Biology Chapter 2.3-2.4

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work type of nucleotides capturing and tranferring chemical energy

Endothermic

(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat chemical reaction that requires to be added

amino group

(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

carboxyl group

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages, contains sugar ribose ribonucleic acid nucleic acid

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. two glucose joined, water is released sugars in long chain

product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules or monomers sort by chemical nature carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Carbon

C 6 4 valence electrons available to from covalent bonds can bond to many elements making molecules of life carbon atoms can bond to each other, unlimited chains, single double triple, rings no other atoms can form millions of different large and complex structures carbon bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form life's molecules.

Exothermic

Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. do not dissolve in water, mostly hydrogen and nitrogen some store energy, some form biological membranes, and some produce water proof coverings for cells and tissues many lips form when glycerol molecules bonds with fatty acids monomer: glycerol and fatty acids

Saturated

If a fatty acid is saturated, it means it has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms. means fatty acid has most hydrogen atoms it can If there is one or more double bonds with carbon atoms the lipid is unsaturated seen in food labels lipids with unsaturated fatty acids is liquid at room temp (olive oil) and other cooking oils like peanut, corn, canola, and sesame oil

origins

Macromolecule, giant molecule monos - single (Greek) meros - parts (Greek) polus - many (Greek)

Cellouse

Polysaccharides that provide rigid inflexible structural support for plants, complex carbohydrates chemical defense, barrier, nonliving cell wall main component of wood and paper

regulation of enzyme activity

Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes. affected by any variable that influences chemical reactions bc they are catalysts for reactions enzymes produced by human cells work best at 37C work best at certain ionic conditions and pH activity regulated by molecules that carry chemical signals within cells switching enzymes off and on and needed stomach enzyme pepsin works best under acidic conditions enzymes play essential role in controlling chemical pathways, making need materials for cells, releasing and transferring information

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Polymerization

a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

amino acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. monomer of proteins covalent bond that links amino acids called peptide bond sometimes sulfur

Reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Levels of organization

amino acids assembled into polypeptides in chains according to DNA, four levels of structure primary structure - sequence of its amino acids secondary structure - folding or coiling of polypeptide chain tertiary structure - complete 3D arrangement of polypeptide how ordered? fourth structure - proteins with more than one chain, describing the way different polypeptide chains are arranged in respect to each other

extra

branched chains 1800s used to believe compounds created by organisms (organic) fundamentally different from nonliving things principles of non and living chemistry is the same organic chemistry - study of compounds that contain bonds to carbon atoms inorganic chemistry - study of compounds that do not contain bonds to carbon atoms organic - containing carbon

simple sugars

building blocks of carbohydrates, monomers single sugar molecules disaccharide - two sugars, joining two simple sugars together glucose - immediate energy to cells galactose - milk fructose - fruit normal table sugar (sucrose, disaccharide) contains glucose and fructose

nucleotides

building blocks/monomers of nucleic acids Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar(5-carbon), a phosphate group(-PO4), and one of 4 DNA bases(nitrogenous base) joined together

Carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen main source of energy and structure sugars are a carbohydrate and gives energy when broken down monomer: monosaccharaides each time two glucose molecules are joined together a molecule of water is released when covalent bond is formed

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. nucleic acid

energy changes

energy is absorbed and released whenever a chemical bond is formed or broken , chemical reactions involve energy changes important factor in determining if a chemical reaction will take place release energy - spontaneous, on their own absorb energy burning of hydrogen gas in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor (releasing energy, heat, light and sound when h explodes) reverse reaction reverse reaction oxygen into o and h, absorbs lots of energy cant happen on its own need electrical current to decompose water one direction needs energy, other it produces energy

enzyme-substrate complex

enzyme binds to its substrate A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). for chemical reaction to take place the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds can be broken and new bonds can be formed not enough energy reactants will be unchanged after collision enzymes provide site where reactants can be brought together to react, site reduces activation energy substrates bind to site on enzyme called the active site, have complementary shapes like lock and key, very percise

energy sources

every organism needs a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions and stay alive plants get energy by storing sun into sugars animal get it by eating other animals humans release energy need to think, grow, dream, breathe through chemical reactions that occur when we metabolize or break down digested food.

R groups/side chains

groups that give different amino acids different properties, differ to eachother a group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule some are acidic, some are basic, each has a unique r group, polar, nonpolar, large ring structures

Examples

iron and oxygen create iron oxide or rust slowly important chemical reaction in bloodstream allows carbon dioxide to be removed from the body as it enters blood carbon dioxide reacts with water to create carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is very soluble, then able to carry to lungs where reaction is reversed and you can breathe it out

Proteins

macromolecule that help build and maintain body cells and tissues monomer: amino acids some proteins control cell processes and the rate of reactions. Others form important parts of cells, while still others move substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease one or more polypeptides

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus DNA - deoxyribose acid, sugar deoxyribose RNA - Ribonucleic Acid, sugar ribose monomers: nucleotides store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

Polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules, identical or different monomers carbon based

structures and functions

more than 20 different amino acids found in nature identical in regions they join together, can bond together (by bonding carboxyl to amino group) diverse

Hemoglobin

protein found in red blood cells, helps transport oxygen through blood stream 4 subunits iron containing heme group in center of each subunit gives it the red color an oxygen molecule binded tightly to each heme molecule how many level of organizations? (4)

Enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells lowers activation energy enzymes are very specific, catalyzing only one reaction, named from the reaction it catalyzes carbonic anhydrase gets its names removing water from carbonic acid carbon + water = carbonic acid - too slow on its own it will build up faster than bloodstream can remove it with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase it speeds up by a factor of 10 million, instantly, and letting you breathe out carbon dioxide quickly

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

complex carbohydrates

starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables polysaccharides, polymer large macromolecules formed by monosaccharides many animals store excess sugar in polysaccharides called glycogen called animal starch when glucose level runs low in blood glycogen is broken down into glucose, released into blood supplies energy for movement (muscle contraction) plants use slightly different polysaccharide called starch to store excess sugar

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, lowers activation energy some vital reactions are slow or need to much activation energy, cell creates catalyst to speed up process

Energy

the ability to do work

bond energy

the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms or amount of energy released when bond forms between two atoms

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction involved both in spontaneous and not spontaneous cellulose in paper burns when in presence of oxygen, release light and heat only burns if you light it with a match, which supplies energy to get reaction started in chart activation energy is the difference of the peak and the reactants

Chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances mass and energy conserved chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds some fast some slow

Equilibrium

when reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate