Biology Chapter 5 The structure and function of large biomolecules

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Like other polymers, nucleic acids are made up of repeating units called monomers. What are the monomers, or building blocks, of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

denaturation

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemicals bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double-helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

Characteristics of Starch:

Moderately branched, used for energy storage in potatoes

Examples of Polymers:

Molecules composed of smaller subunits linked together, muscle protein, DNA, and cellulose

antiparallel

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

Examples of Monomers:

Single molecules that can be linked together to form larger molecules, simple sugars, nucleotides

Peptide bond

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Carbs Cho Lipids Cho Proteins Chon Nucleic acids Chonp

The elements in the four biomolecules

monossacharide

The monomer for a carb is a _____________

amino acids

The monomer for a protein is ____ _____.

Nucleotides

The monomers for Nucleic acid is ____________.

fatty acid and glycerol

The monomers of a lipid are _________ and __________

Monomers

The repeating units of that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules called ___________.

monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

deoxribose

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

Examples of Lipid biomolecules:

Tryglyceride, beeswax

Characteristics of Cellulose:

Unbranched, important for the structure of bamboo stalks.

enzymes, structural make up, carries things like oxygen to different parts of the body, food storage, muscle development

What are the functions of proteins?

genes

Your _______ are made up of DNA, and each gene provides the code for making a specific protein. RNA helps DNA to make these proteins.

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxribose

______ _______ ______ ______ are all examples of carbohydrates

proteins

________ are the most diverse biomolecule

protein

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

fatty acid

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule

Examples of macromolecules:

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Examples of Protein biomolecules:

enzyme, hemoglobin

Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are classified into three main types according to their structure: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Identify the pair of disaccharides below.

lactose and sucrose

Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are classified into three main types according to their structure:

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Enzymes

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions.

double helix

the form of native DNA, referring to its adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

cellulose, energy source/starch

what are the functions of carbs?

insulation, energy storage

what are the functions of lipids?

code genetic traits, DNA RNA,

what are the functions of nucleic acids

polysaccharides

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

chaperonin

A protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.

cholesterol

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids such as many hormones

cellulose

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages.

chitin

A structural polysaccharides, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

carbohydrate

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

How does a dehydration reaction differ from a hydrolysis reaction?

-Dehydration creates polymers by joining monomers, and hydrolysis splits polymers into monomers -A water molecule is removed during dehydration and added during hydrolysis

Polymer

A _______ is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. (like a train of cars)

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration.

Law of Composition

A given compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

fat

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

What is the general formula for the group protein?

Although amino acids may have other formulas, those in protein invariably have the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH, where C is carbon, H is hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen, and R is a group, varying in composition and structure, called a side chain

amino acids

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

What is the general formula for the group carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH2O

Four main classes of large molecules are:

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Which of the following contain lipids?

Cell membrane, beeswax, testosterone

Examples of Carbohydrate biomolecules:

Cellulose, glucose

Examples of Nucleic acid biomolecules:

DNA, RNA

88.9% Oxygen, and 11.1% Hydrogen by mass

H2O is always ___________

Characteristics of Glycogen:

Highly branched, used for energy storage in liver cells