Biology: Chapter 7 Energy For Cells

In the energy-investment step, two 1. _____________molecules are broken down, resulting in two 2. __________________.

1. ATP 2. ADP + P

Glycolysis occurs outside of 1. ______________ and within the 2. _________________ of the cell.

1. mitochondria 2. cytoplasm

During this phase, the acetyl group is 1. ________________ and NAD⁺ and FAD⁺ are 2. ______________ to NADH and FADH₂.

1. oxidized 2. reduced

The complete breakdown of glucose requires 1. ___________, but may continue in anaerobic conditions through the process of 2. __________________.

1. oxygen 2. fermentation

The transfer of hydrogen ions across the membrane generates a potential energy gradient. TRUE OR FALSE

False

The citric acid cycle is responsible for producing the bulk of the ATP generated during cellular respiration. TRUE or FALSE

False: The citric acid cycle only produces 2 ATP molecules. The electron transport chain produces 32-34 ATP molecules.

The overall goal of the electron transport chain is to break down glucose molecules into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules. TRUE or FALSE

False: The overall goal of the electron transport chain is to harvest the energy in electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 molecules.

Glycolysis inputs and outputs......

Inputs: glucose, 2 NAD+ outputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Cellular Respiration Virtual Lab: What is your strategy?

To determine the rate of fermentation, I will measure the height of the CO2 bubble produced.

By accepting electrons, serving as the final electron acceptor, oxygen is reduced to form water. In this manner, a water by-product is formed during the electron transport chain. TRUE OR FALSE

True

During glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules. TRUE or FALSE

True

When oxygen accepts electrons, water is produced as a by-product. TRUE OR FALSE

True

cellular respiration virtual lab: What is your hypothesis?

Water > starch > sucrose > fructose > glucose

Cellular Respiration Virtual Lab: What is your method?

Yeast and one sugar in each test tube plus a distilled water control.

The electron transport chain produces _________ ATP. a. 32 to 36 b. 2 to 4 c. very little d. 45 to 50

a. 32 to 36

Fermentation is a way to produce ATP during _____________ conditions, like when we use our muscles rigorously.

anaerobic

Arrange the following electron acceptors in the proper order in which they participate in electron transport. 1 = Cytochrome c 2 = Oxygen 3 = Cytochrome c oxidase a. 1, 2, 3 b. 1, 3, 2 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2 e. 3, 2, 1

b. 1, 3, 2

Which of the following is a complete list of the products of glycolysis? a. 2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NAD+ b. 2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH c. glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH d. FADH, 4 pyruvate, and no ATP

b. 2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH

The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ATP is a. ATP-ase. b. ATP synthase. c. NADPH. d. cytochrome C.

b. ATP synthase.

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to: a. CO2 and H2O. b. pyruvate. c. citrate. d. acetyl coA. e. NAD+ and ADP.

b. pyruvate

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers located in the _____________of mitochondria.

cristae

Glycolysis takes place within the ______ of a cell.

cytoplasm

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to a. NADH. b. FADH2. c. ATP. d. oxygen. e. NADH and FADH2.

e. NADH and FADH2.

As oxidation-reduction occurs, ___________ is released that is used to make ATP.

energy

Proteins in the electron transport chain pump ___________________ ions across a membrane.

hydrogen

Each carrier is alternately ______________ and oxidized, passing electrons down the chain.

reduced

The final steps of the cycle produce ATP via _________________________ATP synthesis.

substrate-level

In the end, glycolysis invests 1. _______ ATP and harvests 2. _______ ATP, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.

1. two 2. four

The chemical equation for cellular respiration is essentially the reverse equation of ____________ .

photosynthesis

The process called __________________________________ uses the energized phosphate groups on the intermediates to synthesize four ATP molecules.

substrate-level ATP synthesis

Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP. TRUE OR FALSE

False: The pyruvate is oxidized, not reduced.

The reactions that make up cellular respiration occur entirely within the mitochondria of cells. TRUE or FALSE

False: The reactions that make up cellular respiration occur both in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria of cells.

The NADH and FADH2 molecules that are used during the reactions of the electron transport chain are derived from glycolysis, the preparatory reactions, and the citric acid cycle. TRUE OR FALSE

True: NADH and FADH2 are by-products of glycolysis, the preparatory reactions, and the citric acid cycle. They are used as electron carriers to bring high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

How does a cell capture energy from the electron transport chain? a. Energy is produced as electrons move from one membrane protein to the next in the electron transport chain. The cell can capture this energy to produce ATP. b. Each membrane protein in the chain is destroyed, releasing energy for the cell to use. c. The cell cannot harness energy in the electron transport chain; this harvesting happens later. d. Essentially, energy is produced as the electrons move backwards down the electron transport chain. As ATP is used up, energy is harvested.

a. Energy is produced as electrons move from one membrane protein to the next in the electron transport chain. The cell can capture this energy to produce ATP.

Which statement correctly describes glycolysis? a. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, during which glucose is modified to a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and then split into two 3-carbon molecules. b. Glycolysis is the final step of cellular respiration, during which glucose is modified to a 6-carbon molecule. c. Glycolysis occurs in preparation for cellular respiration, making glucose to use during the rest of the process. d. Glycolysis is a ten-step process that makes glucose from pyruvate molecules.

a. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, during which glucose is modified to a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and then split into two 3-carbon molecules.

