Biology - Chapter 16 Short Answer

c. dog's front legs.

A bird's wings are homologous to a(n) a. fish's tailfin. b. alligator's claws. c. dog's front legs. d. mosquito's wings.

b. artificial selection

A farmer's use of the best livestock for breeding is an example of a. natural selection. b. artificial selection. c. extinction. d. adaptation.

b. adaption.

An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n) a. vestigial structure. b. adaptation. c. speciation. d. analogous structure.

a. all organisms have nearly identical DNA and RNA.

DNA and RNA provide evidence of evolution because a. all organisms have nearly identical DNA and RNA. b. no two organisms have exactly the same DNA. c. each RNA codon specifies just one amino acid. d. in most organisms, the same codons specify the same amino acids.

Circular Reasoning: -how old are the layers of the earth? look at the fossils -how old are the fossils? look at the layers of the earth A Christian would explain fossils as proof of the Flood.

Describe how fossils are used to prove evolution. How would a Christian explain fossils?

Humans: -body -soul (feelings/emotions) -spirit (can sin/communicate with God) Plants and Animals: -body -(soul) -no spirit (cannot sin/communicate with God)

How are humans different from both plants and animals? Explain.

Plants: -body -no soul Animals: -body -have a soul (feelings/emotions)

How are plants different from animals, according to Genesis 1? (What kinds of life are they?)

a. fitness.

How well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment can be described as its a. fitness. b. homologies. c. common descent. d. analogies.

Evolutionist View: -proves a common ancestor/common descent -origins of our DNA would remain unknown Creationist View: -common Designer/same single Creator -origins of our DNA would become known

Humans have a common genetic code with all living things. How is this used to support evolution? How is it used to support Creation?

"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." (God the Father) "And God said," (Jesus is the Word) (God the Son) "The Spirit of God was hovering over the waters." (God the Holy Spirit) This is important because it proves Jesus as the Word and Creator and that humans have three parts: a body, a soul, and a spirit.

Identify the Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit) in the first few verses of Genesis 1. Why is this important?

a. fossils.

In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called a. fossils. b. adaptations. c. homologies. d. vestigial structures.

a. how organisms changed over time.

Intermediate fossil forms are important evidence of evolution because they show a. how organisms changed over time. b. how animals behaved in their environments. c. how the embryos of organisms develop. d. molecular homologies.

c. acquired characteristics can be inherited.

Lamarck's ideas about evolution were wrong because he proposed that a. species change over time. b. species descended from other species. c. acquired characteristics can be inherited. d. species are adapted to their environments.

c. the surface of Earth changes over time.

Lyell's *Principles of Geology* influenced Darwin because it explained how a. organisms change over time. b. adaptations occur. c. the surface of Earth changes over time. d. the Galápagos Islands formed.

c. homologous.

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are called a. analogous. b. adaptations. c. homologous. d. fossils.

d. fitness.

The ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce in its natural environment is called a. natural selection. b. evolution. c. descent with modification. d. fitness.

c. an adaptation.

The large ground finch obtains food by cracking seeds. Its short, strong beak is an example of a. the struggle for existence. b. the tendency toward perfection. c. an adaptation. d. a vestigial organ.

-Darwin doesn't understand genetics -doesn't recognize limits of adaptation -overpopulation in nature is rare -not only the "fittest" survive

What are the problems with Natural Selection?

Vestigial Organs: organs that supposedly have no function. They "go away" (evolution: change over time/Lamarck's Theory of Use/Disuse). Everything (every organ) has a purpose.

What are vestigial organs? How are they used to prove evolution? How would a Christian respond?

"Organisms go through their evolutionary history during development." Genetics determine the identity of an organism, not its appearance.

What does "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" mean? Give one significant reason why it's false.

If it's similar in structure, it must be related (common ancestry). If it's similar in structure, it has a common Creator.

What is homology as a proof of evolution? How can a Christian respond?

It's microevolution (small-scale change; within a species), not macroevolution (large-scale change; not within a species).

What is the most important problem with using Darwin's finches to prove evolution?

b. natural selection

What process produced the two different types of beaks shown? a. artificial selection b. natural selection c. geographical distribution d. disuse of the beak

Theory of Need-if an organism needed something, it would find a way to get it Theory of Use/Disuse-if an organism selectively used or disused various parts of their bodies, that part of their body would change Theory of Acquired Traits-if an organism acquires any different traits through need and/or use/disuse, it will be passed on to its offspring The major problem with them all is genetics; genes don't know anything other than to produce proteins(?)

What were the three theories that Lamarck used for his evolution? What is the major problem with them all?

Who sets the rules? I do. Can He judge His Creation? No, He cannot. Do we have a purpose to live? Absolutely not. Who decides right and wrong? I do. What is sin? Nothing... Who would you sin against?

What would be true if God were NOT the Creator?

Who can set the rules? God. Can He judge His Creation? Yes. Do we have a purpose to live? Yes. Who decides right and wrong? God. What is sin? An offense to God, leading to death and Hell.

What would be true if God were the Creator?

b. the function of structures in an individual organism

Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for evolution? a. fossil record b. the function of structures in an individual organism c. geographical distribution of living things d. homologous structures of living organisms

a. Acquired characteristics can be inherited.

Which of the following ideas proposed by Lamarck was later found to be incorrect? a. Acquired characteristics can be inherited. b. All species are descended from other species. c. Living things change over time. d. There is a relationship between an organism and its environment.

a. descent with modification

Which of the following is an important concept in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? a. descent with modification b. homologous molecules c. processes that change the surface of Earth d. the tendency toward perfection

d. artificial selection

Which of the following would an animal breeder use to increase the number of cows that give the most milk? a. overproduction b. genetic isolation c. acquired characteristics d. artificial selection

a. dog

Which of these organisms probably shares the most recent common ancestor with chimpanzees? a. dog b. moth c. penguin d. yeast

a. Charles Darwin

Which scientist formulated the theory of evolution through natural selection? a. Charles Darwin b. Thomas Malthus c. James Hutton d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

c. Charles Darwin

Who observed variations in the characteristics of plants and animals on different islands of the Galápagos? a. James Hutton b. Charles Lyell c. Charles Darwin d. Thomas Malthus