Biology Cumulative Exam- Part 1

In a population of humans, the frequency of blue eyes is 0.09. If having blue eyes is the recessive phenotype, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? (1) 0.3 (2) 0.9 (3) 0.18 (4) 0.36

0.3

Which of the following is least likely to change the gene pool of a population of chipmunks? (1) A pesticide poisons and kills a large number of chipmunks. (2) A group of chipmunks moves to a new habitat. (3) A number of chipmunks die due to old age. (4) A genetic mutation causes some of the chipmunks to have larger eyes.

A number of chipmunks die due to old age.

Which graph represents selection that may lead to reduced variation in a population?

C

Which scientist is matched with his contribution to evolutionary theory? (1) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck—population growth (2) Charles Darwin—inheritance of acquired traits (3) Thomas Malthus—relationship of all living things (4) Erasmus Darwin—competition and sexual selection as an impetus for change

Erasmus Darwin—competition and sexual selection as an impetus for change

Which statement is a reason that modern human populations never reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (1) Evolution rarely occurs in human populations. (2) Mating is random in human populations. (3) Humans live in small, isolated groups. (4) Humans regularly travel all over the globe.

Humans regularly travel all over the globe.

Which best explains why DNA technology is important for disease prevention? (1) It can help detect if a person is prone to certain diseases. (2) It can manipulate genes to express desirable traits. (3) It can treat diseases with the help of genetically modified food. (4) It can increase the genetic diversity of a species.

It can help detect if a person is prone to certain diseases.

What does the theory of evolution contribute to conservation biology? (1) It helps scientists understand how populations and species are related, and this knowledge can be used to help these populations and species survive. (2) It helps scientists understand how populations and species are related, and this knowledge can be used to capture and breed the fittest organisms in these populations and species. (3) It helps scientists understand how populations and species react to changes in their environment, and this knowledge can be used to help these populations and species survive. (4) It helps scientists understand how populations and species react to changes in their environment, and this knowledge can be used to capture and breed the fittest organisms in these populations and species.

It helps scientists understand how populations and species react to changes in their environment, and this knowledge can be used to help these populations and species survive.

Which best describes evolutionary theory? (1) It is based on the idea that all life is related. (2) It states that organisms have become less complex over time. (3) It is not supported by observation or experimentation. (4) It has been disproved several times since it was first proposed.

It is based on the idea that all life is related.

Which statement describes natural selection? (1) It is the primary mechanism for evolution. (2) It must act on structural traits. (3) It acts to cause overpopulation. (4) It causes learned skills to become heritable traits.

It is the primary mechanism for evolution.

Which best describes the relationship between evolution and natural selection? (1) Natural selection leads to evolution. (2) Evolution leads to natural selection. (3) Natural selection is the same as evolution. (4) Evolution and natural selection are not related.

Natural selection leads to evolution.

Individual 5 in generation III of this pedigree visited a genetic counselor. The counselor made this pedigree that shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in this individual's family. What information can the genetic counselor share with individual 5 in generation III, based on this pedigree? (1) She will never have a child with cystic fibrosis. (2) She is a carrier of cystic fibrosis. (3) She does not carry the gene for cystic fibrosis. (4) She might develop cystic fibrosis later in life.

She does not carry the gene for cystic fibrosis.

In a few generations, this population of beetles changed. Which is the most likely explanation for the change? (1) The beetle population moved to a greener habitat. (2) A natural disaster almost caused the extinction of the population. (3) The beetle population's food sources decreased dramatically. (4) A mutation resulted in a new color of insect.

The beetle population moved to a greener habitat.

Two insect groups vary genetically by two genes. When put together, they were able to reproduce and produce offspring that could also breed. Which best describes this insect population? (1) The insects experienced geographic isolation. (2) The insects experienced reproductive isolation. (3) The insects are different species. (4) The insects are the same species.

The insects are the same species.

The pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of a genetic trait in a line of sheep. If sheep 7 was to have offspring, in which generation would the offspring be?

