the data on ecological footprint,

The ecological footprint of the United States is more than twice the world average

What feature of a DNA fragment causes it to move through a gel during electrophoresis?

The electrical charges of its phosphate groups

Describe how the structure of a fungal mycelium reflects its function.

The extensive network of hyphae puts a large surface area in contact with the food source.

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Define fitness from an evolutionary perspective.

The fitness of an individual (or of a particular genotype) is measured by the relative number of alleles that it contributes to the gene pool of the next generation compared with the contribution of others. Thus the number of fertile offspring produced determines an individual's fitness.

Contrast the modes of sperm delivery in ferns and conifers.

The flagellated sperm of ferns must swim through water to reach eggs. In contrast, the airborne pollen of conifers delivers sperm to eggs in ovules without the need to go through water.

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

sympatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

How might symbiosis with an oxygen-using prokaryote benefit the prokaryotic host cell?

The host would benefit if it's symbiont used oxygen to release large amounts of energy in the form of ATP from organic molecules (the role of mitochondria in an eukaryotic cell)

Of all the control points of DNA expression which is under the tightest regulation?

The initiation of transcription

Mantle

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

A eukaryotic gene was inserted into the DNA of a bacterium. The bacterium then transcribed the gene into mRNA and translated the mRNA into protein. The protein produced was useless and contained many more amino acids than the protein made by the eukaryotic cell. Why?

The mRNA was not spliced as it is in eukaryotes

Biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

What is biotechnology? What is recombinant DNA?

The manipulation of organisms or their parts to produce a useful product; a molecule containing DNA from two different sources, often different species.

Stomata

The microscopic pores found on a leafs surface

How does an individuals large ecological footprint affect earths carrying capacity?

The more resources required to sustain an individual the lower earths carrying capacity will be (that is earth can sustain fewer people of each of those people consume a large share of the available resources)

Which number represents the most recent common ancestor of humans and canaries?

The most recent ancestor of humans and canaries is number three, amnion.

abiotic reservoir

The part of an ecosystem where a chemical, such as carbon or nitrogen, accumulates or is stockpiled outside of living organisms.

What is the broader categories of classifications among taxonomy?

The placement of similar genera in the same FAMILY, puts families into ORDERS, orders into CLASSES, classes into FILA, Fila into KINGDOMS, and kingdoms into DOMAINS.

seed

The plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering

Stamens

The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

What is the main concern about adding genes for herbicide resistance to crop plants?

The possibility that the genes could escape, via cross-pollination, to wild plants that are closely related to the crop species.

signal transduction pathway

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

Absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

Why does the exponential model of population growth produce a curve shaped like a J?

The rate of population growth increases as population size increases.

Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

stigma

The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which receives pollen grain.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, or soil

What do all protists have in common?

They are eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

The bacteria that causes tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. what does this suggest about tetanus bacteria?

They can form endosperms

How do fossils contradict the idea of fixed species?

They don't match any living creature

You use a restriction enzyme to cut a long DNA molecule that has three copies of the enzymes recognition sequence clustered near one end. when you separate the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis how do you expect the bands to appear?

Three bands (short fragments) near the positive pole and one band (long fragment) near the negative pole.

Why do microbiologists autoclave their laboratory instruments and glassware rather than just washing them in very hot water?

To kill bacterial endospores, which can survive boiling water.

Why do managers try to maintain populations of fish and game species at about half their caring capacity?

To prevent over harvesting Yetz maintain lower population levels so that growth rate is high

Of all known behavioral factors, which one causes the most cancer cases and deaths?

Tobacco use

As a mechanicism of evolution natural selection can be most closely equated with...?

Unequal reproductive success

Which pair of animals is more closely related to each other Ursula americanus and Ursus Maritimus or Ursus americanus and Bufo americanus?

Ursus Americanus (black bear) and Ursus maritimus (polar bear) which belongs to the same genus.

Why is integrated pest management considered a more sustainable method of pest control then the use of chemicals alone?

Use of pesticides may result in resistant pest population which makes the pesticide less affective. also pesticide use is unsustainable in the long run because of problems with pollution

Restricted fragments

When restriction enzymes cuts DNA strands in the recognition sequence, produces pieces of DNA called restriction fragments

What is learned from DNA microarray?

Which genes are active in a particular sample of cells

You are eating a pizza. I wish trophic level are you feeding?

You are a primary consumer when you eat flour (in the crust) and tomato sauce, and you are a secondary consumer when you eat cheese or meat on the pizza.

complete digestive tract

a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.

