Biology Chapter 3

Use the following terms in the same sentence: monomer, polymer, condensation reaction, & hydrolysis.

Monomers link to form polymers, which is broken down by hydrolysis which then makes a condensation reaction.

Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.

Organic is made of carbon atoms and inorganic ones aren't.

fructose

found in fruits- sweetest monosaccharide

galactose

found in milk

cellulose

gives strenght and rigity to plant cells, makes up 50 percent of wood

most common monosaccharides

glucose, fructose and galactose

disaccharide

in living thingstwo monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form double sugar

Describe the general structure of carbohydrates

in ratio: one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

functional groups

influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo

peptide bond

when two amino acids form a covalent bond and release a water molecule

hydrolysis

water is used to break them down

the general formula for monosaccharide

(CH2O)

Name the three parts of a nucleotide

1. Phosphate group 2. Cyclic Sugar 3. Nitrogenous Base

For each pair of terms explain how the meanings of the terms differ: monomer & polymer functional group & macromule monosaccharide & disaccharide polypeptide & protein nucleic & nucleotide

A monomer is a simple molecule that can combine with like or unlike molecules to make a polymer; a polymer is a molecule made up of 5 or more monomers. Functional group is the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds; a macromole is a very large organic molecule composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms A monosaccharide is a single sugar (glucose) molecule & is a building block; disaccharide is 2 sugar molecules. A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds. A protein is one or more polypeptides. Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides; nucleotides are molecules that make up the structural basis of nucleic acids.

Describe how a protein's structure is determined by the arrangement of amino acids

Amino acids have different groups that give proteins their different shapes. This is why amino acids create proteins

The organic is derived from the Greek organikos, which means "organ." Explain how the word organic is descriptive of most carbon compounds.

Because most carbon compounds happen in an organic order.

glucose, fructose, galactose same molecular formula- but differing structure

C6H12O6

Relate the properties of carbon to the formation of organic compounds.

Carbon is what builds up organic compounds. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer energy level..

Compare two kinds of nucleic acids.

Compare two kinds of nucleic acids.

State the basic structure of an amino acid

Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom covalently bonded to a single H, a carbonxl group, an amino group, & an R group which is different for each acid.

Compare how organic compounds are built to how they are broken down.

Electrons are gained or lost. They are built by condensation reactions in which water is a byproduct. They're broken down by the addition of water in hydrolysis

Explain the role of ATP in cellular activities.

Energy that is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure. ATP stores and releases energy during cell processes enabling cells to function

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides

Saturated: each carbon bonded to 4 other atoms Unsaturated: carbons not bonded to 4 other atoms, but have double or triple bonds.

State how steroids differ from other lipids.

Steroids are NOT composed of fatty acids, but have 4 fused carbon rings

Summarize the induced fit model of enzyme activity

The enzyme can attach only to a substrate (reactant) with a specific shape. The enzyme then changes and reduces the activation energy of the reaction so reactants can become products The enzyme is unchanged and is available to be used again

List the four major classes of organic compounds

The four major classes of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Identify an important characteristic of waxes in living organisms

They form waterproof & protective layers in animals.

Summarize how functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds.

They influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.

Compare the structures of triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

Triglycerides are composed of three molecules of the alcohol glycerol. Phospholipids have two, rather than three, fatty acids attached to the molecule of glycerol. Steroids are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.

polysaccharide

a complex molecule composed of threeor more monosaccharides

polymer

a molecule that consists of repeated linked units

monosaccharides

a monomer of a carbohydrate

For each pair of terms, explain the relationship between the terms. a. fatty acid and triglyceride b. substrate and enzyme

a. there are 3 fatty acids in 1 triglyceride joined to one glycerol b. like a lock and a key, the enzymes bond to the proper substrate in order to function

Enzymes-RNA or protein molecules

act as biological catalysts- are essential for the functioning of any cells

Define the term isomer

are chemical compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structures

Organic Compounds

are made primarily of cabon atoms

The four molecules of life are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

monomers

carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules

What is in an amino acid

carboxyl hydrogen amino r- group- only part that can be changed- 20 different r-groups

Glycogen

consists of hundreds of glucose molecules strung together in a highly branched chain

deoxyribonulceic acid DNA

contain sinformation that determines the characteristcis of and organism and directs its cell activities

when two amino acids bond they form a

dipeptide

active site

fold in an enzyme

The different structures dtermine the slightly different properties of the three compounds. compunds like these sugars with a single chemical formula but different structural forms are called

isomers

macromolecules

large polymers

Aenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

life processes require a constant supply of energy.This energy is available to cells in the fomr of certain compunds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure

amino acids

linkage of monomers that forms protein

nucleotide

made of three main components- phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base

glucose

main source of energy for cells

condensation reaction

monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction

protiens

organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Carbohydrates

organic compounds composed of carbon ydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen toms to one oxygen atom

Starch

plants store glucose molecule in the form of a polysaccaride

polypeptide amino acids often form very long chains called

polypeptides

Summarize the differences between simple sugars, double sugars, and complex sugars.

simple sugars are monosaccharides, double sugars are disaccharides, and complex sugars made of three or more sugars are polysaccharides

ribonucleic acid RNA

stores and transfers infomation from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins

substrate

the reactant being catalyzed

Compare the processes used in the formation of dipeptide and a disaccharide.

two acids bond to form a dipeptide and two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar.

nucleic acids

very large and complex organic molcules that store and transfer important information in the cell