Based on the number of ATP generated during the electron transport chain for every one glucose molecule, how many ATP would be generated if 10 glucose molecules were broken down? a. between 320 and 340 ATP molecules b. 10 ATP molecules c. between 62 and 68 ATP molecules d. between 32 and 34 ATP molecules

a. between 320 and 340 ATP molecules

The final electron acceptor in the chain is ______________ because it attracts electrons to a greater degree than the carriers.

oxygen

The purpose of the preparatory reaction is to break down 1. ________ into 2. ________ so it can enter the citric acid cycle.

1. pyruvate 2. acetyl-CoA

During this process, the 1. ______________formed by glycolysis accepts two 2. ______________ atoms and is reduced to 3. ______________.

1. pyruvate 2. hydrogen 3. lactate

Place each phase of cellular respiration into the box that corresponds to the location of that particular phase. Not all choices will be used and you must distinguish the four phases of cellular respiration from the choices given. 1. cytoplasm, 2. Mitochondrial matrix, 3. Cristae of mitochondria Phases: glycolysis, Preparatory reaction, transpiration, electron transport chain, light reactions, citric acid cycle

1. Cytoplasm: glycolysis 2. Mitochondrial matrix: preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle 3. Cristae of mitochondria: electron transport chain

This reaction regenerates 1. _________, which can then pick up more electrons to keep glycolysis and 2. _______ production going.

1. NAD+ 2. ATP

During the four stages of cellular respiration, energy is released when the 1. ____________ of glucose are broken down and then used to make the energy molecule 2. ____________ .

1. bonds 2. ATP

In the energy-harvesting steps, 1. ________________ and 2. _______________ ions are removed from the substrates and captured by NAD+, producing two NADH.

1. electrons 2. hydrogen

Glycolysis can be divided into two steps, the 1. __________________________ step, when ATP is used to begin the reaction, and the 2. ___________________________ step, when both ATP and NADH are produced.

1. energy-investment 2. energy-harvesting

The cycle turns twice per original molecule of glucose, resulting in 1.__________carbon dioxide, six NADH, two FADH₂, and 2. _______ ATP.

1. four 2.two

During cellular respiration, the breakdown of 1. ____________ releases a great deal of 2. ____________ that is then used by the cell.

1. glucose 2. energy

If oxygen is present following 1. _________________, the cell will enter the aerobic phases of cellular respiration and these reactions take place in the 2. _____________________.

1. glycolysis 2. mitochondria

The first stage of cellular respiration is called 1. ________________ and results in glucose being broken down into two 2. _____________ molecules.

1. glycolysis 2. pyruvate

The transfer of the 1. _______________ provides the energy that activates the 2. _____________ so that they can undergo the energy-harvesting reactions.

1. phosphates 2. substrates

The 1. _____________ ________________ occurs in the matrix and oxidizes the 2.______________ from glycolysis and produces acetyl-CoA that then enters the 3. ___________________________________.

1. preparatory reaction 2. pyruvate 3. citric acid cycle

Cellular respiration is a(n) 1. ____________ in which glucose is 2. ____________ to form carbon dioxide and oxygen is 3. ____________ to form water.

1. redox reaction 2. oxidized 3. reduced

High-energy electrons 1.__________ the chain, while low-energy electrons 2.____________ the chain.

1.enter 2.leave

Since energy is invested during glycolysis, there is only a net gain of two _______ molecules at the completion of this process.

ATP

The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is water. TRUE OR FALSE

False: The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen, which produces water.

Cellular Respiration Virtual Lab: Based on your data, which of the following shows the correct order from most to least amount of fermentation in 20 minutes?

Glucose > fructose > sucrose > starch > water

Which molecules deliver electrons to the proteins in the electron transport chain? (multiple choice) a. NADH b. FADH2 c. NAD+ d. CO2

a. NADH b. FADH2

Cytochromes can best be described as a. membrane proteins that house the electron transport chain. b. electron carriers that help catalyze reactions. c. metabolites produced in the first stages of cellular respiration. d. energy currency for the cell.

a. membrane proteins that house the electron transport chain.

The NET result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of: a. 1 NADH and 1 ATP. b. 2 NADH and 2 ATP. c. 2 NADH and 4 ATP. d. 4 NADH and 2 ATP. e. 4 NADH and 4 ATP.

b. 2 NADH and 2 ATP.

The overall process of glycolysis is responsible for breaking down one glucose molecule into a. 1 molecule of pyruvate and 1 molecule of ATP. b. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP. c. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 1 molecule of ATP. d. 1 molecule of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP.

b. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP.

The term glycolysis (glyco-) (-lysis) means ______. a. adding sugars together b. splitting sugar c. making sugar d. removing water

b. splitting sugar

The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the a. matrix to the intermembrane space. b. matrix to the cytoplasm. c. intermembrane space to the matrix. d. intermembrane space to the cytoplasm. e. cytoplasm to the intermembrane space.

c. intermembrane space to the matrix.

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to: a. CO2 and H2O. b. amino acids. c. lactic acid. d. hydrochloric acid. e. acetic acid.

c. lactic acid