Biology-Chapter 16

Someone diagnosed with meningitis has inflamed membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is a result of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that cause extreme infections when the bacterial cell walls dies and lipopolysaccharide is released. The lipopolysaccharide is an example of a/an____.

-Endotoxin.

The bacteria Pseud-Aeru. produces a protein that is secreted into its environment. The protein inhibits synthesis of elongation factor 2(another protein) in humans. The protein produced by Pseud-Aeru. is a/an____.

-Exotoxin.

Define a Pathogen:

A bacteria that causes disease.

The bacteria used in this bioremediation procedure is_____.

Chemoheterotrophs.

Which of the following options correctly pairs a structure in prokaryote cells with its function?

Fimbriae, help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces.

Barry Marshall and his collaborates showed that...

Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Photoautotroph-

Obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2.

According to this figure(pg. 331), green alga resulted from ___ and Euglena resulted from ____.

Primary endosymbiosis Both primary and secondary endosymbiosis

A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it?

A chemoheterotroph.

Chemoheterotroph-

Acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules.

What are Flagella?

Adaptations that allow movement

The two diseases that represent high-priority threats as biological weapons today are...

Anthrax and botulinum toxin.

Rod-shaped bacteria are called:

Bacilli.

Prokaryote population growth occurs by...

Binary fission, is a very quick process.

A slimy layer of bacteria coating a surface is also known as a _____.

Biofilm.

You hang a microscope slide from a submerged, L-shaped PVC pipe in lake water that is 2 ft deep. The slide hangs 6inchs. below the surface of the water and remains there for 8weeks. WHen you remove it and bring it to your lab for observation, you see that algae, bacteria, and even some fungi have colonized on the slide. You determine that you are looking at a/an _____.

Biofilm.

In a process called phytoremediation, specific plants are planted in areas where toxic chemicals have contaminated groundwater. The roots absorb the contaminants to help eliminate the tainted water, which is often drinking water. This is an example of:

Bioremediation.

The use of prokaryotes and other organisms to clean up pollutants from soil, air, or water is called ____.

Bioremediation.

Bioventing is a scientific technology that uses microorganisms to break down components of fuels in groundwater. Bioventing is an example of:

Bioremediaton.

Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ___ and their energy from ____.

CO2; reactions involving inorganic molecules.

Phototrophs-

Capture energy from sunlight.

The largest group of prokaryotes is the ____, which obtain both energy and carbon from ____.

Chemoherterotrophs; organic molecules.

Humans are an example of:

Chemoheterotrophs.

Define Microbiota:

Consists of the community of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies.

You cultures the dried soup from a 4,000 yr old cooking pot found in an Egyptian tomb and obtain a distinctive species of prokaryote. You immerse a test tube of these bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony only grows back . This species is probably______.

Endospore-forming.

____ are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, and ___ are toxic components of the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens.

Exotoxins; endotoxins.

What is the difference between Exotoxins and Endotoxins?

Exotoxins= proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment. Endotoxins= Components of the outer membrane of gram-neg. bacteria that are released when the cell dies or digested by defensive cell.

A patient visits her doctor complaining of stomach cramps, vomiting, and nausea. When he takes a bacterial sample, he determines that E. Coli bacteria have used their ____ to attach to the cells lining her gastrointestinal tract.

Fimbriae.

You take a 1-mL sample of pond water and add it to a colorless, viscous media in a small petri dish. When you place it under your dissecting microscope, you see three organisms. Two are struggling to move efficiently through the media, while the third moves more quickly, You attribute the faster movement to the third organism's______.

Flagella.

One difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that...

Gram+ bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

What are fimbriae?

Hairlike projections to stick to surfaces or host cells.

Chemotrophs-

Harness the energy stored in chemicals.

Chemoautotroph-

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon from CO2.

The genome of a prokaryote typically...

Has 1000x as much DNA as Eukaryote. Is one, long, circular chromosome.

Define a Biofilm:

Highly organized colonies that attach to surfaces.

Which of the following options lists the events of protists evolution in the correct order, according to current science?

Mitochondria

If you place an organism classified as a photoautotroph at the bottom of a lake, and later see that it is able to acquire nutrients from dead plant material, you can conclude the photoautotrop is actually a ______.

Mixotroph.

In 2012, scientists studied modern Marchantia liverwort plants and observed that they not only are able to make their own food using energy from sunlight but also absorb chemical nutrients from plant material in aquatic environments, They classified this plant as a:

Mixotroph.

Protists include...

Multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists.

Autotroph-

Obtain carbon atoms from CO2

Heterotroph-

Obtain carbon from organic compounds in other organisms.

Photoheterotroph-

Obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources.

Individual prokaryote cells are about ____ eukaryote cells; collectively, all prokaryotes cells on Earth ____.

One-tenth as big as; weigh about 10x as much as the total mass of eukaryotic cells.

The trickling filter at as sewage treatment plant works by:

Passing wastewater through a thick bed of rocks. Biofilms of bacteria and fungi on the rocks remove much of the organic material dissolved in the wastewater.

____ are heterotrophic protists; ___ are photoautotrophic protists.

Protozoans Algae

Bacilli-

Rod-shaped prokaryotes. Threadlike or filamentous.

Which of the following causes food poisoning and typhoid fever?

Salmonella.

Gram +

Simpler cells, with peptidoglycan.

Cocci-

Spherical prokaryotes. Sometimes in chains.

Spiral Shaped-

Spiral Prokaryotes like a corkscrew.

Define an Endospore:

Survive in extreme conditions. Absorbs water and resumes growth.

An unknown bacterial species is recovered from a sick patient's digestive tract. It has a membrane outside the cell wall that contains toxic lipids. This observation indicates that...

The infection may be quite threatening and difficult to control, because the pathogen is a gram-neg. species.

Explain Bioremediation:

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air or water.

Prokaryote cell walls function:

To prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.

Eukaryotes are ____ prokaryotes.

dependent upon

Prokaryotes are classified into...

domain Bacteria and domain Archaea.

Gram -

less peptidoglycan, more complex and more likely to cause disease.