Biology Chapter 7 Vocabulary
lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
mitochondrion
cell organelle that coverts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
vacuole
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
nucleus
center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activies
cell
collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
lipid bilayer
double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
active transport
energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration differentence
chromtain
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
organ
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
endoplasmic reticulum
internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
nuclear envelope
layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
cytoplasm
material inside the cell membrane-not not including the nucleus
facilitated diffusion
movement of specific molecules across cell membrane through protein channels
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
centriole
one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
eukaryote
organism whose cells contain nuclei
endocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
exocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
diffusion
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are concentrated to an area where they are less concetrated
phagocytosis
process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
ribosome
same particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
cell specialization
separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
prokaryote
single-celled organism lacking a nuclues
nucleolus
small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
cell wall
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
concentration
the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
chromosome
threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
equilibrium
when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a soluation
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