Third

Which scientist hypothesized that more offspring were born in a population than could survive based on limited resources? (1) Erasmus Darwin (2) Thomas Malthus (3) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (4) Charles Darwin

Thomas Malthus

Which is the best definition of directional selection? (1) a process by which two species can no longer reproduce (2) a process by which one of the extreme variations of a trait is favored (3) a process by which individuals with either extreme of a trait are favored (4) a process by which average individuals in a population are favored

a process by which one of the extreme variations of a trait is favored

Which environmental factor would likely lead to an increase in genetic variation in a population of squirrels? (1) an increase in predators (2) an increase in available food (3) an increase in forest fires (4) an increase in pollution

an increase in available food

A new pesticide has been introduced to the habitat of this population of beetles. Which describes the effect of this environmental change? (1) decreased genetic variation (2) increased genetic variation (3) genetic drift (4) gene flow

decreased genetic variation

All of the following are ways in which genetic engineering plays a role in medicine except (1) identifying mutations. (2) producing insulin and growth hormone. (3) tracking how a condition is passed between generations. (4) examining paternity.

examining paternity.

Which term best describes the difference in colors of the birds below? (1) natural selection (2) reproductive maturity (3) genetic variation (4) genetic drift

genetic variation

In 1939, the use of DDT (a powerful synthetic chemical) as an insecticide was discovered. The United States adopted its widespread use, producing up to 100 million kilograms per year (200 million pounds per year). Twenty years later, severe side effects started to be reported as a result of DDT use. Which was an advantage of using DDT? (1) insect and pest populations decreased (2) birth defect rates increased (3) cancer rates increased (4) fertility rates decreased

insect and pest populations decreased

Which genetically engineered hormone is used to control glucose levels in humans? (1) insulin (2) flu shot (3) penicillin (4) human growth hormone

insulin

Which career combines DNA technology and medicine? (1) pharmaceuticals (2) paternity testing (3) environmental studies (4) biopesticide development

pharmaceuticals

Which describes a potential benefit for the environment that stems from genetic engineering? (1) change in nontarget organisms (2) pharmaceuticals (3) phytoremediation (4) temperature resistance

phytoremediation

Which is an advantage of using DNA technology? (1) phytoremediation (2) gene transfer to nontarget species (3) unknown effects (4) reduced effectiveness of pesticides

phytoremediation

A person with a genotype of HbSS has sickle cell disease. A person with a genotype of HbAS allele carries the sickle cell trait. A person with a genotype of HbAA does not have sickle cell disease and does not carry the trait. The Punnett square shows the genotype of two people carrying the sickle cell trait. What are the chances that their offspring will have sickle cell anemia? (1) 0% (2) 25% (3) 50% (4) 100%

25%

What is the main difference between adaptive radiation and other forms of speciation? (1) Adaptive radiation is a mechanism for evolution. (2) Adaptive radiation happens over a relatively short time. (3) Adaptive radiation requires a founding population. (4) Adaptive radiation occurs only on islands.

Adaptive radiation happens over a relatively short time.

A male tree frog migrates to a new habitat with little ground vegetation and many tall trees. Jumping is the safest way for the frog to move from tree to tree. Because of the long distance between trees, the frog spreads its fingers and toes like a parachute to soften its landing. Over time, the webbing between the frog's fingers and toes stretches and expands to act more efficiently. The frog eventually mates with a female of the same species. Based on this information, which claim can be made? (1) All the offspring will have expanded webbing. (2) Some of the offspring will have expanded webbing. (3) All the offspring will have normal webbing. (4) The male offspring will have expanded webbing.

All the offspring will have normal webbing.

Which term also describes selective breeding?

Artificial Selection

Scientific investigations often lead to the formulation of new scientific questions. The observations Charles Darwin's work after he returned home from his voyage and studying the selective breeding of pigeons prompted him to ask which question? (1) Do living things change over time, and if so, how? (2) Are the Galapagos finches and those on the mainland the same species? (3) Are pigeons related to the Galapagos finches? (4) Can selection in nature also lead to a new species over time?

Can selection in nature also lead to a new species over time?