Skyrocketing growth of the human population since the beginning of the industrial revolution appears to be mainly a result of

a drop in the death rate due to better nutrition and health care

Swim bladder

a gas-filled sac present in the body of many bony fishes, used to maintain and control buoyancy.

operon

a group of genes that operate together

Amoebas

a group of protozoans that move by means of pseudopods

Flagellates

a group of protozoans that move using a whip-like organelle called a flagellum

STR analysis

a method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites in the genome

vascular tissue

a network of thick-walled, tubed-shaped cells that extend throughout the plant body

Evolutionary adaption

a population's increase in the frequency of traits suited to the environment

Bottleneck effect

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

What is a biodiversity hotspot?

a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species and many endangered and threatened species

benthic realm

a seafloor, or the bottom of a freshwater lake, pond, river, or stream

What is an amniotic egg?

a shelled egg surrounding fluid that contains an embryo

Under a microscope a piece of a mushroom would look most like

a tangle of string

metamorphosis

a transformation or dramatic change in form

amphibian

able to live both on land and in water

What human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation?

agriculture

Why is there so much rainfall in the tropics?

air at the equator rises as it is warmed by direct sunlight. as the air rises, it cools. this causes cloud formation and rainfall because cool air holds less moisture than warm air

Microbiome

all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body

What does the ecosystem level of classification have in common with the community level of classification?

all the biotic factors of the area

Chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

Larva

an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult

parasite

an organism that lives in or on another organism; one who lives off another person

Acclimation

an organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment

Reproductive barrier

anything that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding

identify which of the following categories includes all others in the list: arthropod, arachnid, insect, butterfly, crustacean, Millipede

arthropod

Which phylum is most closely related to the roundworms?

arthropods

Why is only the slightest trace of DNA at a crime scene often sufficient for forensic analysis?

because PCR can be used to produce enough molecules for analysis

Why is animal evolution during the early Cambrian referred to as an "explosion"?

because a great diversity of animals evolved in a relatively short time span

Why is a small isolated population more likely to undergo speciation than a large one?

because a small gene pool is more likely to be changed substantially by genetic drift and natural selection

Why are the top predators in food chains most severely affected by pesticides such as DDT?

because the pesticides become concentrated in their prey

Temperate grasslands

biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species

radial symmetry

body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

What is the major source of CO2 released by human activities?

burning fossil fuels

oncogene

cancer causing gene

We are on a coastal hillside on a hot dry summer day among evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. we are most likely standing in a _____ biome.

chaparral

Cladisitcs

classification based on common ancestry

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

Polyploid

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time; non evolving population

Gene pool

consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

population momentum

continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures

Which major arthropod group is mainly aquatic? Which is the most numerous?

crustaceans and insects

Which of the following structures is common to all four major plant groups? vascular tissue, flowers, seeds, cuticle, pollen

cuticle

aphotic zone

dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone where sunlight does not penetrate

Your bone cells, muscle cells, and skin cells look different because

different genes are active in each kind of cell

Pathogens

disease causing agents

embryonic stem cells

embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of body cell

Birds differ from other reptiles in their main source of body heat, with birds being _____ and other reptiles being _____.

endotherms; ectotherms

gene flow

exchange of genes between populations

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

The concept of trophic structure emphasizes the

feeding relationships within a community

Angiosperms are distinguished from all other plants because only angiosperms have reproductive structures called ______.

flowers

landscape ecology

focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

Vectors

gene carriers

founder effect

genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area

ecological succession

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

Charophytes

green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants

Temperate broadleaf forests

grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees

Polyp

growth extending from the surface of mucous membrane

Currently, the number one cause of biodiversity loss is ______.

habitat destruction

lobe-finned fish

have fleshy fins that are supported by a series of bones; ex. coelacanth and lungfish

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Fossils

imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past

The regulation of gene expression must be more complex in multicellular eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because...

in a multicellular eukaryote, different cells are specialized for different functions

pelagic realm

includes all open water

Activators

increase the activity of enzymes

biological magnification

increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web

What mode of nutrition distinguishes animals from fungi, both of which are heterotrophs?

ingestion, eating

Silencers

inhibit or prevent transcription when the appropriate trans-acting elements (repressors) are bound to them. (Start of transcription)

Herbivory

interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants)

Cnidarians

invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity

Echinoderms

invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system

A _________ is a local grouping of interacting ecosystems with several adjacent habitats

landscape

Seaweeds

large, multicellular marine algae

Reptiles are much more extensively adapted to life on land than amphibians because reptiles

lay eggs that are enclosed in shells

Name several abiotic factors that might affect a community of organisms living inside a home fish tank.

light, water temperature, chemicals added

Density independent factor

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size

density dependent factors

limiting factor that depends on population size

tumor suppressor genes

make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells

pollen grain

male gametophyte in seed plants

millipedes and centipedes

many pairs of legs, long segmented body

Errantians

marine annelids, parapodia on each segment (with several chatae), unique cephalic senstory organs and jaws. highly vascularized with passive transport

What is a fruit?

mature ovary of a flower

radiometric dating

method used to determine the age of rocks using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes

Petals

modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators.

