Biology Chapters 4-6

The subunits from which ATP is made are: A. ADP and phosphate. B. FAD and NAD+. C. FAD and NADPH. D. ADP and FAD. E. ADP and NAD+.

A. ADP and Phosphate

Which statement is NOT true about bacteria? A. Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles. B. Some are photosynthetic. C. Some are motile due to flagella. D. All bacteria are prokaryotes. E. Bacteria have a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan.

A. Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles

Study the series of pictures to identify the process as: A. facilitated transport B. active transport C. passive transport D. osmosis

A. Facilitated Transport

Sugars and amino acids are carried into the cell by means of A. facilitated transport. B. diffusion. C. endocytosis. D. exocytosis.

A. Facilitated transport

A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. The solution in the thistle tube is _______ to the solution in the beaker. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic D. None of the above

A. Hypertonic

Which form of energy is NOT correctly associated with the related example? A. kinetic energy: fat molecules B. kinetic energy: movement of muscles C. chemical energy: glucose D. potential energy: water held behind a dam E. potential energy: ATP

A. Kinetic energy: Fat molecules

According to the endosymbiosis theory _______ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells. A. mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. ribosomes

A. Mitochondria

Which of these is NOT part of the endomembrane system of the cell? A. mitochondria B. endoplasmic reticulum C. lysosomes D. Golgi complex

A. Mitochondria

Which of the following features is unique to bacterial cells? A. nucleoid region B. nucleus C. cell membrane D. cell wall E. ribosome

A. Nucleoid Region

Active transport A. requires an input of ATP. B. is involved in diffusion. C. occurs in osmosis and facilitated transport. D. All of the choices are correct.

A. Requires an input of ATP

The newly discovered membrane channel protein that accounts for why water can cross a membrane more quickly than expected is: A. ATP synthetase B. Aquaporin C. The sodium-potassium pump D. Integrin

B. Aquaporin

Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics? A. Energy is changed from one form to another with a loss of usable energy. B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another. C. Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter. D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs. E. Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form to another

B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another

Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT A. synthesize protein. B. have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another. C. have an efficient means of metabolism. D. communicate with adjacent cells.

B. Have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another

A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. Where is the highest concentration of water found? A. In the 10% solution B. In the 5% solution C. The concentration of water is the same in both solutions. D. None of the above

B. In the 5% solution

Which phrase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins of the plasma membrane? A. forming a channel through the membrane B. initiating the replication of the genetic material C. binding to a substance to carry it through the membrane D. acting as a receptor for substances external to the cell E. increasing the rate of a chemical reaction

B. Initiating the replication of the genetic material

Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthetase complexes in their membranes? A. Golgi complexes and lysosomes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. C. Endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. D. Vacuoles and vesicles. E. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

B. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Which of the following features is NOT found in a bacterial cell? A. cell wall B. nucleus C. cell membrane D. nuceloid region E. ribosome

B. Nucleus

Chloroplasts are to ____________ as ___________ are to aerobic respiration. A. stroma, cristae B. photosynthesis, mitochondria C. thylakoid membranes, matrix D. protein synthesis, lysosomes

B. Photosynthesis, Mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT associated with animal cells? A. an extracellular matrix B. plasmodesmata C. gap junctions D. adhesion junctions (desmosomes) E. tight junctions

B. Plasmodesmata

Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to A. regulate the flow of most molecules into and out of the bacterial cell. B. provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling. C. provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from shrinking. D. confirm a close relationship to plant cells that have a similar structure and live in hypotonic solutions. E. make all bacteria fairly uniform in metabolic chemistry.

B. Provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling

Which of these statements is NOT a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? A. While the total amount of energy is unchanged, the energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work. B. Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system. C. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. D. To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required.

B. Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system

Which statement is NOT true about bacterial anatomy? A. The cell wall is located outside of the plasma membrane. B. The glycocalyx sheath is located inside the cell wall. C. There may be small rings of accessory DNA called plasmids. D. Bacteria may have fimbriae that help attach the bacteria to other structures.

B. The glycocalyx sheath is located inside the cell wall

Which is the best definition of osmosis? A. The movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration. B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. C. The movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration. D. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration. E. The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient through the release of energy from ATP.

B. The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is: A. used to drive another exergonic reaction. B. used to drive an endergonic reaction. C. lost as nonusable heat to the environment. D. used to decrease the entropy of the universe. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. Used to drive an endergonic reaction

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur? A. Salts will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. C. Salts will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. D. Water will move out of the cell into the surrounding solution. E. None of the choices will occur.

B. Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution

ATP is considered to be A. an enzyme used widely in all kinds of cells. B. a coenzyme used to inhibit or activate different enzymes. C. a molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond. D. the precursor of a high-energy membrane-bounded protein.

C. A molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond

Endergonic reactions: A. release energy. B. have a negative G and occur spontaneously. C. can only occur if there is an input of energy. D. have products with less free energy than the reactants. E. All of the choices are correct.

C. Can only occur if there is an input of energy

Which cytoskeletal element is NOT correctly associated with its characteristic? A. Cilia are small extensions of membrane-surrounded microtubules. B. Microtubules are made up of a globular protein called tubulin. C. Centrioles are found in the microtubule organizing centers of plants. D. Flagella have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubule structure. E. Basal bodies are located at the base of cilia and flagella.

C. Centrioles are found in the microtubule organizing centers of plants

Which of the following protein functions is NOT correctly associated with its correct integral protein? A. carrier proteins-facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane B. enzymatic proteins-catalyze a specific reaction C. channel proteins-block the activity of carrier proteins D. cell recognition proteins-recognize pathogens Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that carrier proteins selectively interact with specific molecules or ions to facilitate their passage across the membrane.

C. Channel proteins-block the activity of carrier proteins

After proteins are formed by the ribosomes located on the endoplasmic reticulum, what is the next organelle to which they could be transported? A. mitochondria B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. nucleus

C. Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. Golgi apparatus D. ribosomes

C. Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following is NOT offered as evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory, the belief that a eukaryotic cell has evolved as a "committee" of prokaryotic cells? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size and structure to some species of bacteria. B. The ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to bacteria. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own. D. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA coding separate from the eukaryotic nucleus. E. All of the choices offer support of the endosymbiotic theory.

C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own

Which is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria? A. A mitochondrion has two membranes. B. Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration. C. Mitochondria have a single membrane for cellular respiration. D. Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes. E. The inner space of the mitochondrion contains a fluid matrix.

C. Mitochondria have a single membrane for cellular respiration

Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O [lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive, and Rh negative [lacking Rh+] and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or "foreign" proteins. These blood type proteins are A. in the plasma where they have been secreted by the red blood cells. B. inside the red blood cell cytoplasm. C. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. D. evenly distributed throughout the cell contents and plasma. E. in the red blood cell nucleus.

C. On the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane

Which is a true statement about ribosomes? A. Ribosomes contain DNA and protein. B. Ribosomes are active in carbohydrate synthesis. C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus. D. Polyribosomes are the subunits of ribosomes. E. Ribosomes are only found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.

C. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleus

A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. There is a differentially permeable membrane across the broad end of the tube, which is permeable to water but not to the sugar glucose. As diffusion occurs: A. the 10% solution will become more concentrated and the 5% solution will become less concentrated. B. both solutions will become more concentrated. C. the 10% solution will become less concentrated and the 5% solution will become more concentrated. D. both solutions will become less concentrated.

C. The 10% solution will become less concentrated and the 5% solution will become more concentrated

As they flow over rotten logs as a fluid sheet, slime molds appear to lack any partitioning into individual cells; however, slime molds do become cellular when they change form to produce spores. The surface of some parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are a "syncytium" or layer of living material that contains many nuclei and cell organelles but lacks partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues consume food and produce wastes. In light of the cell theory that "all living things are composed of cells," then A. these tissues are not living because they are not cellular. B. these tissues are obviously a bridge between nonliving and primitive living cells. C. the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds because these organisms are cellular at specific stages in their life cycle, but this shows that cell membrane partitions can be abandoned. D. this proves that a "vital force" beyond cell chemistry can give life to substances. E. All of the choices are true.

C. The general concept of life-is-cellular still holds because these organisms are cellular at specific stages in their life cycle, but this shows that cell membrane partitions can be abandoned

Which of the following is true with respect to plant cell walls? A. They contain n-acetylglutamic acid. B. They all have secondary cell walls to some extent. C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls. D. Lignin is found in primary cell walls of plants.

C. There is a greater amount of cellulose in secondary cell walls than in primary cell walls

Which is NOT true of eukaryotic cells? A. A true nucleus contains the chromosomes. B. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded compartments. C. They contain ribosomes that are smaller than those of prokaryotic cells. D. They all contain mitochondria. E. They contain many organelles in the cytoplasm.

C. They contain ribosomes that are smaller than those of prokaryotic cells

Which of the following help direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. cytoskeleton C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. all of the choices are true

D. All of the above

. An amino sugar called N-acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents this amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Therefore, A. penicillin affects bacteria but not eukaryotes because eukaryotic cell walls are different. B. bacterial cells that had already formed their cell walls would be unaffected. C. penicillin would stop the growth of active colonies of susceptible bacteria. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct

A major chemical that regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes by stiffening the membrane at higher temperatures and preventing the membrane from freezing at lower temperature is: A. cholesterol. B. lipid in nature. C. a steroid. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct

Proteins in a membrane are: A. peripheral if they are on the inside surface held in place by the cytoskeleton. B. integral if they are embedded in the membrane and protrude from both surfaces of the bilayer. C. integral if they protrude from only one surface of the bilayer. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct

Having similar ____________ would allow tissues and organs to be transplanted easily. A. cell recognition proteins B. major histocompatibility complex proteins C. carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane D. all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

D. All of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation

Which statement is NOT true about how various conditions will effect the activity of an enzyme? A. Higher temperatures generally increase the activity of an enzyme up to a point. B. Above a certain range of temperatures, the protein of an enzyme is denatured. C. A change in pH can cause an enzyme to be inactivated. D. An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration. E. When sufficient substrate is available, the active site will nearly always be occupied.