Scientists today can use many investigative methods to study evolution. Which method was developed after Darwin's time? (1) DNA comparisons (2) observations (3) comparison of fossils (4) experimentation

DNA comparisons

Which of the statements about the relationship between DNA technology and genetic diversity is accurate? (1) DNA technology can reduce genetic diversity by eliminating existing clones. (2) DNA technology can reduce genetic diversity by eliminating variant alleles. (3) DNA technology can increase genetic diversity by producing more clones. (4) DNA technology can increase genetic diversity by producing more variant alleles.

DNA technology can increase genetic diversity by producing more variant alleles.

Often only small amounts of DNA are found at a crime scene. Which technique uses an enzyme to replicate DNA regions from a small sample of DNA for use in DNA fingerprinting? (1) VNTRs (variable tandem repeats) (2) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis (3) STRs (short tandem repeats) (4) mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) analysis

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis

Which was the most important contribution to society from the early selective breeder Luther Burbank?

an increased world food supply

Which is the greatest contribution of Gregor Mendel to society?

an understanding of genetic principles

Two species of flies, Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans, can mate. They usually do not mate, however, even if they are kept together in a laboratory. Males court the females of both species, but the females prefer to mate with males of their own species. Which isolating mechanism does this describe? (1) behavioral (2) temporal (3) artificial (4) anatomical

behavioral

Genetic counselors are able to help clients by (1) changing their genes. (2) treating genetic disorders. (3) recommending actions to take. (4) explaining the options available.

explaining the options available.

In a population of seals, most of the seals have similar coloring. However, one seal has albinism. This seal is white and is almost completely blind. What is most likely the cause of this difference from the rest of the population? (1) gene flow (2) natural selection (3) gene mutation (4) genetic drift

gene mutation

Which is a mechanical vector that injects recombinant DNA directly into the nucleus of a host cell? (1) gene gun (2) micropipette (3) bacterial plasmid (4) viral phage

micropipette

Which career combines DNA technology and agriculture? (1) pharmaceuticals (2) paternity testing (3) nutriceuticals (4) genetics

nutriceuticals

Human growth hormone is genetically engineered and inserted into human tissue to help stimulate growth in people with dwarfism. What are possible concerns that scientists have about the long-term effects of this process? (1) whether it will mutate (2) whether it will result in allergens (3) how it will impact nutrition (4) how it will enhance disease resistance

whether it will mutate

Which best describes the first step in genetic engineering? (1)Fragments of DNA that have desired genes are isolated to form recombinant DNA for use in a host. (2) All the DNA from a desired organism is isolated to form recombinant DNA for use in a host. (3) Different sections of DNA from a desired organism are inserted into a host so that beneficial traits will be expressed. (4) One strand of DNA is isolated and inserted into a host so recombinant DNA can be formed.

Fragments of DNA that have desired genes are isolated to form recombinant DNA for use in a host.

A population of snakes that eat small rodents enters a new habitat. In the new habitat, there are many species of rodents, and their populations are high because there are few natural predators. What will most likely be the effect on the genetic variation of the snake population? (1) Genetic variation will increase because of a selective pressure. (2) Genetic variation will increase because of a new habitat and food source. (3) Genetic variation will decrease because of a selective pressure. (4) Genetic variation will decrease because of a new habitat and food source.

Genetic variation will increase because of a new habitat and food source.

Imagine a population of rabbits with fur color that ranges from black to white. If this population were put in an area that has dark rocks that camouflage the black rabbits, as well as light stones that hide the white rabbits, what would most likely happen to the gray rabbits? (1) Gray rabbits would blend into either environment. (2) Gray rabbits would adapt to have black fur. (3) Gray rabbits would be eliminated by predators. (4) Gray rabbits would mutate their genes.

Gray rabbits would be eliminated by predators.

Which was Charles Darwin's contribution to the study of biology? (1) He was the first person to recognize that organisms change over time. (2) He believed that organisms adapted through the inheritance of acquired traits. (3) He explained how traits are passed from parents to offspring. (4) He proposed that natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.

He proposed that natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.

Phenylketonuria, or PKU, is a recessive genetic disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be properly metabolized. Children with PKU develop mental disabilities. However, the condition can be prevented with a special diet if the disease is caught very early. Which of these is a societal decision that could be made based on scientific knowledge about PKU? (1) Some parents choose to serve meals that meet a PKU diet even if no one in the family has PKU. (2) Hospitals are required to screen all newborn babies for PKU. (3) Newborn babies who are heterozygous for PKU should be treated for the disorder. (4) Both parents must carry the gene to pass on the PKU disorder.

Hospitals are required to screen all newborn babies for PKU.

Why is reproductive isolation required for speciation to occur? (1) If populations can interbreed, they are considered one species. (2) If populations can interbreed, they do not exchange genetic information. (3) Reproductive isolation is not required for speciation because most different species can interbreed. (4) Reproductive isolation is not required for speciation because species are not defined by reproduction.

If populations can interbreed, they are considered one species.

During a trip to the Galapagos Islands, which observation led Charles Darwin to suspect that organisms change over time? (1) Island finches were able to breed with mainland species. (2) Island finches resembled mainland finches, but were not the same species. (3) Island finches resembled extinct species from other islands around the world. (4) Island finches did not have beaks of the same size and shape.

Island finches resembled mainland finches, but were not the same species.

Which is the least likely reason that pigs have been chosen as donors for humans in the process of xenotransplantation? (1) Pigs are free of known diseases. (2) Pigs are cost-effective to raise. (3) Pigs have the same DNA as humans. (4) Pigs are quick breeding.

Pigs have the same DNA as humans.

Genetic counselors gather and interpret data. They also inform clients about the latest medical treatments for genetic disorders and options for detecting genetic disorders, such as prenatal screening. With early detection, treatment can begin sooner. Genetic counseling was not available in the 1970s. Advances in genetic knowledge and counseling ability continue to be made. The graph below shows the probability of survival for individuals of different ages who have cystic fibrosis, a serious inherited disorder. What does the graph show about the probability of survival for 17-year-old individuals with cystic fibrosis who were born in later decades and who received early screening? (1) Survival probability has decreased because of early screening. (2) Survival probability has increased because of early screening. (3) Survival probability has stayed the same because of early screening. (4) Survival probability has not been affected by early screening.

Survival probability has increased because of early screening.

Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in an ancestral species. Which observation that he made about finches most supports that hypothesis? (1) The finches all ate the same materials as the mainland population. (2) The finches were all relatively small compared to the mainland population. (3) The finches all appeared to be related but differed from the mainland population. (4) The finches were identical to the mainland population.

The finches all appeared to be related but differed from the mainland population

In Wisconsin, a very large population of lake trout, in which individuals mate at random, experiences no migration, mutations, nor selective pressure for a number of years. Which of these is most likely to occur in the population? (1) The frequency of dominant alleles will slowly increase. (2) The gene pool of the population will remain relatively constant. (3) The genetic variability of the population will slowly decrease. (4) The frequency of dominant and recessive alleles will equalize.

The gene pool of the population will remain relatively constant.

In pea plants, purple flower color, C, is dominant to white flower color, c. The table shows the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles in three generations of peas in a garden. Which statement is a conclusion that may be drawn from the data in the table? (1) The population of pea plants in the garden is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (2) The population of pea plants in the garden is growing larger in each generation. (3) The decreasing frequency of white-flowered plants shows that the population is drifting. (4) The increasing frequency of purple-flowered plants shows that the population is evolving.

The increasing frequency of purple-flowered plants shows that the population is evolving.

Considering that nearly 85 percent of corn crops are genetically engineered, which impact does genetically engineered corn have on human health? (1) Only positives can come from this type of technology, as seen in the DDT study. (2) Human health will not be affected because scientists have studied this technology for over 50 years. (3) The genetically engineered corn has been proven to cause cancer in some human populations. (4) The long-term effects are unknown and have not been studied because it is a fairly new technology.

The long-term effects are unknown and have not been studied because it is a fairly new technology.