What lines of evidence caused the biologists to develop the three domain system of classification?

molecular studies and cladistics

Bivalves

mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles ex. Clams, oysters

Anthropoids

monkeys, apes, and humans

Ray-finned fishes

most numerous and familiar fishes. fins are webs of skin over delicate rays of bone

Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with

motility and active predation and escape

nuclear transplantation

moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another. ( can be used for animal cloning)

What is the ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution?

mutation

water vascular system

network of water-filled canals that allows echinoderms to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen

competitive exclusion principle

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

Bryophytes

nonvascular plants that lack true roots and leaves

The most common procedure for cloning an animal is ______.

nuclear transplantation

age structure

number of males and females of each age in a population

Directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

Which life history pattern is typical of invasive species?

opportunistic

Fossil record

ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in the rock layers, marking the passage of geologic time

transgenic organism

organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Apicomplexans

parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases

What metabolic process mainly distinguishes algae from protozoans?

photosynthesis

Phytoplankton

photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean

Eutherians

placental mammals

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between

plant roots and a fungus

Sedentarians

plume worms, earthworms, leeches. may or may not have chaetae, parapodia. clitellum may be present.

logistic population growth

population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity

What populations of organisms are most likely to survive climate change in via evolutionary adaptation?

populations of organisms that have high genetic variability and short life spans

prezygotic barriers

prevent mating or fertilization between species

biogeochemical cycle

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

growth factors

proteins that stimulate cell division

Protozoans

protists that live primarily by ingesting food

Slime molds

protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle

What is the difference between oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes? How can one turn into the other? What function do proto-oncogenes serve?

proto-oncogenes are normal genes involved in the control of the cell cycle. Mutation or viruses can cause them to be converted to oncogenes, or cancer-causing genes. Proto-oncogenes are necessary for normal control of cell division.

A round pizza displays __________ symmetry, whereas a slice of pizza displays __________ symmetry.

radial and bilateral

What abiotic factor characterizes deserts?

rainfall is low and unpredictable

tropics

regions close to the equator

interspecific interactions

relationships between species in a community

Vestigial structures

remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.

Amniotes

reptiles, birds, mammals

Forensics

scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.

short tandem repeats (STRs)

sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated

Ferns

seedless vascular plants

The body plan of an annelid displays _____, meaning that the body is divided into a series of repeated regions.

segmentation

lateral line system

sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water

When ecosystems are destroyed the services they provide or lost. What are some examples of ecosystem services?

services include providing medicines, air in water, purification, climate regulation, erosion control, re-creation, and resources such as water, food and Wood

DNA microarray

silicon chips or microscope slides with DNA fragments that can allow many genes in a genome to be studied simultaneously

Homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Zooplankton

small free-floating animals that form part of plankton

microRNA

small single stranded RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or block its translation.

Gastropods

snails and slugs

Mosses

soft, small, green and nonvascular and are found on the ground near water; phylum bryophytes

Why is solar energy such an important factor for most ecosystems?

solar energy captured by the process of photosynthesis provides most of the organic fuel and building material for the organisms in those ecosystems

endemic species

species that are native to and found only within a limited area

Place these levels of classification in order from least inclusive to most inclusive: class, domain, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species.

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Cocci

sphere shaped bacteria

Primers

starting point for DNA synthesis, short structures of nucleotides

movement corridors are

strips or clumps of habitat that connect isolated fragments

Systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

Carcinogens

substances that cause cancer

primary succession

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

photic zone

sunlight region near the surface of water

Mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots

gel electrophoresis

technique for sorting molecules or fragments of molecules by length

pseudopodia

temporary extensions of the cell

According to the biological species concept, what defines a species?

the ability of its members to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring in a natural setting

alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

DNA profiling

the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they came from the same individual

intertidal zone

the area of shoreline between low and high tides

Microbiota

the community of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies

Relative fitness

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

What does an age structure show?

the distribution of individuals in different age-groups

species richness

the number of different species in a community

What is the best measure of relative fitness?

the number of fertile offspring an individual leaves

What two values would you need to know to figure out the human population density of your community?

the number of people and the land area in which they live

gene expression

the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins

Anther

the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

After a gel electrophoresis procedure is run, the pattern of bars in the gel shows..?

the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA

Speciation

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

exaptation

the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification

ecosystem services

the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

DNA cloning

the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment

relative abundance

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

geologic time scale

the standard method used to divide the Earth's long natural history into manageable parts

Genomics

the study of complete sets of genes

Molecular biology

the study of heredity at the molecular level

Proteomics

the study of sets of proteins and their properties

carbon footprint

the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location

gene regulation

the turning on and off of genes

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Exotoxins

toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment

Human gene therapy

treatment for a disease in which the patient is provided with a new gene

Plant diversity is greatest in

tropical forests

According to the concept of competitive exclusion,

two species cannot share the same niche in a community

Prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Which of the following terms includes all others in the list? Angiosperm, Fern, vascular plant, Gymnosperm, seed plant

vascular plant

Why are ferns able to grow taller than mosses?

vascular tissue hardened with lignin allows ferns to stand taller and transport nutrients farther

A carrier that moves DNA from one cell to another such as plasmid, is called a _______.

vector

Chaparral

vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.

Tetrapods

vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages

Mass extinctions

were followed by diversification of the survivors