D. An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration

Which statement describes the currently accepted theory of how an enzyme and its substrate fit together? A. As the product is released, the enzyme breaks down. B. The enzyme is like a key that fits into the substrate, which is like a lock. C. The active site is permanently changed by its interaction with the substrate. D. As the substrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction.

D. As the substrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction

What is the smallest unit of living matter? A. atom B. element C. Golgi apparatus D. cell E. nucleus

D. Cell

Which of the following organelles is found within an autotrophic, eukaryotic cell? A. lysosomes B. ribosomes C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. chloroplast

D. Choroplast

The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one-celled paramecia both have these short hair-like projections. A. flagella B. microfilaments C. centrioles D. cilia E. pili

D. Cilia

The process by which cholesterol is transported into the cell by the binding of LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex is A. facilitated transport. B. active transport. C. cotransport. D. endocytosis. E. exocytosis.

D. Endocytosis

Which is NOT true about the cell theory? A. Its various parts were described by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. B. It states that all organisms are composed of cells. C. It states that all cells come from preexisting cells. D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously. E. It is accepted today by biologists as applying to virtually all forms of life.

D. It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously

_______ are to ribosomes as lipids are to _________. A. carbohydrates; rough endoplasmic reticulum B. nucleoli; lysosomes C. sugars; peroxisomes D. proteins; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D. Proteins; Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics? A. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change into matter. B. Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another. C. Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter. D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs. E. Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form to another.

D. Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs

ATP is considered a high-energy compound because under cellular conditions, 7.3 kcal per mole of energy is released when a bond is broken between: A. the base adenine and the sugar ribose. B. the adenosine and the phosphate groups. C. the base adenine and the phosphate groups. D. the adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate. E. All of the bonds release energy as ATP is completely broken down.

D. The adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate

A living organism represents stored energy in the form of chemical compounds. When an organism dies, what happens to this stored energy? A. All chemicals immediately lose their high-energy bonds. B. All molecules immediately degrade into basic elements. C. All energy immediately leaves, and that is one manifestation that the organism is dead. D. The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state. E. The chemical compounds remain exactly intact and ready to start up again unless digested by a consumer or decay organism.

D. The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state

Which statement is true about the plasma membrane? A. The proteins make up the matrix of the membrane. B. The model can be likened to a sandwich where phospholipids are like the bread and proteins are like the filling. C. The fluid nature of the membrane is regulated by flip-flopping of the phospholipids from one side of the membrane to the other. D. The movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.

D. The movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane

The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except ________. A. increase in substrate concentration B. a vitamin C. a 2-4 degree increase in temperature D. the presence of lead

D. The presence of lead

Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon A. the size of the molecule. B. the shape of the molecule. C. the chemical properties of the molecule. D. the charge of the molecule. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the above

Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies. How could cells change their chemical identity on a regular basis? A. Rapid evolution produces mutations. B. A new phospholipid bilayer is generated to replace the old layer. C. Because the membrane is "set," the cell must reproduce and then the cell with the old membrane must die. D. Cells eliminate all surface proteins and present only a naked lipid bilayer. E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane.

E. Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane

Which statement is NOT true about the proteins in the plasma membrane? A. Proteins may be attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. B. The hydrophobic portion of a protein is embedded within the membrane. C. Some peripheral proteins are connected to cytoskeletal filaments. D. Integral proteins are responsible for membrane functions. E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane.

E. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains that are oriented toward the inner surface of the membrane

Freshwater protozoans react to a/an _____ environment by removing water through _____. A. hypertonic, turgor pressure B. hypotonic, turgor pressure C. isotonic, a contractile vacuole D. hypertonic, a contractile vacuole E. hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

E. Hypotonic, a contractile vacuole

All of the biochemical pathways in a cell constitute A. coupling reactions. B. free energy. C. endergonic reactions only. D. exergonic reactions only. E. metabolism.

E. Metabolism

Which is the best definition of active transport? A. movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration B. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration C. movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration D. movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration E. movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP

E. Movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP

Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecules with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are A. vacuoles. B. vesicles. C. glyoxisomes. D. lysosomes. E. peroxisomes.

E. Peroxisomes

In a phospholipid bilayer, the A. phosphate groups are hydrophobic. B. fatty acid tails are ionized. C. fatty acid tails are hydrophilic. D. proteins are located only between the two layers. E. phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.

E. Phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm

The major functions of the plasma membrane do NOT include A. separation of the fluid environments inside and outside the cell. B. regulation of molecules and ions that pass into and out of the cell. C. recognition and communication between different cells and tissues. D. maintaining connections between adjacent cells. E. production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall.

E. Production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall

All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. True / False

False

Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes. True / False

False

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently from the division of the cell. True / False

True

Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bacteria that became part of the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. True / False

True