In terms of natural selection, what is the best description of an organism that is fit? (1) The organism is physically stronger than competing organisms. (2) The organism is physically stronger than organisms of a different species. (3) The organism is better able to survive and pass on traits to offspring than competing organisms. (4) The organism is a member of a population in which every member survives without competing.

The organism is better able to survive and pass on traits to offspring than competing organisms.

Which best describes the process of making recombinant DNA? (1)The isolated DNA is inserted into a mechanical vector for cloning. (2)The isolated genes are placed into a vector. (3)The sticky ends of fragmented DNA are joined with vector DNA. (4)The isolated genes are joined by using restriction enzymes.

The sticky ends of fragmented DNA are joined with vector DNA.

According to advocates for the use of genetic engineering, which is an example of the importance of recombinant DNA technology? (1) Genes from nuts used in other organisms can affect allergies. (2) The increase of patents drives the seed cost. (3) There is a diminished opportunity for organic agriculture. (4) There is a reduced use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.

There is a reduced use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believe about traits such as large muscles that are acquired during one's lifetime? (1) They are acted on by natural selection. (2) They can be passed on to offspring. (3) They are shared equally by all offspring. (4) They are the result of a change of alleles.

They can be passed on to offspring.

The map shows the allele frequency of sickled hemoglobin (HbS) and malaria endemicity in Africa. Which statement best explains the relationship between HbS allele frequency and malaria endemicity in Africa? (1) When an area is malaria free, the HbS allele frequency is between 0 and 2.02. (2) When an area is holoendemic, the HbS allele frequency is between 0.52 and 4.04. (3) When an area is malaria free, the HbS allele frequency is between 12.64 and 18.18. (4) When an area is holoendemic, the HbS allele frequency is between 0 and 0.51.

When an area is malaria free, the HbS allele frequency is between 0 and 2.02.

Which example illustrates Charles Darwin's main contribution to the theory of evolution? (1) An agricultural pest has been exposed to a pesticide that wipes out the entire species. (2) In a laboratory, a scientist chooses the most intelligent mice and breeds them to advance the species. (3) When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria in a population die but some survive and live to reproduce. (4) In the African savannah, a scientist observes that a wildebeest calf has inherited its coat pattern from its father.

When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria in a population die but some survive and live to reproduce.

Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra were the Romanov rulers of Russia when the Bolshevik revolution took place in 1917. During this revolution, Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown, and the majority of his family members were killed. The remains of two of the Tsar and Tsarina's children, Alexei and Anastasia, were never found. Suppose two people came forward who claim to be the missing Romanovs. Which technology could only be used to identify Alexei? (1) DNA technology (2) STR analysis (3) mtDNA analysis (4) Y-chromosome analysis

Y-chromosome analysis

A scientist is studying the population decline of cheetahs in Africa and the Middle East over the past several decades. Which best describes this situation? (1) a conservation biologist observing artificial selection (2) an evolutionary geneticist observing a migration process (3) a conservation biologist observing an evolutionary process (4) an evolutionary geneticist observing an environmental problem

a conservation biologist observing an evolutionary process

What is natural selection? (1) a process that selects variations that help with survival and that spreads the variations to more offspring (2) a process through which nature selects an individual within a population for extinction (3) a process that causes all populations to gradually increase in size (4) a process that causes random variations to appear in the offspring of every generation

a process that selects variations that help with survival and that spreads the variations to more offspring

The Punnett square below predicts the outcome of a genetic cross done by a breeder. Which genotype will offspring have if they inherit the a allele from both parents?

aa

Marsupials, such as kangaroos, koalas, and wombats, are mammals that care for their newborn young in a pouch. All marsupials that are found in Australia are thought to have evolved from a single species that migrated to the island and then adapted to the various niches. What does this example illustrate? (1) behavioral adaptation (2) adaptive radiation (3) geographic isolation (4) population explosion

adaptive radiation

Which environmental factor could lead to a decrease in genetic variation in a population of tuna? (1) an increase in food availability (2) an increase in pollution (3) a decrease in tuna fishing (4) a decrease in tuna predators

an increase in pollution

According to the concept of "survival of the fittest," if a population of birds eats worms that they find deep under ground by using their beaks, which members of the bird population would be more fit? (1) birds that have flatter beaks (2) birds that have longer beaks (3) birds that have wider beaks (4) birds that have brighter beaks

birds that have longer beaks

There are economic concerns surrounding the products that have been genetically engineered for particular traits, including pharmaceuticals, crops, and enzymes that are used in industry and manufacturing processes. Which is least likely to be an economic concern that affects society? (1) patented products (2) birth defects (3) land use (4) cost of genetically engineered seeds

birth defects

Kip studies flower color in petunias, where the allele for red flowers, R, is dominant to the allele for white flowers, r. If Kip makes the cross RR x rr, the gametes that are produced

by one parent will carry R and by the other parent will carry r.

Polydactyly, having extra fingers or toes, is an autosomal dominant disorder that occurs in cats as well as in humans. A cat breeder collects information about her cats and makes the pedigree below. If the breeder wants to select a mother cat to produce a litter of kittens without polydactyly, which cat could she choose? (1) cat 2 or 9 (2) cat 3 or 6 (3) cat 4 or 5 (4) cat 6 or 8

cat 4 or 5

One way that a genetic counselor is able to help someone who has a genetic disorder and might want to have children in the future is to (1) describe how the disorder is inherited and treated. (2) prescribe the correct medicine for treating the disorder. (3) select the best method of fertility treatments for the patient. (4) advise a family to pursue adoption instead of becoming pregnant.

describe how the disorder is inherited and treated.

A population that is becoming less diverse because of its individuals tending to be larger is most likely experiencing_______ selection.

direct

A population of pigs lives on an island together with burrowing termites. Pigs that have the longest snouts tend to survive more frequently than those with shorter snouts. Over time, most of the pig population is made up of individuals that have very long snouts. This is an example of which type of selection? (1) directional selection (2) disruptive selection (3) stabilizing selection (4) ecosystem selection

directional selection

Cardueline finches can be found in many areas of the world, including North America and Asia. Hawaiian honeycreepers, which are found only in Hawaii, have been found to have DNA commonalities with this group of finches that indicate they have a common ancestor. Which mechanism might have led to the appearance of the Hawaiian honeycreeper? (1) anatomical isolation (2) temporal isolation (3) geographical isolation (4) behavioral isolation

geographical isolation

Which skill is least important for a person to have when considering a career in genetic counseling? (1) cultural sensitivity (2) laboratory skills (3) organized record-keeping skills (4) good interpersonal communication

laboratory skills

Which is a benefit of genetic counseling? (1) getting information about pregnancy and childbirth (2) receiving the latest treatments for medical disorders (3) knowing if a person has been affected by an acquired disorder (4) learning the likelihood of passing a genetic disorder on to children

learning the likelihood of passing a genetic disorder on to children

For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the population must (1) be small. (2) not experience migration. (3) have new mutations. (4) have nonrandom mating.

not experience migration

There are economic concerns surrounding the products that have been genetically engineered for particular traits, including pharmaceuticals, crops, and enzymes that are used in industry and manufacturing processes. Which is an economic concern that affects society? (1) patented products (2) birth defects (3) infertility (4) cancer

patented products

Which career combines DNA technology and forensics? (1) pharmaceuticals (2) paternity testing (3) environmental studies (4) genetics

paternity testing

A patient is found to be suffering from a bacterial infection. Which genetically engineered medicine is most likely to be used to help this patient? (1) insulin (2) flu shot (3) penicillin (4) human growth hormone

penicillin

Which is an example of hybridization that would increase hybrid vigor?

producing a litter of puppies by mating two dogs of different breeds

Which is most likely to occur in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (1) evolution (2) mutation (3) gene flow (4) random mating

random mating

Which is a synonym for genetic engineering? (1) DNA fingerprinting (2) recombinant DNA technology (3) biotechnology (4) restriction enzyme technology

recombinant DNA technology

Which is a disadvantage of using genetic engineering? (1) reduced effectiveness of pesticides (2) more pharmaceuticals (3) edible vaccines (4) drought and salinity tolerance

reduced effectiveness of pesticides

Which of the following must occur for speciation to happen? (1) geographic isolation (2) reproductive isolation (3) temporal isolation (4) behavioral isolation

reproductive isolation

Horses and donkeys can mate, but they produce a mule, which is always a sterile animal. This means that they cannot produce viable offspring and are reproductively, geographically, temporally, behaviorally isolated.

reproductively

Pedigree charts use shaded symbols to show organisms that have a particular trait, such as a defective gene, being traced in the chart. A breeder wants to make a pedigree chart of several generations of horses to avoid breeding males that have a defective gene. What symbol would the horse breeder use to show a male who is affected by a defective gene?

shaded square

A population contains short plants and tall plants. The short plants are not able to compete with tall plants for sunlight. The tall plants, however, are more susceptible to wind damage. Which type of selection will this population of plants most likely experience? (1) directional selection (2) disruptive selection (3) species selection (4) stabilizing selection

stabilizing selection

Which is an advantage that crops may attain through genetic engineering? (1) modifying pests (2) surviving droughts (3) growing organically (4) maturing longer

surviving droughts

The theory of evolution states that all life is related and that organisms have become more complex over time. Which phrase describes a theory? (1) an educated guess (2) a fact that has been proven (3) the conclusion to a long-lasting debate (4) the best explanation for a set of data and observations

the best explanation for a set of data and observations

Which of the following is the definition for speciation? (1) an inherited or learned trait that increases an organism's chance of survival in its environment (2) the evolutionary process through which new species emerge (3) a process by which organisms well suited to their environment tend to pass their traits onto offspring (4) a process by which one of the extreme variations of a trait is favored

the evolutionary process through which new species emerge

The understanding of evolutionary processes has helped scientists in the field of artificial selection. The best example of artificial selection is (1) the conservation of the American bald eagle. (2) the geographical distribution of Holstein cows. (3) the production of pesticide-resistant potatoes. (4) the collection of the largest pumpkin in the season.

the production of pesticide-resistant potatoes.

Which of the following is the best definition of biogeographic isolation? (1) the separation of members of a species through geographical or biological forces (2) the separation of members of different species through geographical forces (3) the separation of populations of different species through time (4) the separation of members of a species through anatomical forces

the separation of members of a species through geographical or biological forces

Which is the role of restriction enzymes? (1) to isolate the selected gene (2) to cut DNA into fragments of different lengths (3) to move and separate the strands of DNA (4) to join the sticky ends of DNA fragments

to cut DNA into fragments of different lengths

Which of the following best explains the role of a genetic counselor? (1) to order specific medical tests and prescribe medications (2) to give clients information and recommend a course of action (3) to develop family pedigrees and inform clients of possible options (4) to provide psychological support and interpret the results of tests

to develop family pedigrees and inform clients of possible options

Why do species evolve during adaptive radiation? (1) to fill different niches (2) to create variation (3) to become reproductively isolated (4) to provide evidence of evolution

to fill different niches

What is the purpose of using genetic engineering to develop edible vaccines? (1) to make vaccines that are capable of lasting years in the body to prevent future infections (2) to diminish negative side effects that may occur from administering vaccines with syringes (3) to enhance the flavor of vaccines so people are more likely to use them (4) to prevent widespread diseases in developing countries without using syringes

to prevent widespread diseases in developing countries without using syringes

Thale cress is a plant that is genetically engineered with genes that break down toxic materials. Which type of organism is described? (1) recombinant (2) transgenic (3) transverse (4) restriction

transgenic

Scientists have been able to inject the firefly's lighting gene into a tobacco plant, allowing it to glow. Which type of organism is this tobacco plant? (1) recombinant organism (2) restriction organism (3) vector organism (4) transgenic organism

transgenic organism

Which is a genetic counselor least likely to recommend for a client who has been unable to become pregnant? (1) vision testing (2) fertility testing (3) blood analysis (4) family history analysis

vision testing